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Lecture 9

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Thanusri
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UEE1604 Power System Operation and Control

Lecture 9
Basics of speed governing mechanism and modeling

Dr. V Thiyagarajan
Associate Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA – 603 110

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Basics of speed governing mechanism and
modeling
This chapter deals with the control mechanism needed to maintain the system frequency. The
topic of maintaining the system frequency constant is commonly known as AUTOMATIC LOAD
FREQUENCY CONTROL (ALFC). It has got other nomenclatures such as Load Frequency
Control, Power Frequency Control, Real Power Frequency Control and Automatic Generation
Control.

The basic role of ALFC is:


1. To maintain the desired megawatt output power of a generator matching with the changing
load.
2. To assist in controlling the frequency of larger interconnection.
3. To keep the net interchange power between pool members, at the predetermined values.

The ALFC loop will maintain control only during small and slow changes in load and frequency.
It will not provide adequate control during emergency situation when large megawatt
imbalances occur. We shall first study ALFC as it applies to a single generator supplying power
to a local service area.

2
Basics of speed governing mechanism and
modeling
The real power control mechanism of a generator is shown in Fig. 1. The main parts are:
1) Speed changer 2) Speed governor 3) Hydraulic amplifier 4) Control valve.

They are connected by linkage mechanism. Their incremental movements are in vertical
direction. In reality these movements are measured in millimeters; but in our analysis we
shall rather express them as power increments expressed in MW or p.u. MW as the case may
be. The movements are assumed positive in the directions of arrows.

Corresponding to “raise” command, linkage movements will be:


“A” moves downwards; “C” moves upwards; “D” moves upwards; “E” moves downwards.
This allows more steam or water flow into the turbine resulting incremental increase in
generator output power.

When the speed drops, linkage point “B” moves upwards and again generator output power
will increase.

3
Basics of speed governing mechanism and
modeling

4
Basics of speed governing mechanism and
modeling
• Fly ball speed governor:
– This is the heart of the system which senses the change in speed(frequency).
– As the speed increases the fly ball move outwards and the point B on linkage mechanism
moves downwards. The reverse happens when the speed decreases.
• Hydraulic amplifier:
– It consists of pilot value and main piston.
– Low power level pilot value movement is converted into high power level pilot value.
– This is necessary in order to open or close the steam value against high pressure system.
• Linkage mechanism:
– A,B,C is a rigid link pivoted at CDE in another rigid kink pivoted at D.
– This link mechanism provides a movement to control value in proportion to the change
in speed.
• Speed Changer:
– It provides a steady state power output setting for the turbine.
– Its downward movement opens the upper pilot value so that more steam is admitted to
the turbine under steady state condition.
– The reverse happens for upward movement of speed changer.
5
Speed Governor Model
• The governor compensates for changes in the shaft speed
– changes in load will eventually lead to a change in shaft
speed
– change in shaft speed is also seen as a change in system
frequency

6
Turbine model

• The prime mover driving a generator unit may be a steam


turbine or a hydro turbine.
• The models for the prime mover must take account of the
steam supply and boiler control system characteristics in the
case of steam turbine on the penstock for a hydro turbine
• The dynamic response of steam turbine in terms of changes in
generator power output ΔPG to change in steam valve opening
ΔXE

7
Generator load or Power system Model
• To develop the mathematical model of an isolated generator, which is only
supplying local load and is not supplying power to another area,
• Suppose there is a real load change of ΔPD .
• Due to the action of the turbine controllers, the generator increases its
output by an amount ΔPG .
• The net surplus power (ΔPG - ΔPD ) will be absorbed by the system in two
ways.
– By increasing the kinetic energy in the rotor at the rate

– As the frequency changes, the motor load changes being sensitive to


speed, the rate of change of load w.r.t frequency f

8
Generator load or Power system Model

9
Model of Load frequency control of single
area

Speed Governor Turbine Power system

Complete Block diagram representation of LFC

10
References
1. Olle.I.Elgerd, “Electric Energy Systems theory – An introduction”, McGraw Hill Education Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, 34th reprint, 2010.
2. Allen. J. Wood and Bruce F. Wollen Berg, “Power Generation, Operation and Control”, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., 2016.
3. Kothari D.P. and Nagrath I.J., “Power System Engineering”, Tata mcgraw-Hill Education, Second
Edition, 2008.
4. Hadi Saadat, “Power System Analysis”, McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 21st reprint,
2010.
5. Kundur P., “Power System Stability and Control, McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
10th reprint, 2010.
6. B.M. Weedy, B.J. Cory et al, ” Electric Power systems” Wiley 2012

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Thank You

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