What is Language?

ARISTOTLE- the Father of Modern a beginning, an end, a fixed sequence

Communication. of events.
Latin word, “Lingua” meaning tongue
ALEXANDER GRAHAMBELLE- 3.Adaptive- it adjusts to the changes
A system of communication used by a particular
create the telephone that occur in its physical and
country or community”.
physiological environment;
Man is by nature a social animal; an
individual who is unsocial naturally 4. Systemic- it involves components
“The principal method of human communication, and not accidentally is either beneath that are interrelated and interacting in
consisting of words used in a structured and our notice or more than a cyclic order: and
conventional way and conveyed by speech, human.(Griffin, 2012)
5. Transactional- every
writing, or gesture”
Hermosa, Hernandez, and Vergara communication is a unique
(2019) defined communication as the combination of people, messages and
“transfer of thoughts, messages, events; it consists of unending sharing
Language Acquisition- Mere acquisition of ideas, feelings, emotions, and (transmission and reception) of
knowledge; L1 knowledge through speech, writing, messages between/among people on
or signals from a receiver or sender”. some occasion.
Language Learning or Language Learned is the
They also duly noted that it is the life-
process of actively trying to learn and understand a
blood of society. Social Interaction as
language. LL happens more consciously and is
the most basic function of A. FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
more likely the result of formal teaching; L2
communication. Society cannot exist 1. Intrapersonal Communication is talking
Language Contact is what happens when people of without communication, as we have to oneself (self-talk) through internal
different linguistic backgrounds come in contact learned from Aristotle. People always vocalization or reflective thinking due to some
Language Change is a grammatically simplified participate in society, whether they internal or external stimulus. In other words, this
form of a language used for communication recognize the fact or not. type of communication takes place within the
between people not sharing a common language is person. For example, you may talk to yourself
the product of language contact. about what you want to drink because of the
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? By internal stimulus of thirst, or yoU may think
What is Communication?
Jesus Perry Caudilla about a car accident you have witnessed.In
Latin – “communicare” “to share” or “to make contrast with other forms of communication,
Communication can be defined as a Intrapersonal Communication takes place only
common” (Weekley, 1967).
process by which information, inside a person’s Head.
“the process of understanding and sharing meanings and feelings are shared by
meaning” (Pearson & Nelson, 2000). persons through a common system of 2. Interpersonal Communication is a form of
verbal and nonverbal symbols, signs Communication wherein individuals are engaged
“relational process of creating and interpreting actively in the covert transmission and reception of
or behavior.
messages that elicit a response” messages.
As a prOcess, communication is
“Real communication Occurs.. when we listen a. Dyadic Communication is a two-person
characterized as:
with understanding- to see the expressed idea and Communication such as telephone Conversation,
attitude from the other person’s point of view, tO 1.Dynamic- it is constantly changing job interview and doctor-patient Conversation.
sense how it feels to him, to achieve his frame of because it relies on human perception
reference in regard to the things he is talking that can change overtime; therefore, it b. Small Group Communication ideally consists
about.” -Carl Rogers (1952) is irreversible and unrepeatable; of three to fifteen persons sUch as committee
meeting, buzz session and brainstorming activity.
2.Continuous- it is an ongoing
exchange of meaning- sharing 3. Public Communication is conveying
behaviors between/ among information to a large audience. It is more sender-
individuals who operate within a focused than intrapersonal and interpersonal forms
frame of experience; it does not have of Communication.
a. Speaker-Audience Communication is talking Communication can be described you, thank people when they pay you
to a large number of people who are gathered for as producing exchanges of a Compliment, and so on. These rules
some occasion. The speaker centers the meanings within physical and are often overtly taught to children or
communication event on the audience. He analyzes behavioral settings. students by their parents or teachers.
the audience to determine the content, language Rules may be stated Over and over,
usage and listener expectations. Effective and there may be punishment for not
communication ocCUrs because the speaker can following them.
tailor messages to the needs of the listeners.
Relational Context involves our erstwhile.
b. Mass Communication is the “process whereby Socializations and type of association we have
media organizations produce and transmit forged with other people. We Communicate
messages to large publics and the process by which differently with Someone we just met versus some
those messages are sought, Used, understood and 3. Transaction model explains we’ve known Totted by established rules and
influenced by audience” (Littlejohn and Foss, communication as a Way of creating norms; time. First time encounters with individuals
2011) realities based on our social, are inclined to be however, once we have a strong
relational and cultural backgrounds. relational. Context, we tend to disregoard or alter
This model shows that social norms and rules more easily.
communication is not a mere
B. Models of Communication
exchange of experiences. It rather Cultural Context consist of an individual’s self-
1. Transmission Model considers communication shows that we intend to build concept and self-perception in relation to
as a one-directional exchange in which the relationships, create intercultural nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, race,
message is purposely conveyed by a speaker toa understanding, form Our self-identity, gender, and sexual orientation. We have not just
listener (Ellis & MCClintock, 1990). This is a and interact with others to engender one but multiple identities that influence Our
model centers on the sender and information societies. In other words, communication. Our awareness of these identities
present in a communication environment. Despite transactional Communication aims adversely impacts the way we interact with others,
the inclusion of the receiver in this communication towards creating experiences instead especially when we feel inferior to other cultures.
model, this function is regarded merely as target or of merely talking about them. It Similarly, people with identities that are dominant
destination and not part of a continuous exchange considers communications as an or in the majority- who think highly of their
of meanings. Therefore, communication is amalgam of our constant culture- show more çonfidence in the way they
considered simply as source and destinatíon of engagements with other people to not communicate with others particularly those that
messages only construct experiences but modify have been historically oppressed and downgraded.
them as well.
IMPORTANT MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

