1

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE I PANGASINAN
BAYAMBANG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
MAGSAYSAY ST., BAYAMBANG, PANGASINAN

SELF LEARNING MODULE IN BASIC CALCULUS

School Year : 2021-2022

Module1
Limits and Continuity
Lesson 1: The Limit of a Function: Theorems and Examples
What this module is about?
Everyone has their own limitation. Knowing your own limit helps you understand why some
things are favorable to you and some are not. In this branch of Mathematics called Calculus came from
Latin word calx (counter) meaning pebbles. Limit is one of the important lessons that you need to
understand because it plays a vital role in the application of differentiation towards a function.
One of the main reasons why this module was created is to ensure that it will assist you to
understand the concept and know the process of solving limits of a function.

What you are expected to learn?

After studying the lessons in this module, you are expected to:
1. Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values and the graph of the function;
2. Distinguish between xlim c
f ( x ) and f(c) ; and
3. Illustrate the limit theorems.

How to learn from this module?

Here is a simple guide for you in going about the module.
1. Read and follow the instructions very carefully.
2. Take the pretest (10-item multiple-choice test) to determine how much you know about the lessons in
the module.
3. Be very honest in taking the test so you know how much knowledge you already have about the
topic.
4. Perform all the activities, as these will help you have a better understanding of the topic.
5. Take the self-tests, activities , posttest and chapter test to assess how much you learned in this
module.
6. Do the reflective learning.
7. Do not write anything in the module. Write your answers in the ANSWER SHEET provided at the last
part of this module . Write the correct answer if it cannot be found from the choices. Take a picture of
your answer sheet and reflective learning sheet .
8. Transfer your answers in Google Form and write your scores in the ANSWER SHEET.
9. Return the MODULE , ANSWER SHEET with signature of parent/guardian and REFLECTIVE
LEARNING SHEET to your adviser.
Have fun in learning these lessons about Limits and Continuity-
Lesson 1: The Limit of a Function: Theorems and Examples ! Good luck!

W h a t t o d o before (Pretest)?
Multiple Choice : Write the letter of the best answer: Write the correct answer if it can’t be
found from the choices.
1. It is the mathematics of tangent lines, slopes, areas and volumes.
A. Algebra B. Calculus C. Geometry D. Trigonometry
2. Calculus is derived from Latin __________(counter).
A. calcu B. calcul C. calus D. calx
3. Calculus relies on
A. derivatives B. integrals C. B and A D. not B nor A
4. They are considered as the backbone of calculus.
A. derivative B. functions C. limits D. integrals
5. Which of the following is the right hand limit?
M. lim f ( x)  L A. lim f ( x)  L T. xlim f ( x)  L H. xlim f ( x)  L
x  c  c  c
xc
6. infinitesimals: Leibniz ; limits : ___________
M. Archimedes A Euclid T. Plato H. Newton

7. For what value of x NOT possible in 𝑓(𝑥) = .

A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
 2

8. The
A. - B. 0 C. 1 D. +
9. Arrange the following stages of calculus according to order.
a. precalculus/algebra b. limit process c. derivatives & integrals
A. a,b,c B. b,c,a C. c,a,b D. c,b,a
10. In order for a limit to exist, the limit from the left and the limit from the right must exist and must be
A. asymptotic B. eccentric C. equal D. rational

LESSON 1: The Limit of a Function: Theorems and Examples

Lesson 1.1: The Limit of a Function
INTRODUCTION
If functions are the main building blocks of calculus, limits are the backbone of Calculus, and
Calculus is called the Mathematics of Change that deals with tangent lines, slopes, areas and volumes.
The study of limits is necessary in studying change in great detail. The evaluation of a particular limit is
what underlies the formulation of the derivative and the integral of a function.
For starters, imagine that you are going to watch a basketball game. When you choose seats,
you would want to be as close to the action as possible. You would want to be as close to the players
as possible and have the best view of the game, as if you were in the basketball court yourself. Take
note that you cannot actually be in the court and join the players, but you will be close enough to
describe clearly what is happening in the game.
This is how it is with limits of functions. We will consider functions of a single variable and study
the behavior of the function as its variable approaches a particular value (a constant). The variable can
only take values very, very close to the constant, but it cannot equal the constant itself. However, the
limit will be able to describe clearly what is happening to the function near that constant.

LESSON PROPER
The word “limit” is used in everyday conversation to describe the ultimate behavior of
something, as in the “limit of one’s endurance” or the “limit of one’s patience.”
In mathematics, the word “limit” has a similar but more precise meaning.

