Mathematics - Important Notes and Formulas Numbers | Type Definition Natura! numbers |All Whole numbers except 0 as 09: 1, 2, 3,4, 5. eames " [0, 2, 4,6, 8 10. Odd numbers | Integers ‘whole numbers that can be positive, negative, or zero }——— leg: -1, -2,-3, 1,2, 3. |Prime number [2 Natural number which has only 2 different factors leg: 2, 3,8,7,11, 13. es fd Composite number 3naalnunber hat has more than 2 diferent factors [Real number Include rational and irrational numbers, fractions, and integers [Rational number | a number that can be expressed as a fraction or as a ratio a number tat cannot be expressed as fraction ora rato of Z integers Irration rational number awa Divisible by |Test 2 if the number is even je? SS 3 ifthe sum of the digits is divisible by 3 number formed by the last 2 digits is divisible by 4 ifthe last digit is 0 or 5 ifthe sum of its digits is divisible by © nhaieat digs 0 eo eee r if the difference between the sum ‘of the digits in the odd places and tee aiértne digits in the even places is equa to O or isa multiple of 4 fae ‘Standard form “This i 0 convenient way to wite very large or very small numbers, using the from a x 10°, where n i's positive or negative Integer, and a s between 110 10 inclusive ‘More examples: ; 123 400 written as standard form is 1.234 x 10° 0.0000987 written as standard form is 9.87 x 10 ijPageMultiplying numbers in standard form (3.6107) x (9x 10°) = (3.69) x (107 x10) =324x10° Dividing numbers in standard form (S.8x10")+ (3.2107) = (5.8+3.2)x (10 +10") =1.81x10" ‘Adding and Subtracting numbers in standard form ~ Make the index between the 2 numbers the same so that it is easier to factorise the numbers before adding eg 7.5x10° +8x 10? = 7.510" +0,00008 x10" = 10°(7.5+0.00008) = 7.50008 10° Scales and Maps Given that a map has a scale of 1:10 000, this means that tem on the map represents 10,000cm on the actual ground. ‘Jem : 200m = tom : 0.2km = tem? : 0.04km? Proportion ‘A. Direct Proportion ‘This means that when y increases, xincreases, nd vce versa. Use this equation: y = kx B. Indirect Proportion This means that when y increases, x decreases, and vice versa. Use this equation: y=k/x 2[Page élPercentage Change % Change = Dew value original value , oq, original value Percentage Profit and Loss % Profte Selling Price - cost price ogg, cost price % loss= 20st price - selling price. 1999, cost price ‘Simple Interest and Compound Interest A Simple Intorest Formula 10 FRE 100 where Lis the interes, isthe principle sum, Ris the interest rate per annum, Tis the numberof years, PRT pq, RT AnPs TR rae ‘where A isthe total amount of money earned plus interest B. Compound Interest Formula R A=Pd+Ryr “ T 7 Ry = A-P= Plt SY -P 1 (+09 . Compound interest compounded MONTHLY Formul S= P(t 4+ tk)” 'S= final value P = principal 1 = interest rate (expressed as decimal eg 4% = 0.04) k= number of compounding periodsNote: + if compounded monthly, number of periods = 12 + if compounded quarterly, number of periods = 4 Example: 1f $4000 is invested at an annual rate of 6.0% compounded monthly, what will be the fina value of the investment after 10 years? Since the interest is compounded monthly, there are 12 periods per year, $0, k = 12 Since the investment is for 10 years, or 120 months, there are 120 investment periods, so, n= 120, S=P(t + rik)" 1000(1 + 0.06/12) 1000(1.005)"*° 1000(1.819396734) 7277.58 Coordinate Geometry Formulas ‘Slope: m = 5e—Y = Hise The slopes of parallel lines are equal, ‘The slopes of perpendicular lines are opposite reciprocals of one another. Midpointformula (iy, Vig) = (2. re) Distance formule: d= [(xi— x) Os— vd) ye me Point-slope form of the equation of a fine: ye yenm=X) ‘Horizontal ines y= Vertical ine: x= ‘Equation of a circles A H(y—Ki =r” From: http ni apaceY= cuberootx ee ax + bx = x(a+b) ax + bx + kay + kby = x(a+b) + ky(atb) = (atb)(xtky) (a+b)? = a? + 2ab +b? (a-b)?= a? - 2ab +b? a? -b*= (a + by(a-b) Solving algebraic fractional equations ‘Avoid these common mistakes! a ate b" bee 2 bad £2 — cannot cancel out the x! ¥ aoc ate bd” bed —> must change to same denominator! Solution of Quadratic Equations ‘The roots of ax? +bx+c =0 are given by 6+ Vb? —4ac 2a S|PageCompleting the Square Step 1: Take the number or coefficient before x and square it Step 2: Divide the square of the number by 4 Eg. to make x? + 5x into a perfect square, add a id 2 25 5 Since 5a 25, the result is x?+ 5x4 25 m(x4 5)! 44 4 2 Eg.y=x?+6x-41 Y= x? + 2x(6/2) + (6/2)? - 14 - (6/2)? Y= (x+3)?