NATURE OF A branch of mathematics that deals ik with the scientific collection, organization, Y STATISTICS presentation, analysis, and interpretation . 6f numerical data in order to obtain useful and meaningful information. (General ) al A set of procedures and rules for reducing large masses of data into manageable proportions allowing us to draw conclusions from those data, (McCarthy) A person who is trained in collecting numerical information (data), evaluating it, and drawing conclusions from it. 4 + Variable (data) - characteristics or attribute that can assume different values Data Values- values (measurements or observations) that the variables can assume. Examples: Data set - collection of data values > scores of the students, . Example: (Scores in a 40-item quiz) > opinion of the students about the taste of durian. 21,27,19,21,2024,30+ A population consists of all subjects SL TIMELY All students enrolled ina A randomly elected group (human or otherwise) that are being any Se oF 100 Madero of U8 studied. A pal conducted with All voters inthe Philippines. 10,000 randomly chosen ‘voters ‘A clinical trial involving 300 patients who volunteered “or the study. SD PU stient ynosed with + A sample is a group of subjects pranirarity) |“ Seornaocmeessc”* selected from a population. Cait eter nee eens Dee aac eee eer ney Paras) TYPES OF STATISTICS LECT DATA + Descrij tive statistics consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data. Example: Describing the allocation of your weekly allowance:Exampl The survey, conducted from March 25 te 28, 2017 | ‘showed that VP Robredo got « "moderate" +26 net satisfaction rating, one grade down from the “good” 137 she received in December last year. *53% of respondents sai they were satisfied with Robrede's performance, 27% were dissatisfied and 19% were undecided DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS EXAMPLE: layan Colleges Laguna (tc) ss EL obtained a 100% passing ate (7 10% 52277 Natona Passing Rate) nthe nasal Engncenng Cerifeaton Ez hel ts Oeember 42016 Four of our pssersrantea nthe Tp 20 nghest Paces. EXAMPLE: “Inferential statistics consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing poser estimations and hypothesis tests, determining Pieter relationships among variables, ‘and making predictions. “ESTIMATION AND ‘SEVERAL — WELL-DESIGNED LONG-TERM) HYPOTHESIS TESTING. ft fi CLINICAL STUDIES HAVE FOUND THAT PEOPLE| * estimate the population t Q WHO TAKE —BLOOU-PRESSURE-LOWERING) ‘mean weight using the tt DRUGS © ACTUALLY SUFFER FROM ‘sample mean weight+ Inferential statistics Hypothesis Testing: Is there a significant difference between the height of male and female MCL students? Decision: There is a significant difference between the height of male and female MCL students. 3. By 2040 at least 3.5 billion people will run short of water (World Future Society). 4, Allergy therapy makes bees go away (Source: Prevention). 5. Nerve impulses to and from the brain travel as fast as 170 miles per hour. Based on this information, attendance ond grades are related. The more you attend class, the more likely you will receive @ higher grade. If you improve. ‘yur attendance, your grades will probably improve. Many factors affect your grade in @ course. One factor that you have considerable control ove” is attendance. Yeu can increase your opportunities for learning by attending class mnore often 1, What are the variables under study? 2, Are descriptive, inferential or both types of statistics used? 3, What isthe population under study? 4, From the information given, comment on the relationship between the veoriables + Ineach of these statements, tell whether descriptive or inferential statistics have been used. 1, On average, 100 people choke to death on ball paint pens every year. (statisticbrain.com) 2. The average person's left hand does 56% of the typing, (statisticbrain.com) A study conducted at Manatee Community College revealed that students who attended class 95 to 100% of the time usually received an A in the class. Students who attended class 80 to 90% of the time usually received a B or C in the class. Students who attended class less than 80% of the time usually received a D or F or eventually withdrew from the class. {+ Qualitative data are variables that can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characteristic or attribute. “consist of labels, category names, and such for which representation on a numerical scale is not naturally meaningful Examples Opinion of Catholics to Death Penalty (Pro or Anti) ‘Name of your friends in MCL =e + Quantitative data are numerical and can be ordered or ranked, Yare counts or measurements for which representation on a numerical scale is naturally meaningful. Example: Amount of a student's daily allowance, Discrete Data DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS? ‘quantitative data that are countable using a Examples finite count, such as 0, 1, 2, and so on F Deytime temperature readings (in degrees = integer-valued Fahrenheit) in a 30-day period Ages of MATHIII students Number (0,1, 2, or so on) of people attending a conference Defects per hour ina shoe company Number of hours you waited for your girlfriend Continuous Data sm quantitative data that can take on any value within a range of values on a numerical scale in such « way that there are no gaps, jumps, orcame LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT Levels of Measurement Nominal