A Geometric Example :
 Look at a polygon inscribed in a circle

As the number of sides of the polygon increases, the polygon is getting closer to becoming a circle. If
we refer to the polygon as an n-gon, where n is the number of sides we can make some mathematical
statements:
 As n gets larger, the n-gon gets closer to being a circle
 As n approaches infinity, the n-gon approaches the circle
 The limit of the n-gon, as n goes to infinity is the circle
The symbolic statement is: lim( n  gon)  circle
n 

Numerical Example 1
Let’s look at a sequence whose nth term is given by:
What will the sequence look like?
½ , 2/3, ¾, 5/6, ….99/100, 99999/100000…
n
What is happening to the terms of the sequence? Will they ever get to 1? lim 1
n  n 1
Numerical Example 2
Let’s look at the sequence whose nth term is given by 1/n.
1, ½, 1/3, ¼, …..1/10000, 1/10000000000000……
1
As n is getting bigger, what are these terms approaching? lim 0
n  n
Graphical Example 1
f ( x) 
x

As x gets really, really small, what is happening to the height, f(x)?

Does the height, or f(x) ever get to 0?
1
lim 0
x   x

AN INFORMAL DESCRIPTION
 3

If 𝑓(𝑥) becomes arbitrarily close to a single number L as 𝑥 approaches c from either side, the
limit for 𝑓(𝑥) as x approaches c, is L. This limit is written as lim f ( x)  L
x c

This is read, ‘‘The limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches c is L.”

• One sided limit is the value (𝐿) as the 𝒙 value gets closer and closer to a certain value 𝒄 from
one side only (either from the left or from the right side). In symbols,
lim f ( x )  L → Limit from the left side
x  c
lim f ( x)  L → Limit from the right side
x  c
• Always remember that if the limit value from the left side is not equal to the limit value from the
right, then the limit Does Not Exist or DNE. In symbols, if lim f ( x)  L ≠ lim f ( x)  L
x  c xc
then lim f ( x) DNE.
xc

Sir Isaac Newton developed the concept known as limits, that is used today in developing the
concept of calculus while Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz introduced the method called infinitesimals.

LOOKING AT THE TABLE OF VALUES

Example 1. To illustrate, let us consider
lim fx )

Solution :
xc

We make two tables, as shown below, one with x approaching 3 from the left, and the other with
x approaching 3 from the right.

x 2x+4
2.9 9.8
2.99 9.98
2.999 9.998
x 2x+4
3.1 9.8
3.01 9.98
3.001 9.998

Approaching 3
Approaching 3 from the right
from the left Limit is
Limit is 10
10
For example, the numbers 2.9, 2.99, 2.999, ... approach 3 from the left, which we denote by
x→3 –, and the numbers 3.1, 3.01, 3.001, ... approach 3 from the right, denoted by x→3 +. Such limits
are called one-sided limits.

Approaching 3 from the left Approaching 3 from the right

lim 2 x  4  10
x3

LOOKING AT THE GRAPH OF y = 𝑓(𝑥)

Graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2x + 4

10
On this area, it is evident that as the x-values
approach 3 from the left and from the right, the
y-values approach 10 from the left and from the
right as well.
3

Example 2. Investigate through a table of values if 𝑓(𝑥) = x + 1 if x < 4

(x - 4) 2 + 3 if x ≥ 4

x x+1
3.7 4.7
3.85 4.85
3.995 4.995
3.99999 4.99999
x (x - 4)2 + 3
4.3 3.09
4.1 3.01
4.001 3.000001
4.00001 3.0000000001

Approaching 4 Approaching 4
from the left from the right
 4

Limit is 3
Limit is 5

The ≠ ,then DNE.

The Limit of a Function at c versus the Value of the Function at c

• The limit of a function xlim
c
f ( x ) is not the same as evaluating a function 𝑓(c) because they
are different in terms of concept. The limit of a function gets its value by providing inputs that
approaches the particular number while evaluating a function is more like direct substitution process.
Difference between 𝑓(c) to lim f ( x )
xc

the height of the curve at 𝑥 = c; 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(c) limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches c

What will you do?

Self Test 1.1.
Fact or Bluff
______1. Calculus came from Latin word calx (counter) meaning pebbles.
______2. Calculus is a mathematics of chance.
______3. Newton used the limit method to find for the area of a circle.
______4. The limit of the n-gon, as n goes to infinity is the circle.
______5. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz introduced the method called infinitesimals.
______6. Limits are the main building blocks of calculus.
______7. The limit of a function DNE if the left sided limit is NOT equal to the right sided limit.
______8. lim f ( x)  L is the left side limit of a function.
x  c
______9. In the sequence ½ , 2/3, ¾, 5/6, ….99/100, … will be able to get/reach 1.
______10. The limit of a function lim f ( x ) is not the same as evaluating a function 𝑓(c) .
xc
Activity 1.1.
Title of the Activity: Seek Your Limitations
Most Essential Learning Competencies: Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values and
the graph of the function, distinguish between xlim
c
f ( x ) and 𝑓(𝑐).
K to 12 BEC CG: STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-1, STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-2
Directions: Construct the table of values and sketch the graph to evaluate .