2.Interaction Model describes communication Social Context can be described rules

as a process in which communicators change or undeclared norms that guide
roles as a sender and receiver and produce communication. As we get integrated
meaning by. Exchanging messages within their with different communities, we
own environment and experiences (Schramm, become acquainted with rules and
1997). Rather than illustrating communication as indirectly get along the norms for
linear, unidirectional method, the interaction sharing experiences. Some Common
model incorporates feedback that makes rules that influence social contexts
communication significantly collaborative, two- include don’t lie to people, don’t
way method. Feedback is conveyed as a response interrupt people, don’t pass people in
to received messages. From this standpoint, line, greet people when they greet
 New Zealand, Ireland, anglophone Canada, and
some of the Caribbean territories. The total number
Psychological
of English speakers in the inner circle is as high as
 Thoughts that hamper the 380 million, of whom some 120 million are
message to be interpreted outside the United States.
correctly by the receiver Outer Circle

It includes countries where English is not the

Physical native tongue, but is important for historical
 Environmental factors that reasons and plays a part in the nation’s
limit the sending and receiving institutions, either as an official language or
of messages otherwise. This circle includes India, Nigeria, the
Philippines, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia,
Physiological Tanzania, Kenya, non-Anglophone South Africa
and Canada, etc. The total number of English
 Related to person’s Health and
speakers in the outer circle is estimated to range
fitness
from 150 million to 300 million.
Mechanical
Expanding Circle
 Flaw in the machinery,
It encompasses those countries where English
instruments, or channel used to
plays no historical or governmental role, but
convey the Related to person’s
where it is nevertheless widely used as a foreign
health and fitness message
language or lingua franca. This includes much of
KACHRU’S MODEL (The the rest of the world’s population: China, Russia,
Three Circles of English) Japan, most of Europe, Korea, Egypt, Indonesia,
Concentric Circles (Braj etc. The total in this expanding circle is the most
Kachru) difficult to estimate, especially because English
may be employed for specific, limited purposes,
(EFL) Expanding Circle-China, usually business English. The estimates of these
Caribbean Countries, Egypt, users range from 100 million to one bilion.
Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea,
Nepal, Saudi Arabia, South Verbal and Nonverbal
Africa, South America, Taiwan, Communication
Zimbabwe
Verbal communication can be
KINDS OF BARRIERS
(ESL) Outer Circle- defined as the exchange of ideas that
Linguistic/ Semantic Bangladesh, Ghana, India, occurs through words. This Can be
Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, both written and oral.
 Differences in word usage and meaning of
Pakistan, Philippines,
words cause confusion -Verbal communication allows individuals to
Singapore,Sri Lanka, Tanzania,
exchange ideas, opinions, values and suggestions,
Cultural Zambia
and creates an atmosphere where an individual can
(ENL)Inner Circle- USA, UK, connect with another.
 Misunderstanding of meaning, caused by
cultural differences between sender and Canada, Australia, New Zealand
Verbal communication may take place face- to-
receiver face or through some media such as the telephone.
Inner Circle

