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41 views

TOC Notes

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Prexequisten Proop Techoqves | _SPreaf__Teehorpe? Hs direct, Prose (Pronk. 6 Con icion trucbion)” > Preok by Contrad Hs Proof bey tadvetion t> Proof bey contraposidive. Set Theory QU she Basie. operations Bequeree, and Tople, cabh Shee ti Baste Concepts ivect Proof, ; @ tet Q and b axe to even 4ve integ os «Shon, Prove that arb wil alway be ewen- mF lef, aston b rom then, arb = 2nxnImM = 4Anm = 2(anm) rap wha. & constant 2. a¥yb is een Proof bey Cobractiction Here, first pte will amume a hypothesis : qhen, we vill prove. the hypothesis wreng. @ Prove dhat $B is irrational, no: x lek Ww, Suppose JL ip a ational nee’ yohene Pand gq, are Co- brime 2. J2 =L£ ; V ane 4 fo. ] Squaring on both sicles,we get / a= Pt | , pr 2 04h o prin divisible by 2 Pp is Ativisible. by o Now Let P= from ea" O, we qet ery = 24° ex eg a? = ant q? ig abivigible by y is Aivisible by 2 cormmon trot P and q have 9 (a we nok co- prime. is a So, We Sean Say Gackon te. 2. Sor and iS voreng thak P fae rational no So, OW) assum pron GH tp an trottenal. no. : Proak bY < gadvelion Ss Se fe & Prove hat Sttogise. FS = Snns) ; soe we lek nad, LHs =S RAS = srl -sxf “co oe LHS ERAS a 7s ‘ neo, then Las sete cts, ONS > S2teey 2 SS aIo “LHS = RAS feb nek 9 then Veevad . SHNOMSH- HSK E SKK) , Ae @ gain, ekrl then SsrogSte--> Sie + SUCH) Sku) , Scktt) = SKUEA) Ho Wet) 45 = ye -5SK+N) (K+2 < Skrtel = Zz +, She formula olds fon Kennel = OF ts dre fon all hafenal numbers. Basics of ae sheer} + Degree of Vertex (Undlirectes| grabh) Dev) = no. ef edges erinected to a nente * For Airected qrabh deg-Wv) » Indeqree (Coming do Kat Nentep ) degety) 3 Outdegree (going woul to that enter) * Penclant Alerter + ithace, degre ts 4. * Lsolakec} Ventexy + those. degrees is 0. XK For Undirested rath n E cteg\i) = 2{E] Need x For Airected Orabh nw “ S_ deg Wi) 2 25a) = lel Nyel 2 distance -e Higtance, eae “atistance of Boure. nade. do fangel nede - ‘i + Eccentricity p Find distance Dy each Verkep of Qrabh. jhen dhair mag. valve woutd oe tenmod eo eccentricity, ene etre) 7 f + Radius Of Jrabh + Minimum eccentricity eDrameten ef QGrabh + Mortman eccentrter ty *Cenlen Point 46 the Nenkies Rowing eceentricity equal fo the radius ef graph. err ekvs) = vk) * Grtadh a Larabh Minimum tye: vy ep Ve Yq Ng Vy Yo + Civeurnfenence, of tarabhy = Moyeirnum cele Move V4 Ve Yo Ne Ye Ne ent + Degree Sequence + Orrange dhe eter oh a cyraph acc to & pantanlan ercler. err erdan p 2 2 a8 wentien V2 Ne MN Ns Types ef Grab & Simple Caraph * No Loops.2 no mulkple edaer at least one parallel este. 2. Mutkiple Carabhy ae Which have ob arentices and edges infinite. & BeCinthe Crab ehtes have Piite No- Me Infinite Enrabh 2 Alo of etges and Nentices %6 Ee Trivial trrabh 3° @ grath eoidh only one vertex. Se HOW raph + WUT Zoro edger Eb compete graph 9% all wentical one ns “ogy Neankes ye. AU ventic ane adjacent to