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Developing a Folded Dipole Antenna Optimized for 5G Usage within the Sub-
6GHz Frequency Range

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Journal of Technology ISSN: 10123407

Developing a Folded Dipole Antenna Optimized for 5G

Usage within the Sub-6GHz Frequency Range

R. Padmasree,  K. Sai Rohith and  Ch. Ajay Kumar
1,2,3
Department of ECE, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge and Technologies, Basar, India;

Abstract: Antenna design is contingent upon various factors, encompassing the operational frequency, the
sought-after radiation pattern, spatial limitations, and the distinct application. The main objective of this research
is to rectify shortcomings in monopole antenna design. This will be achieved by introducing a folded dipole
antenna design, which will be explored at two distinct frequencies within the sub-6GHz frequency range,
commonly utilized for 5G wireless applications. The folded dipole antenna has been tailored to function at both
2.4 GHz and 3.6 GHz using High-Frequency Structure Simulator(HFSS) software. Following this, an extensive
performance evaluation has been carried out, encompassing multiple parameters, including Gain, Directivity,
Radiated Power, Beam Area, and Radiation Efficiency, at these specified frequencies. The effectiveness of the
folded dipole antenna design is pitted against that of the conventional monopole antenna, with various metrics
used for assessment, all of which demonstrate its superior performance. Clearly, the proposed antenna design
excels with improved results, boasting a higher gain of 2.94 dB, a beam area of 6.65 Steradians, and a directivity
of 2.90 dB, outperforming the monopole antenna. The folded dipole antenna is well-regarded for its broad
frequency coverage, compact form factor, and its proficiency in impedance matching. These attributes render it
an excellent choice for applications within the sub-6GHz frequency bands, which are central to the operation of
5G networks.
Keywords: Monopole antenna, Gain, Directivity, Beam area, Radiated power, Folded Dipole antenna, Radiation
efficiency.

1. Introduction
Monopole antennas are frequently used in radio communication and broadcasting, but they come with
several drawbacks, including dependence on a ground plane, limited bandwidth, size limitations, lower antenna
gain, omnidirectional radiation patterns, susceptibility to interference and noise, and challenges in portable
devices. These limitations can be mitigated by folded dipole antennas, which provide broader bandwidth, a smaller
physical footprint, improved resistance to interference, the ability to create directional radiation patterns, and
enhanced suitability for lower-frequency applications.

In 5G networks, the need for compact and highly efficient antenna designs [1,2] is paramount to support
their wide array of applications. Folded dipole antennas, with their versatility, prove to be adaptable components
in 5G communication systems, addressing a variety of requirements and deployment scenarios. They serve various
purposes in 5G [3.4], including applications in macro cell base stations, sector antennas, small cells, fixed wireless
access (FWA), Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems, indoor deployments, and backhaul and point-
to-point links. Folded dipole antennas demonstrate flexibility and adaptability to meet the specific requirements
of diverse 5G deployment situations.

1.1 Monopole antenna and its limitations

In the context of 5G, monopole antennas are frequently utilized in conjunction with other antenna types
to fulfill specific coverage and capacity requirements. This adaptable approach, which combines monopole
antennas [5,6] with more advanced technologies, strikes a balance that enhances network performance while still
capitalizing on the straightforwardness and cost-effectiveness of monopoles. However, it's important to
acknowledge that when employed in 5G applications, monopole antennas do come with certain drawbacks,
including:
1. Monopole antennas typically offer less gain compared to more advanced antenna systems, potentially
limiting the range and coverage of a 5G network.
2. Monopole antennas emit signals in all directions, which can be less suitable for scenarios requiring
directional or sectored coverage.

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3. Monopole antennas may not be as effective in implementing advanced beamforming techniques crucial
for optimizing signal directionality and network capacity in 5G.
4. Due to their height and ground plane necessities, monopole antennas [7,8] may face space constraints,
making them less suitable in densely populated urban environments or restricted spaces.
5. The omnidirectional radiation pattern of monopole antennas [9,10] can make them more susceptible to
interference from other sources, potentially impacting signal quality.
6. Monopole antennas might exhibit reduced efficiency at higher frequency bands used in 5G, potentially
leading to performance limitations.
7. In advanced 5G deployments involving small cells, mm Wave frequencies, and advanced beamforming
techniques, monopole antennas [11,12] may not be the optimal choice.