It represents the traditional bases

of English: the United Kingdom,
the United States, Australia,
-When a person engages in a conversation with o (4) Object Language (Objectics) “What is not said is as important as or even more
friend, this is verbal communication because it refers to the intentional or important that what is said.” Sometimes silence
allows them to Use words to communicate with unintentional display of material can communicate better than any words.
each other.! Through letters various documents, thing such as the clothes you wear,
memos, text messages, and bills, people nair style, the decoration of a
communicate with others. Both situations room, jewelry, implements, FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
exemplify verbal communication in oral and machines, the human body, etc.
written form, respectively. Communication is the key to humanness. People
(5) Tactile Language (Haptics) is communicate because there is always a PURPOSE
-Since words are man’s primary symbols, verbal Communication by touch such as in doing it.
communication creates condition where kiss or a tap the back. It is the most
transferring information becomes very clear.
elementary mode of
Nonverbal communication is WORDLESS communication and the first an P-URPOSE. Communication begins with a
exchange of information, thoughts feelings, etc. infant experience. purpose of explaining why a talk or conversation is
between or among individuals. initiated. It would always depend on what people
(6) Space/ Distance (Proxemics) have in mind, the place, or what the situation is.
-People communicate a lot nonverbally through expresses certain types of
intonation and stress, gross bodily movements messages. In America, there are U-NDERSTANDING. The heart of
such as gestures and facial expressions, material four distance zones: (a) intimate, communication is understanding. Conflicts will
thing such as hair style and jewelry and touching, (b) personal (c) social and (d)
not arise if a particular message is comprehensible
kissing and hugging. public distance.
and clearly understood.
-These nonverbal elements give deeper meaning A. Intimate distance – 6-18 inches
R-EACTION. It is normal to react to what is seen,
and intention to words. – close Contact
heard, felt or thought. Reactions can be both verbal
B. Social distance – 4-12 feet – or non-verbal.
business matters and social
-Nonverbal signals can give clUes and additional P-ARTICIPATION. Communication is a
business
information and meaning over and abOve verbal Manifestation of people’s participation to various
communication. C. Personal distance- 1.5 feet to 4 dialogues, discussions, and talks. It is way to show
feet conversational judgements and critical thoughts on various İssues
-Nonverbal signals are more vulnerable to and topics.
misunderstanding. D. Public distance – 12- 25 feet –
address groups O-PINIONS. A manifestation of criticality is to
It includes the following types: verbalize thinking or opinion on certain topics
from various fields.
(1) Paralanguage (Vocalics) refers to vOcal
qualities that go along with verbal message, such (7) Time (Chronemics) refers to S-YMPATHY. To communicate means to care. It is
as pitch, volume, roate, vocal quality, and verbal man’s use of time in sending an expression of showing support for something
fillers (Andersen, 1999). certain types of messages. Time as and being sorry for someone’s trouble, grief, or
a form of nonverbal misfortune.
(2) Action language (Kinesics) refers to gross
communication can be best
bodily movement, such as walking and eating. It E-DUCATION. Learning is
explained by other concepts of
consists of (a) gesture, (b) facial expression, (c) achieved through communication.
punctuality, willingness to wait
eye contact and (d) posture. Classroom discussions, symposia,
and interactions.
trainings, mass media, etc. are
(3) Sign Language consists of body ovements
(8) Silence is the lack of audible various forms of communication
that are used as substitute for letters, words
sound, or the presence of sounds of through which new things and
numbers, phrases and even sentences.
very low intensity. It can be best ideas are discovered.
explained by the statement.
 7. CONCISENESS