then, & Regular Hraph we af all rrerices har Same. | clegree, K-regulan be. degli) =K J: Bipantest Graph, + v= eee iden, Originatest fetminaded tere Mi vi 4 os Ds, v3 ve V4 3S completely bibarted) Caraph = Tn tsb sek of vertices, each verter % CennecteP fo Und Set rentices: nw) 4 Ny Nt. Ne ts Ng JZ Ne Nt. t dye Stet Gorapk 4 in ene parbhion, there Should’ /be ot one venter. Mu “i Ny Va ee t goes arte Wh Nillasjes anal, Whe have He establish > manket Such tha} the ai ot mmonkel fo Sham [8 pinion « - ' ePind tin, (6 length path »Go Ft 420 S# Bnd maw tergth Path ee a Qi &= {0,4 BiH HDS i Sat [ eeB 2 Htc tnctej oO CS A82)0L5 A &2) @D ls. 4s2)e Se @® [e482 418: V Sal ts aped defined entity Leith Some sremoreriicaning , aymbol » pipraboek iS represented oy 2 pinite sed eh Syrnbala . teklens any" Lomgnoje ” f 2 (o y er fo AV HY alphabet 6 Shing t= Sequence af. SyInbels draw from. ary Languge Collection BL Shing arash from anes albhebel ener 7 a =f aX ([ns0 and <3} @F {4.54 Saye eee ace sSlan Cebvre Propet} (#3) 3 Tero an more Lime sepetton ot panticatan chanactn. = lava: j epee * xhve 4 eigen closure Property (+ 4) 2One oF more Lime err ats Lahate-+ 9 ipa = py CEmbly Shing ) K Length ef SHIrg ono. af char omy Shing kK Prefin 2 St will oblein affen removing Oo or mane chan. from ahe end of athe Shing. = { aloe ,abeab, ara “ete abeabea babea saheabe) *Shring ip & prefic of tdsetf ; [* rd tp a prefix of every String. H Subhix > 9 obtains affen removing Zero OL mona ha Prom dhe beginning af. the String. * Skrng and dane alwauts Sufin of eners| Sune * Proben Sitti > Removing ona oN mane chan. from athe a & Proper Prsughiy 2 Removing one or mare chan. from begining 4 Substring Removing Ze of mane chan. from cd Tero orn mone from end on both. x Reverse of. String ee WW = to love) ining , Ww = tovotel Lk = ft Pe% two} “e um = Aa, ON MONS or hotiort J mee uaa = x Ly Eefabic} Lr = Laer [nats lo = Ca¥ [ mo) f Ly VLo = f ated G amn™ [net and m20} = faabe, aabbec,.--- , aby ashley, aaabhb,... | Lifts => . } Lite = t AM ANAMb™ [.NB1 and nzod] + Shing Concatenamion, & Be (aby @OBefine a Lenguge thot contams eractly fosweg ty 22: ®@# Language adr Wave alll Strings having “aba as brfie ® Shank with a and end with b. *® 13 = Leary t ataeeb (need © lg = | abated [n29) Ca-—t— aK . 7 s* <2 tard) Abab & = Qtb ' " p) (arb) 4b cat) | es aa) van _ eS ® afl] = aavt T__Jaa = pkaK at dee = atte eft Tana 4 = braab* soe =abrabe od Te| Bin = BRN A, Des 0 -ararr Qe Can Corer all Cored Ly ={ baba wP [minrp= oe), Psat KS Clr anmar Zs , : 9 we oe PLS preticttion, Role, Set ef | starting : Terminaly 4 SYMbS! (constant hel of non-tenininal p frianiodle. | SEiba. 4. Regular Gvammar (Regular Longuaje)~ Pine Artomeda 2. Contest Pree Cramman(content Pree Lan) — Posh coven Qvbomde 3 Context Sensitive. Crrammant Conte Sey. tan) = Linear bounds Before! 