While monopole antennas have their drawbacks in 5G contexts, they can still be suitable for specific
applications, particularly in situations prioritizing simplicity and cost-effectiveness. However, more advanced
antenna technologies are often preferred in many 5G use cases to maximize network performance.

1.2 Folded Dipole Antenna

A folded dipole antenna is a frequently employed radio antenna in the realms of broadcasting and
communication. It represents a more advanced version of the traditional dipole antenna. It comprises two
symmetrical halves that are folded back upon themselves, forming a loop-like structure. This unique design offers
enhanced performance and efficiency when compared to the conventional straight dipole antenna. The choice of
the folded dipole configuration is based on its compact design and its ability to improve radiation characteristics.

The fundamental traits and features of a folded dipole antenna [13] include the following:

Symmetrical Structure: Much like the traditional dipole antenna, a folded dipole possesses two symmetrical
halves. However, in contrast, these two halves are symmetrically oriented and positioned parallel to each other,
creating a closed loop-like structure through their connection or folding back upon themselves.

Expanded Bandwidth: One notable benefit of employing a folded dipole antenna is its expanded bandwidth.
This means that it can efficiently transmit and receive signals over a wider spectrum of frequencies when
compared to a straight dipole antenna of similar dimensions.

Compact dimensions: Folded dipole antennas are space-efficient in comparison to straight dipole antennas,
rendering them well-suited for scenarios with spatial constraints or when there is a need to install multiple antennas
in close proximity.

Enhanced Impedance Matching: Folded dipole antennas frequently demonstrate superior impedance matching
capabilities. This implies their ability to effectively facilitate the transfer of power between the transmitter and the
antenna, thereby minimizing signal reflections and enhancing overall performance.

Omnidirectional Radiation Pattern: Folded dipole antennas typically display an omnidirectional radiation
pattern [14] in the plane that is perpendicular to their central axis. In practical terms, this characteristic signifies
that they can transmit and receive signals evenly from all directions, which makes them well-suited for ensuring
uniform coverage in all directions.

These attributes establish folded dipole antenna as a versatile and efficient choice for various radio
communication applications. Their remarkable wide bandwidth allows them to seamlessly adapt to the extensive
frequency spectrum utilized by 5G networks. Folded dipole antennas can also be conveniently arranged in arrays
to bolster gain and directivity, which proves valuable for long-distance communication or specific coverage needs.

Folded dipole antennas are commonly employed FM and television broadcasting, as well as amateur
radio (ham radio) operations. Furthermore, they are utilized in Satellite communications and wireless
communication [15] systems like Wi-Fi networks and specific cellular base stations.

Designing a folded dipole antenna, as opposed to a monopole, involves establishing clear objectives to
address specific considerations. The key aims in selecting a folded dipole include achieving expanded bandwidth,
improved radiation pattern, compact size, enhanced directivity, and seamless integration into antenna systems.

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1.3 Folded Dipole Antenna Design Parameters

Designing a folded dipole antenna necessitates the careful selection of particular parameters [16], which
are listed below:

Speed of light: It signifies the rate at which electromagnetic waves, encompassing radio waves, travel through
open space. In HFSS, the speed of light is employed to ascertain the propagation properties of electromagnetic
waves within the antenna structure. Its value is given as

C = 3X10 m/sec (1)

Operating Frequency: The term "operating frequency" denotes the precise electromagnetic frequency at which
an antenna is designed to efficiently transmit or receive signals. In HFSS, accurately specifying the operating
frequency is imperative for simulating and fine-tuning the antenna's electrical attributes, including impedance
matching and radiation pattern. The two operating frequencies (f ) are

f = 2.4GHz and 3.6GHz (2)

Wavelength: The term "wavelength" represents the spatial extent of one full cycle of an electromagnetic wave at
the chosen operating frequency. This parameter holds great significance as it dictates the physical size and
dimensions of the folded dipole antenna. Accurately calculating and adjusting the antenna's length in relation to
the wavelength is vital to attain efficient radiation at the designated frequency. It is given as


λ= (3)


Dipole radius: The term "dipole radius" commonly indicates the radius or thickness of the conductive material
utilized for crafting the folded elements of the antenna. This factor specifies the size of the conductor's cross-
section, shaping the folded dipole arms. By modifying the dipole radius during HFSS simulations, designers have
the flexibility to fine-tune the antenna's performance according to precise design criteria, guaranteeing radiation
efficiency. For both 2.4 and 3.6GHz frequencies its value is given as

Dipole radius (r) = 0.00025meters (4)

