Lecture 18
Lecture 18
Hadas Mamane
Tel Aviv University
1
Topics we will discuss today
What is wastewater
The Journey of Wastewater - in brief
Contaminants in Wastewater - in brief
Contamination of Drinking Water
Role of Pipelines in Wastewater Management
Pipeline Problems: Leaks and Pressure Differences
Risk to Water Quality
Mitigation Strategies
2
Definition of wastewater
3
Components of wastewater flow
4
Sewer overflow
6
Blocked or broken sewer pipes
7
Signs of issues in your sewage pipes - Nothing Creative (nothincreative.com)
Wastewater collection systems
WW collection systems are underground conduits to convey
wastewater and stormwater to the point of disposal
9
CSO treatment facility
10
Pumping stations (lift stations)
Dry-well pump
Pumping stations are designed
to move wastewater from
lower to higher elevations
Key elements include a
wastewater receiving well (wet-
well), pumps and piping with
associated valves, motors, a
Wet-well submersible
power supply system
Centrifugal pumps are
commonly used
The pumping station must be
able to adjust to the variations
in wastewater flows
Water drainage systems
12
Various designs
13
Sewage contaminating water drains
Cracked or Broken Sewer Pipes. When these pipes run close to or above water
drainage systems, sewage can leak out and enter the drainage pipes.
Faulty Pipe Joints. Sewage to escape - especially if the water table is high and
drainage systems are shallow.
Cross-Connections Between Sewer and Drainage Lines: sewage pipes are
mistakenly connected to stormwater drains or other drainage systems, allowing
sewage to flow directly into them.
Sewer Backups: During heavy rainfall or flooding, sewer systems can become
overwhelmed, leading to a backup of sewage. For combined sewer system, the
sewage can back up into the drainage system.
If the sewer system is pressurized or full, sewage can escape through these
openings and into nearby drains.
Homes with foundation drains that are incorrectly connected to the sanitary
sewer instead of the storm sewer can also be a source of sewage entering the
drainage system, especially if there's a backup or overflow.
Illegal or improper connections from the sanitary plumbing to storm drains
intended only for rainwater.
14
Sewer pipelines
15
Rigid vs. flexible
1.Rigid Pipe: Typically made of materials like PVC, ABS, cast iron, clay, and
concrete. These pipes maintain their shape and dimension under soil loads
and are used where precise alignment is necessary.
2.Flexible Pipe: Usually made of materials like HDPE (High-Density
Polyethylene) and sometimes corrugated PVC. These pipes can bend slightly
to accommodate soil movement or to align with pre-existing structures.
The Journey of Wastewater
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/21/3542
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. All rights reserved.
How do we clean wastewater?
Typical organic materials in wastewater
21
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxsbj07GDOk
The role of the biological treatment
23
Normal floc Zooglea ramifera
24
Treatments for reuse of effluent
Chemical
Activated carbon,
coagulation,
reverse osmosis,
biological or
advanced oxidation
chemical nutrient
processes, soil
removal, filtration,
aquifer treatment
and disinfection
Treatment technology to achieve the desirable water quality for reuse (EPA, 2012)
Urban, Agriculture, Environmental, industrial, groundwater recharge
Effluent reservoir
Irrigation with wastewater
The journey
28
Sludge
29
Sources of Wastewater: Industrial
31
Water Pollution
• Sewage
– Wastewater from drains or sewers; includes
human wastes, soaps, and detergents
• Disease-causing agents, threat to public health
• Enrichment
– Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
• The amount of oxygen that microorganisms need to
decompose biological wastes into carbon dioxide,
water, and minerals
Pollution discharge
25
Water Pollution
Copyri ght © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All ri ghts reserved.
4
Coliforms
• Total coliforms: group of bacteria widespread in nature.
• Total coliform group occur in soil, human feces, animal manure, and outside the
human body. Include genera originate in feces (e.g. Escherichia) and genera not of
fecal origin (e.g. Enterobacter, Klebsiella).
• Fecal coliforms, a subset of total coliform bacteria, present in gut and feces of warm-
blooded animals; more fecal in origin.
• E. coli a species of fecal coliform bacteria specific to fecal material from humans and
other warm-blooded animals.
• E. coli an indicator microorganism for other pathogens that may be present in feces.
http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms511.cfm
http://aqua-elite.com/problems-with-water/bacteria-in-drinking-water/
Escherichia coli
• Fecal indicator
• Escherichia coli also known as E. coli is a Gram- negative,
facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium
• Most E. coli are nonpathogenic.
• Several are entero-pathogenic strains
• Fecal coliforms are capable of growth in the presence of bile
salts and produce acid and gas
from lactose within 48 hours at 44 ± 0.5°C.
Fertilizer