4. Unrestricted Gtrammay aa Erumeratle) — Turing Maskine Langunge Finite Auhomeds Cite Machine, Mow machine) ora Coekenminisie eee ana waite Probematy calor Deterministic Rintle. Pobermala) PON ——— NDPDA TH a OT COTM eo by (a) e-taj 2 S3e +3 \ad votss s 185 2 Le {aay 5 = (8) g sare 7 aa aw sok gz iss a \e (aj Bom pce eemnmamuase. — Bak= ie \ nro} PW ye [ 1ne3 | wo Le fa (97 Kj Ke be FU AaAyAVAr j geasla S74 Saas L_4aas L-,aaes ay nl L253 Aaa Woe Parana $ mere, THE) gzasle @) ig kes, Shon Caveyeea 53 5 as jaa Tes to vy = (S35 = s 2 (sh Bohs { awe a) zo Produchrn rele” ‘aramrran SSSR Te{ane) A = aAle eae Aes B > bale i: s4 or $5 afbrolelas|se & be [oer [nae moa} 7 S > AB Gvammar z (ab A 2 anlar v (a 4 Bab b wp snes 2 B | bb > Pol a= {sh ve soem L={ ane” jaro) L= {are pnz0oy ty g + asblab o2asble yo Lorde 1a Language pod cenkeins atl dhe shiny ee and & which hove eracty bo tb. @) Write a Language that contains ahring over & ondb wg String is skating path a, ik mink end with 6 ond if Skewb en a2 Pete woth 7 = Labora (n22 _ ‘ Gu) 5 AbADA Jes ope honed v 2 shd A aad [e s-ish w) 13 gen WoL \ a tarbl? b U bla eo \ nim 2 Oy DAH 2 Cc L 43 Py cap - aang b phere all Shing: & paride, a Language conten ‘aba o% the iy As a Substring i) ba Aefix Bi ks a Suk hy (vl Present ab mth positon 77 Dhrom Start over ete Substring. 2) from end iy k = { Geb)’ roa Latby 1 num 2 OF “~~ WEL = {aba Lardh mead Gy b= { xb} Aba in zod wi ned then arb aWaba Le (@rbiava arb) »n20j SE) porite a Language OVAL E = (a,bycj Where ‘abea a Bey and ‘cba as a Suptiy a prefin, and ‘abel ap a Suffix, GU SF ‘abe’ ay a Prefer than) Seba’ #S Sufix and Vite-rergs () aber is fregent-! in the Starting: portion andl teba! i Present od ending portion. G) reba’ oy ae @ Le { abc @#b+Q cba , zoy GW) L= feba @ebscabe | Ve oj @) is (ake Carbru"eba U cba late) ec, nimso} @) bk = { @ebrcPabe Qtbreoba Lat bed) ®, mimitezo fn Automota f &P inte. ee eee LL, Machine ae => Acceptor Finile no of She ps [Staten Culbed > Transducer -CHiTTt Tl) gripe tbe _ Budbed- pccebfor Mackine r+ Cheek whether given string belong te q Certain Lan guage or noband retums Arete or false. er! Le = { abe tarot)” cba ine 24 a = abe abcba 1 Heke: meee er String = 2424S 49 Transition fan cdon. J] Lsajloac nD OM Stand col end or . Tranfifion funedien OO 2 BH OD * hen JR eithe sel ob. Finite Sef Pinile sek Starting trad pot od alah eb mb’ ebeee) oS") A Symbols Sins Sle Pima} Stete by consanng oO Gremere, Tnpate Bi CVU > Way oDeterministic @) Gin) anton - determinisdic qe tee) e.= (aj : 8: (yer) a%e a be ee Ve For each State , thane Shrould be competete DEA." rwhone all Aransipion leads eb acomplete OFA te a transition - hes called Meo aoe state jo ups State cyransitin Table, - een ; S& ES {a,b3 oe = {abd a 5 ue s = Lads) & (Go A) Uy 5 84 Lab) > Ve St (UN,0) 2 Fo. 5 St Lay byte Bs Ge J % » 8&2 (4,6) 245 8 Uy U4 > 48! 4s) 2% Ve = Veo ae Ye = £%e 3 Trangition teble en state. Trput Cad Truk Co} ~ ye | Os) me . 