-20 a a Sketching Graphs of Quadratic Equations ALG. Y= tHo(x hy? + k Steps: 1. Identity shape of curve * 100k at sign infront of(x- h) to determine iit is “smiley face" or “sad face” 2. Find turing point + 4) 3. Find y-intercept * Sub x = 0 into the equation —> (0, y» 4. Line of symmetry reflect * x=), reflect to get (2x, y) B. eg. y= #/4x--a)(x-b) Steps: 4. Identity shape of curve + 00k at the formula ax2 + bx + ¢ + ifa>4, itis positive; otherwise, it is negative 2. Find tuming point + (2+ bY2, sub answer into equation —> (a,b) 6jPage ON3. Find y-interoept + sub x =0 into the equation > (0, y) ine of symmetry reflect + xa, reflect to get (2a, y) Inequalities x-y means x is greater than y ‘X = y means x is greater than or equal toy Ways to solve equalities: 1. Add or subtract numbers from each side of the inequality eg 10-3 x/-3 Example Solve 3(x +4) <5x+9 3x +4) <5x49 3x+12< 5x49 x<3 x3 ry TiPageGeometrical terms and relationships Parallel Lines ? Acute Angles: angles less than 90° = Obtuse Angles: angles between 90° and 130° pie giPaseObtuse Angles: angles between 180° and 360° Polygons Polygon: a closed figure made by joining line segments, where each line segment intersects exactly 2 others Irregular polygon: all its sides and all its angles are not the same Regular Polygon: all its sides and all its angles are the same The sum of angles in a polygon with n sides, where nis 3 or mores 180° x (n-2) Name of Polygons Number ofsides | Polygon | 5 Pentagon 6 Hexagon | ae Heptagon | n ‘Octagon | —o 0" —_Nonagon | ~ Becagon SiPageTriangles [Triangle [Property - eet I sides of equal length | | Equilateral All angles are equal aaa fee = sides are equal 'soceles 5 corresponding angles are equal Scalene __|All sides are of unequal length Acute |All 3 angles in the triangle are acute angles __Obtuse angles is obtuse [Rigntangled [fof the Sangles is 907 | Quadrilaterals sae ae cee oe nce [Property ll sides meet at 90° All sides meet at 90° I sides are of equal length, Pairs of paral! lines ‘Similar Plane Figures Figures are similar only if + their corresponding sides are proportional + their corresponding angles are equal ~ AA AB_AC_ BC B eh § DE DF EF / Areaof ABC _ ps a ‘cp Area of DEF ‘kisthe scale factor 10)Similar Solid Figures Solids are similar if their correspondin, ing linear dimensions are proportional ope — kis the scale factor surface area of A surface area of B volume of A, volume of B~ ris the radius, h is the height Congruent Figures Congruent figures are exactly the same size and shape. 2 triangles are congruent if they satisfy any of the following: a. SSS property: All 3 sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding sides of the other triangle. h A b. SAS property: 2 given sides and a given angle of one triangle are equal to the ‘corresponding sides and angle of the other triangle. D> [PageYY ide of one triangle are equal c. AAS property: 2 given angles and a given si ood Comespnding angles and sie ofthe other rangle. AA 4. RHS property: The hypothenuse and a given side of a right-angled triangle are the ene and the corresponding side of the other right-angled triangle, 4 AA Bearings ‘A bearing is an angle, measured clockwise from the north direction.symmetry | "Number of fines of Order of rotational (Centre of poi point ; symmetry mi | Be yroaaetry metry waza : neety —_eymmetry_| Isosceles triangle — [Isoscel aan 4 Y i : Yes i ieee None isosceles trapezium | 4 Note, Parallelogram | 0 wes [Rhombus 2 i Regular pentagon 5 ves | Regular hexagon 6 Yes Angle properties No. |Property [Explanation + Angles on a straight line add to 180° pe + angles are complementary is [Angles on a they add up to 90° [stright tine + angles are called ‘supplementary if they add up to 180° huge ate loge taped pt 20 erticall pst ertically opposite angles are equal ingles.| ; | Angles 4 ormed by Atemate itror angles are equal | | | Iparaliel tines | i | | gles 8 by [Alternate exterior angles are equal arate nes —_ [Angles 6 formed by parallel lines |Corresponding angles are equal [Angle * lptopertes of (The Sum of angles in a triangle adds up Wriangles —f180" “ langle a ri [fe.sum of 2 interior opposite anges Ito the exterior angle angles a te + Sum of interior angles ofan n- ‘sided polygon = (n-2) x 180” | 8 freperes of jane | + Sach interior angle of regula ‘sided polygon = (n-2) x 1800 /n+ sum of exterior angles of an n- | ‘sided polygon is 360° | ‘Angle | | ryerties of each exterior angle of a regular 0 ae n-sided polygon = 360°/n Angle Properties of Circles Zatcentre | sin Same Zaz2Zb LZanZb Radius | Tangent Za-90" Za+Zb=190" LerZd= 19 ‘Aiterate Segment | intersecting Chords | “Tangent-Secant 4an=Zb emZd| AXXB=CKXD AXBX=1X? ‘Mensuration Allthe mensuration formulas you! ever need ean by found here... ho science info/math formulas/mensuration-formut 15 |PageBut here's a quick reference for the important ones Area of Figures | Triangle Aw—xbxh Trapeztum | Anzxix(asd) | > — ae Parallelogran] Acbxh ciel Acar \s Circumference = 2ar = xd Aw xar? 360 Sector 4 ‘Are length = wer Perimeter = 360 x 2ar+2r eum creer eae ——“J5 [Pat| padian Measure radian is a measure of the angle subter ao he radius of he cle ded at the centre ofa circle by an arc equal in . To.convert radians to degrees and vice versa, use these formulas: | «Radian is another common unit to measure angles, 180° Volume of Figures jouer i Vea —— SA=6a° ‘Cuboid Velxbxh |SA=2b1+ 2hb + 2h cylinder Vearh SA=2nrh+2zr° 4 V=-ar Sphere 3 SA=4ar° 7 [PagePr ism V = base area x height Pyramid Vaix base area x height eas Veter SAsarl+ar? Trigonometry Pythagora's theorem J © 6 eebinct 1s PEside opposite angie B sinBa® ¢ a cosB = — © tanB=? a Remember: TOA CAH SOH SINE RULE Ae 2 To find an angle, can write as follows: 19 [Page