Folded Dipole length: The folded dipole is commonly created by folding the ends of the dipole back. The length
(L) of a folded dipole antenna is determined by the following formula:

+ .
* = ,-
= 
(5)

Gap at Feed: The term "gap" generally signifies an intentional separation or spacing implemented within specific
sections of the antenna's structure. It stands as a crucial parameter enabling engineers to fine-tune the antenna's
performance. It is given as

Gap (G) = Dipole radius X 4 (6)

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Height of the Dipole: The term "height of the dipole" pertains to the vertical dimension or the physical
separation between the upper and lower conductive elements within the folded dipole antenna. It is given as

.
Dipoleheight (h) = 12 − Gap4 − 0.0026 (7)

Radius of Sphere: The term "radius of sphere" denotes the measurement of the distance from the center of the
spherical boundary employed in the simulation setup. This boundary is generally positioned at a specific distance
from the folded dipole antenna structure and serves the purpose of representing the far-field region. It plays a vital
role in the analysis of the antenna's radiation pattern, gain, and other attributes within the far-field zone. It is given
as

Radius of Sphere = Dipole height + (Gap⁄2) + (λ⁄4) + Dipole radius (8)

Separation between two dipoles: The term "separation between two dipoles" signifies the spatial gap maintained
between the two folded dipole elements that make up the antenna structure. This separation distance assumes a
pivotal role as it exerts a direct influence on various aspects of antenna performance, encompassing radiation
pattern and impedance matching. It is denoted by “S” and given as

S = 0.065Xλ (9)

The proposed folded dipole antenna, along with the specified design parameters that is Separation between two
dipoles(S), Folded dipole length(L), Gap at feed(G), Radius of dipole(r), Height of dipole (h) is illustrated in
Figure-1.

G
L

Figure-1: Proposed Folded Dipole antenna design

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The dimensions corresponding to the mentioned parameters for designing a folded dipole antenna, applicable to
both 2.4 GHz and 3.6 GHz frequencies are listed in table-1

Table-1: Dimensions of Folded dipole antenna at 2.4 GHz and 3.6 GHz

Parameters Frequency 2.4GHz Frequency 3.6 GHz

Wavelength 125mm 83.33 mm

Dipole radius(r) 0.25mm 0.25mm

Length of folded Dipole (L) 62.5mm 41.665mm

Gap at feed (G) 1mm 1mm

Height of the dipole(h) 27.65mm 17.233mm

Radius of sphere 59.65mm 38.81mm

Separation between two 8.125mm 5.41mm

dipoles(S)

2. Methodology
The folded dipole antenna [17]is a widely favored antenna type, known for its extensive bandwidth and
balanced feed properties. The various characteristics of this antenna, as listed below:

Radiated Power: Radiated power, sometimes referred to as radiated energy, signifies the overall power or energy
released by an antenna in the form of electromagnetic waves into its immediate environment. It symbolizes the
energy conveyed by the electromagnetic radiation, encompassing radio waves, microwaves, or any other type of
electromagnetic radiation, as it travels outward from the transmitting antenna.

Radiation efficiency: It is a metric that evaluates how efficiently an antenna transforms the electrical power it
receives into useful electromagnetic energy, while considering any losses in the antenna system. It measures the
portion of input power that is converted into valuable electromagnetic waves instead of being wasted as heat or
due to inefficiencies. Typically expressed as a percentage or a decimal ranging from 0 to 1, higher values signify
a more efficient antenna that minimizes power loss and maximizes radiated power.

Directivity: In the field of antennas, directivity is a measurement that evaluates the extent to which
electromagnetic energy is concentrated and directed. It provides an assessment of how effectively an antenna can
focus its radiated power in a specific direction or within a particular spatial region.

Beam area: In the realm of antennas, the beam area refers to the space where the antenna's electromagnetic
radiation is concentrated. It signifies the spatial region encompassed by the primary lobe of the antenna's radiation
pattern, where the signal strength is notably strong. Assessing an antenna's coverage and directionality relies on
this beam area, making it a crucial parameter, especially for applications like communication and radar systems.
The measurement of beam area is typically conveyed in angular units like square degrees or steradians, which
vary depending on the reference frame used.

Gain: Gain is a measure of the antenna's directional radiation. It signifies how well the antenna concentrates its
radiated energy in specific directions. HFSS helps analyze and optimize the gain pattern of the antenna.

3D Visualization: HFSS offers a 3D visualization of the antenna's physical structure and the electromagnetic
fields surrounding it. This visualization aids in a more comprehensive analysis of the antenna's behavior and
performance characteristics, making it easier to optimize its design.