4, : 4 al Gs) | Vo: © | _——— aa . be {Caan [nerd a 2 = Labs ye Le Yab,aa bb, bas = {a nee} \e whe ft Aaa aanssee4 @- = Lar, n>oJ Or. BeL= {ew [n>r2) ™~ + = {an jones) L 1 = [aaaa, ches Ry == "32 ¥, OVO g@ aes tns3J g ban Aa, a, aa, aaa} + \e darks Wh aly x |e k= Lat Shings over abit} Heb revs 1s Beg pe —-@—©) ; ee @ we ‘fave cto chetign 0. finite Ooi (en {aret [rzo} (rok Scivable becaue, hay no mew for no BWal= | abel Wat covers ematly Q's (@) 9b contain exacity one a and one b, bie by “0 AS or a aw @- ww Bs Beton a Language pea Oven Yar?) na wn | Such Pa Language Confein even Noe ad | Le { a AG, HAAG AKARLH j Yer +4 be always bj PW) from [efd side 9nd postion wil Boe from fad side 44) position vd ‘Be _b. ayo a) ml re Cate)” whine the thi Look posihion it r ci) Pa C , & Lw [PS Cainy® and (rtm Deg = engih of Shang 9 4,44 A0 up. of Slate final State EEE 2) ah & he Lr] & tarsy™ onc wre med SBE aw mod SEX 2 nn ~ © oe mq ot 37 ry mod 3 > AN, mel % oo Rejecteet 1 = & 5 —>R > aAcceHed a1 et 72 R 1 2 > Rk Q o 7 A 2 \ A 3 2 3 R SL Bl= { bo (nei and +45 wa! ew b= (ba, bag, baaa, baaaaa si B&B Lz we las | whet 32g wd WES > O22 OIO4O4OLOIQI]D® ab Ir Regier _Extrenien [heron . i eo | : @D Regular Languags + MM: leas} one Finite Aotomeda, he vol acecfl atl dhe. adings Of ho Language. @D Requlor Expression -+ Combinedion of pattems [rotation Through which Ke Can gonorale, dhe entire etring: RL + faaaay.... 2 4 Re rm at Symbole KZ, % 5+ Coloture), U1 Ur Oy tloberetor) O © + Regular emp» which ureprerend- empiy sep hee {j @r»* Las @ ip br bo3 ae then Ai a RE. © PL {a,b} Arbeé& thy Lath) iS a RE. & Ob © than: LA) is a RE ne fab} ® Qe 2 thon ak % Q RE- BM ace thn at is a RE. + Regulan Long usge, is Closest, jn Union, inden section, comlac, Concatenshen , complemontetion, ane! Replicating (oe 4) 2 Kath) = ly oly) o t% ark v2 15 a RE- Ga atr) a BE yr) SRE Co)" ee Ce)? a RE - (yh we) > RE eReguiar get 494 com perform sat ofrerstiont PO Letay 4 2 Or = (ay) —- Catt) @L = [aaab;babby—> Carb)larb) ML ={ 42a, aaa y —> Cararraar) WLe {wl Ww conten ab ap, predic and we 25 S=[a4} > aplatb)* QW As q Substring + QU ab Gt)” 8) Leto] wee and we sto and end Low adafferend Simtel) Sra) + (Calarey*b) W(b@rr Fa) Viv O94 a is ak Starting Side lo 1S & U rb) b @tEI* a QxbI™ bend side £ vite. vee ye (ase) a tb) b ere” ‘y z= fay ‘ Y Le Lw lent eren ne of a J ~ (aay®™ C9 for otf na ofa > alan Union operadion. a “Li and to cere Rok then Li ule is RL , 2a Lay (er Ly, e {wl Ww embers even no. of as 4 Lo = [wlw contains ode no ef a's) ve lr = @aj® ; la 2 ataayé Ly : lo = aa* yataa®) Ly ={paaanaaye er J lo = [A aaa, daana, seo ¥ ivie) eh = Lp aaaaaajencr' y 1S) =a Gs PT On jersecdioy eee re fa (ngzoy sehay tee {a™[m ts even no J tints = &bL we bt = Ld Ayana ar j La = Lh, Ae RADA 5 Ly Ate = Lm RAPAARA HTT 5 = Caos 2 Of neo dhen, Unt. 2 @art or aalacl™ WKS y Regan Language Uncen complinend— Vee a even no. a's J Ve { wp wee” ant w is lo = (wl we &5- Loc RE te-tt 2 am (aay Lyn (paar Roamer" 4 lo = F dparaasanare oe Lo-be © Garang aaaaaiss "5 = a@taal® Concatenation aa ee {ar [nzoJ cary las {em |moo J > bY . 