Lesson 1.2: Illustration of Limit Theorems

Lesson 1.1 showed us how limits can be determined through either a table of values or the
graph of a function. One might ask: Must one always construct a table or graph the function to
determine a limit? Filling in a table of values sometimes requires very tedious calculations. Likewise, a
graph may be difficult to sketch. However, these should not be reasons for a student to fail to determine
a limit. In this lesson, we will learn how to compute the limit of a function using Limit Theorems.
1. The limit of a constant is itself. If k is any constant, then,
Examples: ;
2. The limit of x as x approaches c is equal to c. .
Examples: ;
3. The limit of xn as x approaches c is equal to cn.
Examples: ;
For the remaining theorems, we will assume that the limits of 𝑓 and g both exist as x
approaches c and that they are L and M, respectively. In other words, and
4. The Constant Multiple Theorem:
Example: if then
Example for items 5-10: If and , find
5. The Addition Theorem: = 4+ (-5) = -1
6. The Subtraction Theorem: = 4- (-5) = 9
7. The Multiplication Theorem: = 4(-5) = -20
8. The Division Theorem: = 4/(-5) = - 4/5
9. The Power Theorem: ;
 5

10. The Radical/Root Theorem: where f(x) > 0 and n is even.

a) b)

What will you do?

Self Test 1.2.
Match Column A to Column B
A B
___________1. limit of a constant a.
___________2. limit of a radical/root f.
___________3. limit of a sum b.
___________4. limit of a quotient g.
___________5. limit of xn c.
___________6. limit of a constant multiple h.
___________7. limit of x d.
___________8. limit of a product i.
___________9. limit of a difference e.
___________10. limit of a power
j.
Activity 1.2.
Title of the Activity: Seek Your Limitations
Most Essential Learning Competencies: Illustrate the limit laws. STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-3
Directions: Evaluate the following using Limit Theorems.
___________1. ___________2. ___________3.
for items 4-10: given and ,
___________4. Addition Theorem ___________8.
___________5. Subtraction Theorem ___________9. Multiplication Theorem
___________6. ___________10. Division Theorem
___________7.

Let’s summarize.
1. Functions are the main building blocks of calculus, limits are the backbone of Calculus, and Calculus
is called the Mathematics of Change.
2. If 𝑓(𝑥) becomes arbitrarily close to a single number L as x approaches c from either side, the limit for
𝑓(𝑥) as x approaches c, is L. This limit is written as .

Post Test
Multiple Choice : Write the letter of the best answer. Write the correct answer if it can’t be
found from the choices.
1. It is the mathematics of change.
A. Algebra B. Calculus C. Geometry D. Trigonometry
2. The
A. - B. 0 C. DNE D. +
3. limits : Newton ; infinitesimals : _________
A. Archimedes B. Euclid C. Leibniz D. Plato
4. They are considered as the main building blocks of calculus.
A. derivative B. functions C. limits D. integrals
5. Which of the following is the left hand limit?
A. lim f ( x)  L B. lim f ( x)  L C. xlim f ( x)  L D. xlim f ( x)  L
x  c  c  c
xc
6. When a function gets closer and closer to 5 as the variable gets closer to 3. What is the limit of the
function?
A. 5 B. 3 C. DNE D. +∞
7. The set of real numbers between -1 and 4 including the endpoint 4 is denoted as
A. [ -1, 4 ] B. ( -1, 4 ) C. [ -1, 4 ) D. ( -1, 4 ]
8. For what value of x NOT possible in .
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
9. Arrange the following stages of calculus according to order.
a. precalculus/algebra b. limit process c. derivatives & integrals
A. a,b,c B. b,c,a C. c,a,b D. c,b,a
10. What value of x NOT possible in 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 ?
A. -1 B. 0 C. 1 D. 2
REFERENCES
DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide.
Sevilla,Orlyn B., Herrera ,Maria Gladys D., Obdin ,Hadassah Grace G., Sevilla ,Orlyn
B. ,Demerin ,Jexter D. 2020,Basic Calculus – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 3
 6

Bandong ,Kimberly P., Bato ,Mark Gregory V. , Lagasca ,Marvin Darius M., . Paiso, Rodolf Vincent C.
2019, Basic Calculus Activity Sheets
Lim, Yvette F., Nocon, Rizaldi C., Nocon, Ederlina G., and Ruivivar, Leonar A. 2016. Math for
Engagement Learning Grade 11 Basic Calculus. Sibs Publishing House, Inc.
Mercado, Jesus P., and Orines, Fernando B. 2016. Next Century Mathematics 11 Basic Calculus.
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Geogebra. Graphing application for android. Playstore

Congratulations!!! You have finished Module 1.