The above parameters are analyzed and assessed using the HFSS tool.

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2.1 HFSS Tool

HFSS, short for High-Frequency Structure Simulator, is a software tool that finds significant applications
in the field of high-frequency and high-speed electronic design and analysis. It is primarily designed to address
electromagnetic challenges associated with various devices and components. HFSS [18] utilizes the finite element
method (FEM) as its numerical approach to solve Maxwell's equations, allowing for accurate predictions of
electromagnetic field interactions within complex structures.

The key features of HFSS includes the following:

1. Electromagnetic simulation and analysis.

2. Finite Element Method to numerically solve Maxwell's equations.
3. Graphical User Interface (GUI) is used to create and manipulate 3D models of designs easily.
4. Analysis of high frequency circuits and devices.
5. It is widely used for antenna design and analysis.
6. It supports parametric analysis enabling engineers to explore the impact of various design parameters on
antenna and device performance.
7. It can be integrated with other tools.
8. It includes automatic meshing algorithms that simplify the modelling process.
9. It can analyse Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) issues.

The flowchart for design of Folded Dipole antenna in HFSS is as shown in figure-2

Figure 2: flowchart for design of Folded Dipole antenna

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HFSS finds extensive applications in industries where high-frequency electromagnetic effects play a
pivotal role in the design and functionality of diverse devices and systems. This tool is used to design Folded
Dipole antenna [19].

2.2 Design of Folded Dipole antenna using HFSS tool

The design of Folded Dipole antenna [20,21] includes several steps which are as shown in figure-1 and
listed below:

Step 1: Initiating a New Project

To get started, open HFSS and create a new project. Configure the units and frequency range to match
design requirements. HFSS accommodates both SI units (meters) and imperial units (inches).

Step 2: Drawing the Geometric Structure

Utilize HFSS's 3D modeling capabilities to sketch the geometry of the folded dipole antenna. This
configuration consists of two parallel conductive arms joined by a feed point at the center. The combined length
of these arms should be approximately half of the wavelength at the operating frequency.

Step 3: Material Assignment

Assign appropriate material properties to the conductive arms. While copper is a common choice for
antennas, have the flexibility to select alternative conductive materials if required.

Step 4: Establishing Ports and Excitations

Define the ports and excitations for the antenna. Typically, a single port at the feed point where the signal is
introduced into the antenna. The specific port excitation will depend on the type of feed (e.g., coaxial, micro strip)
intend to employ.

Step 5: Frequency Sweep Definition

Specify the frequency range for the simulation. For a folded dipole antenna, it's crucial to sweep across the desired
frequency band to assess its performance characteristics, such as impedance matching and radiation pattern.

Step 6: Configuration of Solver Settings

Customize the solver settings, including parameters like the maximum number of iterations, convergence criteria,
and mesh density. The accuracy of simulation hinges on these settings.

Step 7: Running the Simulation

Commence the simulation and await its completion. HFSS will employ Maxwell's equations to compute the
antenna's radiation pattern, impedance, and other pertinent characteristics.

Step 8: Examination of Results

After the simulation concludes, analyze the results. Some key characteristics to scrutinize include: Radiation
pattern, input impedance, Radiated power, Radiation efficiency, Beam area.

Step 9: Potential Design Optimization

If the antenna's performance fails to meet requirements, consider optimizing the design. HFSS provides tools for
automatic parameter adjustments to enhance the antenna's performance. The performance of the folded dipole
[22,23] is influenced by factors such as the number of folds, arm width, arm spacing, and height above the ground
plane. Experimenting with different dimensions may be necessary to achieve the desired performance.

Utilizing the aforementioned method, the Folded dipole antenna is crafted and employed primarily at
two frequencies, namely 2.4GHz and 3.6GHz, with its structural design depicted in Figure-3 and Figure-4

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Figure-3: Design of folded dipole antenna model at 2.4Ghz

Figure 4: Design of folded dipole antenna model at 3.6Ghz

3. Result and discussion

The Folded dipole antenna has been devised for operation at two specific frequencies, which are 2.4GHz
and 3.6GHz, employing the HFSS tool. An assessment of various performance parameters such as gain,
directivity, radiated power, radiation efficiency, and beam area has been conducted at both of these frequencies.
The outcomes of this evaluation are presented in the accompanying figures.