50} Lato (ame pam soy = att a Lb Or» @ A Qo} arb te Lar (nsey 1," Li = UN Aa,aane--- = Y utc 1%, oF, Ga aay, urs LAr AAAs Aaa, aaa, aS j Lhe tr® Ati tp @ regulan Language, non deterministic — Finite. Avtomata pak t non: detaministic. + gn each Shale ahone. Can be mans, tran one theabe phew ne Can move. for Finke Avtom +p (D Toplep ber initial Shute, final State, ++ ® Transition Diagram O Transition Table ve Nor dedeaminiche, Pintle Automata that can we delned by S duplea tre. ¥ Me (CO, 2 ,& % , Fe) r m ug we na ot nil Onpi Onitel © 5 aie Syeabols State final States a me 8 (Ore) Se Leomer set) Br den) no stete 1) so Liv} » bot) Us tren) 7| = ! Qe fay, 0199 90 F We 2 Te = top) se {aby gf e.a) 2 Leda) 6 C4. b) = {qo,4302) & (4.0) = [ates & (u,b) = (e403 S: (45,0) = Loaste) 8: (4a, 6) = (4) b fea. 43) (.@Q |t@) {4,@93 . > a 5. L& aepaaba G) atbtaaba is prea Lig machine on not G)aabeb™ which edeates ane seacheble- FO sXe G) Reacheble steers Sees Requlan Orammot oe S obs: Rowe t= 3,7,% . wos Slanaing Sel Oh Urur-. Symbos)“Teveaivel’s *PrreddecHon tele. Crs Let 0) 1 Sait fo Be &\ Pegulan atl ake precuchons dle in dhe form of 2 Grammar, A me CRight Linean graph) BK —> be (let Sh and ev A — 3% mere ex A > abay Logworeng Regular” Arann a Letra se Ss! e oe es Ge tetay vest ; @ lelay, ak 3 3g aas/é re or = cnrals T =tag S32G ve {s} or & 9se g¢ 2e - & Cven no of o t Saas gos Sse tTelaes or . ve (3) S > Saa Sr7.e & odd no. ef & + Sr aas Bore gam tT ala} or S$ > Saa' ve Us Sau g qt pm ~ as OR SAAS So le SaEe SoA > * Aa bA A7eE 4 Q, ath sy @ 63048 v aas aah v aabéA we aabbA + ' acatbob & be aabbo & Le} a ,abaas aabraba, abby -+ J BN String Startecl wrth %- a tatb)* or 3 cS) e soak Sy Deep SpA ae dS Ao aAlbalé AC > SNe Be port RO. Por Language L harry Oba a 9 Sapte, ~*~ Ss aTaba Tat [bT lade € De = Lan chrg over a and & having ethan Zrd pos from Sdanting } ae * @ee)7a Cath)” baa ba Su abo fbactacafbeetT z a spe ect ett] &> aaadk Sa abak Ss baak S34 bbak AO orf balé ‘ Sir 343 Le tw lw having b ad ira paler rb)” b (act) loa) es i OD) - \e + \e + + ® a i a atatb) *b ere Sos blast & ais Cabrebe) * Le Labbe > abeb ; abeoke J Of pe D Besion an weA wohich arcepl au String > Ba. Xb having not more than 3& a, * f oa " , boa feecee arc b* é Br bt bs is » . - - , , GO» 6 -O—6 & ne Ca = A ere ab. string Hide have Brel leat ancl Sth Laat a. (ars) Ba Lath) b (ate) ou A) cu O ais (ax ide @© & arb”, 0>3, moy4 ms [@,2,8,%,6) @ = (4,445 ee lors q. 6%, ee {424 9 ° ) os | inj) ley %, | 14,4 7) @) vary | Laure te Cae 841,85 ' e252 Q's U5 Step tr Adel a, +2 Q! Rlow, oz 1%! . a. 2% Sub 2 §'(419) > A) 6 nt) 195 She nee whide is not Pronnh add i Q dd in Q. nem ots fay ay) piv find Sdechea af Ve ves gh(A,,0) (45 S419) 7 (J Now, oo! - (ia, (2.3, (a,,04) Now, Piel States of (41,924 a (4. %}, 2°) 3 B42) 842,23 (at) wv 4rd= Lan aay gta as) as! laid, Yo Lae) Lav Lae} = Lada} “sich 8* Repeab shep 2 unbl any mew gfate is Pom. Qu ghe Stealer shah conteins finat state od NEA col be dhe finot gdete oF DEA. Gqne PEC 30 Above wing tebl— * ' 1 —» Unreachable State becaue iP hes no cong input drew .