Scale F the lowest level of data ® applied to data that are used for category identification characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme F arithmetic operations are not performed for nominal data Nominal Scale Nominal Scale Quolitative Variable Data Values Qualitative variable Possible nominal level data values Blood type. A,B, AB, O Province of Laguna, Batangas, Cavite, Rizal, pes ee ee cca acl Pe) ensicmeateOrdinal Scale Ordinal Scale Qualitative variable Data values the next higher level of data characterized by data that applies to categories isso ace cele f data can be arranged in an ordering scheme © arithmetic operations are not performed on ‘ordinal level data Interval Scale applied to data that can be arranged in some order and for which differences in data Example Likert Scale 41, Wapedia has a user tien rvertace — — — =m values are meaningful 2. Wikipedia usualy my frst resource for research results from counting or measuring eo "ooo f the value zero is arbitrarily chosen for — = interval data and does not imply an absence of the characteristic being measured 2. Wikipedia pages generally have good images © Ex: temperature Ratio Scale Ratio Scale data has an absolute zero and a value of zero indicates a complete absence of the the highest level of measurement characteristic of interest F applied to data that can be ranked and for which all arithmetic operations including division can be performed Examples: wages height weight units of production results from counting or measuring ® data can be arranged in an ordering scheme changes in stock prices distance between branch of fices nd differences and ratios can be calculated ‘grams of fats consumed per day cand interpretedPRACTICE! Data Measurement Levels lassify each variable as nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio-level measurement. 1, Time required for mechanics to do a tune- up. Ratio/interval Data | 2°", ft oe ot Date ace iamt 2. Name of teachers of students per subject. Seeetsees, [Nominal Data (ems 3. Classification of children in a day-care center (infant, toddler, preschool) Population. All of the subjects of interest. © Sample. The subjects in the population we actually measure. * Sampling. The process of selecting the individuals from the population that makes up our sample. SAMPLING METHODS The details of which subjects are and are not part of our population should be carefully specified. - our sample is our only source of information about the population 1¢ theory of sampling is as follows: Why Sample? * Researchers want to gather information about a whole group of people (the population). * Researchers can only observe a part of the population (the ‘sample). *The findings from the sample ‘are generalized, or extended, k to the population. * Less time consuming than a census * Less costly to administer than a census * Tr is possible to obtain statistical results of a sufficiently high precision based on samples ‘tive for representative samples to reflect the population of narest accuratelySample sizes can be computed by applying the Slovin's formula: N 1+ Ne? where n-number of samples N-number of population e- margin of error n Nonstatistical Sampling = Convenience «= Collected in the most convenient manner for the researcher = Judgment = Based on judgments about who in the population, would be most likely to provide the needed information 4 METHODS OF STATISTICAL SAMPLING 1, Simple Random Sampling being selected 1 The sample can be obtained using a table of random humbers or computer random number generator 3 = Every possible sample of a given size has an equal chance of SAMPLING TECHNIQUES oe) recom || Emenee Statistical Sampling = Trems of the sample are chosen based on known ‘or calculable probabilities ‘Statistical Sampling (Crobabilty Sampling) sTATEaCAL SAReLING 2. Stratified Random Sampling «= Divide population inte subgroups (called strata) ‘according to some common characteristic + eg, gender, income level 1 Select a simple random sample from each subgroup * Combine samples from subgroups into one fitt OTD {mnie ttt attt Semple4 METHODS OF 4 METHODS OF STATISTICAL SAMPLING STATISTICAL SAMPLING 3. Systematic Random Sampling 4, Cluster Sampling = Decide on sample size: n «= Divide population into several “clusters,” each + Divide ordered (eg, alphabetical) frame of N representative of the population (9, province) indvcuas inten groups of Individuals i-N/n MEMMP rela random sample of clusters + Randomly select one individual from the f "Alita nthe selected cstert one uted or ee be items canbe chosen from a cher sing another probability sampling technique Fepusvon ) CLT mt Tmt TTT ae laivided into Random stectea 16 clusters stints for sample = Select every kM individual there PRACTICE! PRACTICE! ssify each sample as random, systematic, stratified, or cluster 3.) Every 100 hamburger manufactured is checked to determine its fat content. 4.) Mail carriers of a large city are divided into four groups according to gender (male or female) and according to whether they walk or ride on their routes, Then 10 are selected from each group and interviewed to determine whether they have been bitten by a dog last year 5 .) In a large school district, all teachers from two buildings are interviewed to determine whether they believe the students have less homework to do now than previous years. 2.) The team needs to get a sample of 300 students from ‘the population of 2000 students. End!