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The Directivity of folded dipole antenna at operating frequencies is shown in figure-5 and figure 6

Figure-5: Directivity 3d polar plot at 2.4Ghz

Figure-6: Directivity 3d polar plot at 3.6 GHz

Directivity denotes the concentration of radiation in a particular direction. The directivity of a folded
dipole antenna at both frequencies should exhibit similarity, primarily contingent on the antenna's configuration
and build. This metric is expected to fall within the range of approximately 2.8 dBi to 2.9 dBi.

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The Gain of folded dipole antenna at operating frequencies is shown in figure- 7 and figure 8

Figure-7: Gain 3d polar plot at 2.4GHz

Figure-8: Gain 3d polar plot at 3.6 GHz

As the frequency increases, the antenna size decreases, resulting in changes in gain values. Specifically,
at 2.4 GHz, the gain will be relatively lower due to the antenna's larger physical size. In contrast, at 3.6 GHz, the
gain is expected to be higher than at 2.4 GHz because of the antenna's smaller size.

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The Radiated power of folded dipole antenna at operating frequencies is shown in figure-9 and figure 10.

Figure-9: Radiated power plot at 2.4GHz

Figure-10: Radiated power plot at 3.6 GHz

Radiated power is contingent on the input power supplied to the antenna and its radiation efficiency. Assuming
a consistent input power, the radiated power at 3.6 GHz is expected to be marginally higher than that at 2.4 GHz,
primarily attributable to the elevated gain at the higher frequency.

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The Beam area of folded dipole antenna at operating frequencies is shown in figure-11 and figure 12.

Figure-11: Beam area plot at 2.4GHz

Figure-12: Beam area plot at 3.6GHz

The beam area signifies the solid angle within which the antenna distributes its power. In the case of a
folded dipole antenna, at 3.6 GHz, the beam area is anticipated to be smaller compared to that at 2.4 GHz. This
reduction is attributed to the higher frequency and the subsequent decrease in antenna size.

The Radiation efficiency of folded dipole antenna at operating frequencies is shown in figure-13 and
figure 14

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Figure-13: Radiation efficiency plot at 2.4GHz

Figure-14: Radiation efficiency plot at 3.6 GHz

Radiation efficiency refers to the effectiveness of an antenna in converting input power into radiated
electromagnetic energy or signals. A higher radiation efficiency indicates that the antenna is more effective in
converting input power into useful radiated signals and is therefore considered desirable for efficient
communication or sensing systems. It is higher at 3.6GHz when compared to 2.4GHz.

A comparison of various parameters between the Folded Dipole antenna and the Monopole antenna at
two distinct operating frequencies, namely 2.4GHz and 3.6GHz, has been provided in Table-2.

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Table-2: Comparison of Folded dipole antenna parameters and Monopole parameters at 2.4GHz and 3.6GHz

Type of Parameters at 9: =2.4 GHz Parameters at 9: =3.6 GHz

antenna
Gain Directivity Radiated Beam Radiation Gain Directivity Radiated Beam Radiation
(dB) Power(watts) area(sr.) efficiency (dB) Power(watts) area(sr.) efficiency
(dB) (dB)

Folded 2.9970 2.9044 -24.2260 6.0144 -24.2065 2.9992 2.9031 -4.8836 6.6558 -4.6392
Dipole

Monopole 2.0912 -24.828 0.000506 7.52 0.000485 2.0926 -24.828 0.0636 7.52 0.0603

Comparing different parameters of Monopole and folded dipole antennas makes it evident that the folded dipole
antenna stands out with the highest gain and directivity. Additionally, it achieves this with lower radiated power,
a significant advantage for 5G antennas.

4. Conclusion
This paper presents the development of a Folded dipole antenna tailored for 5G applications using HFSS
software. A significant observation derived from this research is the inverse relationship between radiated power
and transmission quality. As the radiated power decreases, there is an evident improvement in transmission
quality. The folded dipole antenna exhibits reduced radiated power, with values of -24.2260 at 2.4 GHz and -
4.8836 at 3.6 GHz. Additionally, it's worth noting that the folded dipole antenna attains its highest gain at 2.9992
dB and a directivity of 2.9031 dB, this finding highlights the promising potential of the folded dipole antenna for
5G applications, emphasizing the critical importance of optimizing transmission quality in this context.

One notable feature of the designed Folded dipole antenna is its adaptability and versatility. It proves to
be a suitable choice for operations within the sub-6GHz frequency range, while also exhibiting the capability for
deployment in millimeter-wave frequencies ranging from 28GHz to 40GHz

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