26-03-2024

BECE204L
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Module 5
I/O interfacing with Microcontroller 8051

Module:5
I/O interfacing with Microcontroller 8051
LCD, LED, Keypad, Analog-to-Digital Convertors, Digital-to-
Analog Convertors, Sensor with Signal Conditioning Interface.

7 hours

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Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

• Simplest display element.
• Available in wide varieties of shapes and colors.
• Used to indicate the status of the device like powered on,
running, waiting, error, etc.
• Commonly used as indicator in majority of the electronic
appliances like televisions, audio/video systems, printers,
washing machines, disk drives, control panels, etc.
• The color of an LED is determined by the semiconductor
material used for it. The most common colors are green,
red, yellow, orange, blue and white.

LED

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LED
• When the anode of an LED is made positive with respect
to the cathode, it will be forward-biased (ON) and will
emit the light.

LED
• The pin P1.0 is connected to a buffer (inverter).
• When P1.0 is high, output of an inverter is low causing the
current to flow through the LED and it will glow.
• When P1.0 is low, output of an inverter is high, and no
current flows through the LED and will stop emitting light.
• The inverter in the circuit acts as a current buffer and
prevents the port pins from current loading, the current
flows between the inverter and the 5 V supply.
• The resistor R limits the current through the LED and
protects it from damage.

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LED Interfacing methods

LED
• Method 1:The port pin will source the current when the port pin is
high for configuration.
• Method 2:The LED will glow when the pin is made low, where it sinks
the current, a current limiting resistor should be connected as shown
to protect the LED as well as port circuits.

8051 interfacing with LED

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Delay calculation for 0.5 seconds delay

• 8051 crystal frequency is 12MHz
• Clock frequency 12MHz/12 = 1MHz
• Time period for 1 clock = 1/1MHz = 1µs
• DJNZ will take 2 Machine cycles
• For 0.5s delay
MC×TP×N(loop) = 2×1µs×N = 0.5
N = 250000= 250× 250× 4

Problems
• Write a ALP to blink LED connected on Port 2

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Problems

Problems
• Write an ALP to blink one led connected on P1.0

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Problems

Problems
• Interface eight LEDs and eight pushbutton switches to Port 3 and Port 2 of
89C51 respectively. Write a program to monitor the status of all switches
and display it on the corresponding LEDs, i.e. LED 0 should glow when switch
0 is pressed and so on.

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Problems
• Write a ALP to read the status of a switch connected on P0.0 and turn the led
connected on P2.0 on/off as per switch position

Problems

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Problems
• write a program to glow LEDS one by one in a sequence continuously.

Seven segment display

• Seven (8th LED may be used for Decimal point) LED’s in
the form of figure 8.
• Types
– Common Anode
– Common Cathode

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Seven segment display

Seven segment display

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Seven segment display

Seven segment display

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Seven segment display

Seven segment display

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To display 2021

Liquid Crystal Display

• An LCD is electronically modulated optical device shaped into a
thin, flat panel.
• Made up of No. of color or monochrome pixels filled with liquid
crystals.
• LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs
– The declining prices of LCD.
– The ability to display numbers, characters, and graphics.
– Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD,
thereby relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD.
– Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

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Types of LCD
• Depending on No. of characters and No. of Rows.
1×16 2×16

4×16 4×20

Pin Details

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Interfacing LCD with 8051

LCD Command Codes

• To send any of the commands to the
LCD, make pin RS=0.
• For data display, make RS=1.
• Then send a high-to-low pulse to the E
pin to enable the internal latch of the
LCD.

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Initialization Comments

• 38H Setup 2 line 5×7 matrix display.

• 0FH Display ON Cursor ON Cursor blinking.
• 01H Clear the Display.
• 06H Cursor increment mode (left to right)
• 80H Force Cursor Home (line 1, Position 1)

Checking (Reading) busy flag

• Some time (Delay) is required for the LCD to successfully
process the command or data.
• This delay can be provided either with a delay loop with
execution time more than that of LCD process time or we can
read the busy flag, which is recommended.
• The reason to use busy flag is that delay produced is almost
equal to the time which LCD need to process the command.
• This busy flag is best suited for almost every applications.

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Steps to read busy flag

• when we send the command, the BF or D7th bit of the LCD
becomes 1 and as soon as the command is processed the BF = 0.
• Following are the steps to be kept in mind while reading the Busy
flag.
– Select command register
– Select read operation
– Send enable signal
– Read the flag

Problem

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Problem

Problems
Write a ALP to display Hello VITV on port 2.
509 V
508 T
507 I
506 V
505
504 O
503 L
502 L
501 E
500 H

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Keyboard
• Keyboard – array of switches
• Types
– Mechanical
– Membrane
– Capacitors
– Hall-effect
• Mechanical switches are popular.
• Contact bounce problem- switch contacts do not come to rest
immediately.
• Human cannot type more than 50 keys per second

Keyboard

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Keyboard

Keyboard

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Keyboard
• Row – output, Column - Input

4×4 Matrix Keypad

• Row – output (00H), Column – Input(0FH)

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Keypad Interfacing
• Port 1 –output -00H (0000 0000)
• Port 2- input – 0FH (0000 1111)
• Key pressed, which key, KEY to seven segment

0 0

1 1

7 segment display

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Problems

Problems

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Switch Bouncing

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De-bouncing Solutions
• Hardware debouncing
• Software debouncing
• RC debouncing
• Using debouncing IC’s

Hardware debouncing
• Hardware debouncing uses an SR latch to avoid bounces in the
circuit along with the pull up resistors

SW B A Q
OFF 1 0 0
ON 0 1 1

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RC debouncing
• Uses capacitor to filter out quick changes in the switch signal

SW B out
OFF 1 0
ON 0 1

Debouncing IC’s
• MAX6816, MAX6817, MAX6818, MC 14490, LogiSwitch LS118

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Software debouncing
• Adding delay force the controller to stop for a particular time
period
• Using delay, not a good solution, it pauses the program and
increase the processing time
• Use interrupt

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