CHAPTER TEST # 1
Limits and Continuity
I. TRUE or FALSE
______1. Calculus came from Latin word calx (counter) meaning pebbles.
______2. Calculus is a mathematics of change.
______3. Newton used the limit method to find for the area of a circle.
______4. A function f is a rule that assigns to each element in a set A (the domain), one and only one
element in a set B (the range).
______5. One to many correspondence is a function.
______6. Limits are the main building blocks of calculus.
______7. The limit of a function DNE if the left sided limit is NOT equal to the right sided limit.
______8. Rational function is the ratio between polynomial functions.
______9. In the sequence ½ , 2/3, ¾, 5/6, ….99/100, 99999/100000… will be able to get/reach 1.
______10. The graph of a function can cross at least once by any vertical line.

II. Matching Type

Match Column A to Column B
A (limit of ..) B
______11. a constant a.
______12. x f.
______13. xn b.
______14. a constant multiple g.
______15. a sum c.
______16. a difference h.
______17. a product d.
______18. a quotient i.
______19. a power e.
______20. radical/root j.

III. Analogy/ Multiple Choice

Write the letter of your best answer. Write E if the answer can’t be found from the choices.
21. Precalculus : static ; Calculus : _____
M. change A. dynamic T. energetic H. electric
22. output : range ; input : _________
M. domain A. element T. set H. variable
23. Geo : Earth ; Calculus : _____________
M. change A. limit machine T. pebbles H. tartar
24. infinitesimals: Leibniz ; limits : ______
M. Archimedes A. Euclid T. Newton H. Plato
25. building blocks : functions ; backbone: _____________
M. domain A. limits T. range H. derivatives
26. When f(x) = 5x+3, f(1-x) is equal to
M. 8 A. 8 – x T. 8 – 5x H. 5 – 3x
27. The set of real numbers between -1 and 4 including the endpoint 4 is denoted as
M. [ -1, 4 ] A. ( -1, 4 ) T. [ -1, 4 ) H. ( -1, 4 ]
28. The domain of the function f(x) = 1/(x+3) includes all real numbers except
M. 0 A. 1 T. -3 H. 3
29. The range of the function g(x) = is
M. ( 9, ∞ ) A. [ 9, ∞ ) T. [ 0, ∞ ) H. ( 3, ∞ )
30. When a function gets closer and closer to 5 as the variable gets closer to 3, the limit of the function
M. is 5 A. is 3 T. DNE H. +∞

IV. Evaluate the following using Limit Theorems.

___________31. ___________32. ___________33.
for items 34-40: given and ,
___________34. Addition Theorem ___________38.
 7

___________35. Subtraction Theorem ___________39. Multiplication Theorem

___________36. ___________40. Division Theorem
___________37.

Prepared by: Approved:

JONATHAN B. DONA ELVIRA P. BERDUL

SSMT-I SSHT VI / OIC-Office of the ASP II (SHS)

Checked by: Noted:

ROWENA A. DELOS REYES VIRGIL R. GOMEZ

Subject Group Head – STEM Principal IV

STUDENT Parent’s Signature:

NUMBER: ______________________
BASIC CALCULUS
ANSWER SHEET # 1 ___
Name:______________________________________________Section:________________________

Pretest Score:_______ Self Test 1.2 Score:______ Post Test Score: ______
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.
6. 6. 6.
7. 7. 7.
8. 8. 8.
9. 9. 9.
10. 10. 10.
Self Test 1.1. Score:______ Activity 1.2. Score:_____ Chapter Test Score:_______
1. 1. 1. 21.
2. 2. 2. 22.
3. 3. 3. 23.
4. 4. 4. 24.
5. 5. 5. 25.
6. 6. 6. 26.
7. 7. 7. 27.
8. 8. 8. 28.
9. 9. 9. 29.
10. 10. 10. 30.
11. 31.
Activity 1.1. Score:______ Activity 1.2. Score:______ 12. 32.
1. 13. 33.

x x+2 x x+2 2. 14, 34.

3 6 3. 15. 35.
4.5 5.5
4.995 5.001 4. 16. 36.
4.99999 5.0001 5. 17. 37.
 8

6. 18. 38.
7. 19. 39.
8. 20. 40.
9.
10.’ Diagnostic Test Score:______

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE I PANGASINAN
BAYAMBANG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
MAGSAYSAY ST., BAYAMBANG, PANGASINAN

REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET # 1

LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
Name: ______________________________________________ Date:_________________
Grade and Section: ___________________________________Score:_________________

What concepts will I share to my family Give 3 real-life examples that show
and friends? concepts of limits and continuity.

How did lesson 1 help me to develop my How can I apply these new concepts in
character? my everyday activities?
9