(o,53 jo (43 2 > (ast) a> 9 yo la G-clesyre de > 14, 42,43) 44-44) > {Ade 14, %5,995 U1 > L444 7 Gy 3 1%8; 444 % 2 Wday - tc 3 {4sJ qe 2 i) ty > [eh \ OM and yy uw rege Lar epprenion Se Up ee PAO Union oferadon € se ee fe iy © TS Concalenadion ves tr) ne € ce a One Oo D Design a DEA For regular exp: a fer (oor) Lor) > Besign ANF A, “2 NFA PPA (Sep Ot) rv * Coot!) Lom o - Sib 2 (D our Ga (eo+")) Oe > a) Ce at = <2 ) Leon) = Uiay oo Cott)* VY oo Het a@—-&\ HQ) ONO ni —————————— cowert €-NEA to NEA 2 Do nok chenge a} chelep = nial; Cine ane! DO ret foe, &:401F) eoNEA wer = A Oi8! Seder FF whace O=@! 1% = 4s es! Fe’ F gkayw) = BL LE osteo) @ >» &) Oe ® a) Li {Us ter as) & € e ° & a : SO-D*O- OHO ML. OL gilt 4, °) = 6: (ewe (4), 0) = 8 | (40,41) 0) = St 4e,0) U8) = AH 0425 = Mr} 8: (%o') = EBs) = stay staged Byes =ly a E10 43,0) = SLC IHS O72 = 14,0) UV Sl tee Rito ee tangs &: Fy t) 2 & Cab) £8 Ct) V8 (ta, oor) ty 0 Crate Bag, a5 § GH) = § (Mato) + 8 407 9 Aone) = gp uly 2 Bilge & gtOate 2) = 6 aq) OSV ‘ ehyew hh 2S JSR OTE Be oS & i | @-ctopure. ea) = foe ay etn) = (A eta) = (t44 } ¢ ty) 2 hater 83) for GEA. aut nek Me LOE 81 tf) For NEA Ee (otis 0) ae eo Bae Ve ple alt dhe slates rohote €~ elo pure Condi 8 LY ,%) = e-closure (6 lexcloure (4x), a )J 3 Car On < @-clovure ( sLerclowsore (*).0)) ze (840,419) S eC lev g(a] ce [ {thu {as} J ce Chu © 6%) 2 Ley U Cay sn 49 = [We 4utng a ( Go!) = @ closere (CE closure (Ve) ,4)) = | Ub WY =e USI) & b\%,1)) ret ty vite) ae Peas eal 8 (4, 10) 4 @ ee ee clasbrei), 0) — C8 (a4, 0) - © {ay oa ; : = Bb (91,92,953 sla, = eb étus 2 CE) {44 gi G9) = CBE (UY 2 Ely = (425 s'la0 = 68: Gd) e € (ty =U oi es Ua, 243), 9) Fe (Sire) VSl4a,01 v SIH )S =éh Aagyr idee (4) cag) v eG = Ag 90%) (any © e (8 Uae) 0) = eh BLA iY YL) S048) e ett e etd, = te) os Deol 2 Tiare ° > ey) (8) a! Make OFA Fe piet actors 8 I 0,18) a, = (ot) Ch {ao} Now 8 lae,e) = € C8 144 41,4),°) ce Lye (ety) u- {154,44 S41) = ce, f tye (aeons) i { 4,42) & (G2) = Ergo ly y Ae) = bas) B Lao) = EU8(%, 444), 0) FeCty ws) fae BA Oe Ee CLay) tL diated S42) 2 Cfasyocs Lay 8 (aye) = ELS Uad)e} = ty sla, EW) Sta, = © (lat) =lay XS Ye Como! e-nca to BEA oOo OY " eE-c(%) { %.