21ST CENTURY Ethical Considerations in 8. CULTURAL DIVERSITY

COMMUNICATION Communication
9. CULTURAL SENSITIVITY
·Respectful of their audiences.
Strategies to become an effective
UNDERSTANDING 21ST CENTURY ·Considerate of the Consequences global communicator
COMMUNICATION Communication Processes, of their communication. (www.booksforbetterliving.com):
Principles and Ethics
·Truthful •Mindful Presence

·Efficient in using information •Mindful Listening Mindful Speech

1. It develops coordination for people to
·Watchful on falsified•Unconditional
information. Friendliness
understand the thoughts, and ideas of one another.
·Respectful of the rights
• Mindful
of others
Responsiveness
2. Its function in an organization is elemental for
to information.
the smooth and proper functioning of each member
of the organization. Lesson 2: Communication and
Lesson 3: Local and Global Communication
Globalization
3. It contributes to effective and efficient decision
making among people. Socio-Cultural Aspects of Communication(Dapat, et al, 2016)

4. It increases the managerial efficiency and leader Globalization

potentials in organizations.
1.Cultural identity 2.Gender role
- To recognize and understand the
6. It promotes the overall organizational peace and features, dimensions, and impact 3.Age identity 4.Social class
cooperation among all employees who are holding of globalization to human
different places in the hierarchy. Communication. 5.Religious identity

7. It boosts the morale of all employees and Cultural Barriers to Effective Cultural Factors in Multicultural Settings
promotes and healthy working environment in the Communication (Cotton, 2013)
organization.
·Language ·Stereotypes and •Mother tongue and Race
prejudices
•Ethnicity
9 communication principles into operation as ·Behaviors and beliefs ·Norms and
•secondary languages • Regional attire
suggested by Kapur (2020): values
•Religion •Local culture
1. Trustworthiness ·Ethnocentrism (You see the
culture of others is incorrect) Body •Ancestry, Parents and Families
2. Effective Speaking Skills
language and gestures
•Gender and SOGIE • Teachers
3. Active Listening
Cultural Factors in Multicultural Settings
4. Good Writing Skills
The Nine C’s Principles of (Cotton, 2013)
5. Good Reading Skills Effective Communication
•Teachers • Friends
6. Objective Judgement 1. CLARITY 2. CONCRETENESS
•Neighborhood Education
7. Value Difference 3. COURTESY 4. CORRECTNESS
• Profession •Experiernce Politics
8. No Assumptions 5. CONSIDERATION
•races •Physical features Media
9. Authenticity 6. CREATIVITY
•Intercultural Communication
Forms of Intercultural Communication Characteristics of written and
spoken english
a. Interracial communication – communicating
with people from different written spoken
Flow of steady Pauses-
b. Interethnic communication – interacting with languaage utterances
people of different ethnic origin Organi- structured Less
zation particular
c. International communication communicating w/structure
between representatives from different nations. register Both for- Mostly
Mal & informal
d. Intracultural communication – interacting informal
with members of the same racial or ethnic group or
co-culture

Improving Intercultural Communication

Competence (Dapat, et al, 2016)

•People should be mindful of the other

Communicators who have different culture.

•People should mindfully choose the suitable

words and actions that are culturally acceptable to
others.

•People should be skillful and tactful in

Communicating in multicultural settings.

•People should be observant on the Connection

among communication patterns.

•People should open their minds to dissimilar

culture because it can give them fresh options to
try a new approach in life.

Lesson 4: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and

Written Language

Written language is carefully organized and

explanatory. Word of choice is deliberate and
follow a particular structure.

Spoken language is spontaneous and momentary;

it is mostly maintained in the form of a dialogue.