%, 09 pe) (aa) e-clar) = (tJ ie (Qe SS ba 0A, Me CQ 28 UF) Claas | @ oe =) que, euctowure (te) pe (a @ ait laal = e -ctowme LS thal) = (8( tts 8a 9)) © e (6! Mea U6 Hyay Ye 827) eC yy ts ry etn) = cana | oe ® e- ¢ (one ( ECA b) 5 ee closore CO SUE G04 ar}, bd) pb) v 84k) Sie CA, b) ¢ = el sidabu &l% | (tap ody OAeeD Setny eed ® SL bia) = e-closre LS8(%2)) = ¢ C8, %I20)) = € CSL, A) Vv 8L949)) a eh Qe lw. = = eLU) = {4,40 @ S' (Bb) 2 @ (Sl %b)) = el 8l{a,%23,6)) ee $b) 0 &\aare)) = eC (yet) - elay = Laat) @® b ' a o e €-elte) = {det} e-c(%) = (aj Moz LOE, SWE fer OFA, MO = CO: 2,645: e') news gy = ee) = ere U0,41) ee Now , §'Ca,o) = ewe LSLMO) zed’ (ae. 4.2) eee Uiteyu ud) 2 @-' CU) = Ga a) Si LAH = ere cata) Rage (SUL Gee HO) iene We ted eee UY) FAS @) SEE BL ej = ete sce, F 2 4 oe ca ced) oi) S (Gy cee ( 8a a tue © - Clepere e-c (4s) = {40,9} ]-c C1) 2h} e642) = (9,95 e-cld) =4193,43) 4 Owe e-¢ (%) oO s'(Ase) = e-e Cato) wed CUA OY) Sead Vr 140,925) = G-¢ (4443) = 19,443 (B) Silat) = e-¢ gon) e-c (fry o Cid) ze ere (der) = (di, 2of, ae @ Bro) = c-c L&lB%) ) = G6 (41,97, 454,0) ee (fa ayet wu) 2214 .592,%) BB sere CELI) ee (8 Wh 419s), 1) se-eltagu tivity) (2 Ge Coy ta) S \ ey ®——® VO Gort)” ay String ghab contain, ak Leask: one 9: SAO A 4A A 2086/0 g —opfislol: of fF aegis Boe SARL ——— TT 7 cmd gp me Ine Stoke © Cana ne) oct 8: (aj, 1) >OHo KZ = NEP 1 Bf both Rave Rare Stete be. F ov nie yz = NEES dan they belong cho Same e¥ clan, et ee . . ae eC 2G even he odd no: ne . ‘el ero ef. Zens Two clans = [odds every iL 4 Looto, at poo re as Here 250 N REV OMNE & yooloe oc ete yw = ole © sei 1 o,f = o Mb Xe) | x Remove Unreachable State fron me sfebes Qeenbity all final and ronnF ® Pinel = 1, 49,94 New finel = 15/49, 4¢ © ehck for O- equivalent claw. Here k=o° ve. Pg = \ Ab on%g 4559) (442,445) Nova, Kad, then, (d-eqvivalent clan | bar! &§ (4,9) > 93 ce § #(4,,0) 7 bo air 2 Si CU) 74, é Same Jrou, & (V3 344 Yo and 4s ane none clistinguishabte for String size Pav ‘ St 43,9) 3 Si é 8: F519) BUS Poe | | gil 4a!) 9 ty j Noh Same gro p | ge bds 9) 2 Vs Gets fr ksi were ef {aods3, eS} (ay, tem) nel Ae a o Mn Por dre parr’ da a ig A, 3% oa m6 Ve een. : Vy 2-40, Sas: a Hee A and G2 ane eq. 2 da and 44 one eq’. a, and Fy ane also 29% for K=2 then (o-equivatend class) Now ai eo TN 45, Sane Same %

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