EEG Ganpter: LESSON PLAN Introduction Classification of fungi Structure of fungi * Myxomycetes * Phycomycetes Nutrition in fungi * Ascomycetes * Basidiomycetes Reproduction in fungi + Deuteromycetes * Vegetative Life cycle of © Asexual © Rhizopus * Sexual + Yeast * Agaricus Economic importance of fungi The term ‘fungus’ has been derived from the Latin word which means mushroom. Fungiare the multicellular decomposers of plant kingdom. Earlier in 2-kingdom system, fungi was placed in division thallophyta but now in 5-kingdom system, fungi/mycoto is a separate kingdom, Study of fungi: Mycology/mycetology. Father of mycology: P. Micheli, : Father of modern mycology: Anton de Barry (a German botanist: Also father of plant pathology.) Similarities of Fungi with Algae + Bothare eukaryotic. — In both, the plant body is thallose i.e. no differentiation into root, stem and leaves. Both arenon-vascular i.e. xylem and phloem absent. — Inboth sex organs are unicellular and non-jacketed. * Noem| Asexual reproduction occurs by mitospores. Differences between algae and fungi Algae Fungi 1. Chlorophyll is present. 1, Absent i.e, achlorophyllous 2. Autotrophic ifi their mode of|2. Heterotrophic in their mode of nutrition. Further, they nutrition may be parasitic or saprophytic 3. Cell wall is made up of celluose__|3. Cell wall is made up of chitin or fungal cellulose. Reserve food material in algae is|4. Glycogen or oil globules is reserve food material (no| starch (glycogen is absent) Sah.__ nel AIIM cP On alg eovany (LEvAL Algae Fungi True parenchyma is present, 5. Pseudoparenchyma is present, which is formed by formed by cell division, interwoven mycelium eee 8 oe . As we move from lower forms to| 6, ._ As we move from lower to higher form (Phycomycetes to Deuteromycetes), there is reduction in sexuality and in Deuteromycetes; sexual reproduction is completely absent and hence is known as imperfect fungi or higher forms (Myxophyceae to Rhodophyceae), there is Progressive elaboration of sex organs or sexual reproduction {ungi imperfecti. Q. Cell wall in fungi is made of a. Cellulose b. Starch ¢. Chitin d. all Ans: c ‘The molecular formula of chitin is (C22Hs«NsO21)n [BPKIHS 2005] Fungi occur in a variety of habitats i. ubiquitous. The plant body is thallus like called as mycelium which is haploid (n) and made up of interwoven mass of thread like hyaline hyphae excépt yeasts, slime moulds, Synchytrium which are unicellular. ie ee Most of them are moisture loving and terrestrial, but a few are aquatic, eg, Monoblepharis and Saprolegnia and these are commonly known as ‘water moulds’ IEEE Seprolegnia is preser Lomasomes (border bodies) are globular utgrowths of cell membrane which help in cell wall synthesis. ere Ribosomes not bound to ER but lie freely in cytoplasm. The dictyosomes (golgi bodies) are unicisternal. Fungi are heterotrophic thallophytes. Mode of nutrition may be parasitic, saprophytic or symbiotic. [10M 1997, 2001, 2002] Nutrition in fungi is absorptive type and absorptive structure is haustoria, Digestion takes place outside body (extracellular). Saprophytic fungi are those which grow on dead organic matter. + Rhizopus (pin mould or bread mould) grows on bread and hence also called bread O00 + Penicillium (blue or green mould) grows on fruits (specially citrus) and also on jams, jellies, etc. + Obligate saprophytes i rophytes. + Facultative saprophytes are actually parasites but can also live as saprophytes. Eg Alternaria solani, Fusarium solani. Parasitic: Take food from host and even mi ¢ Obligate parasites are the true parasites, + Facultative parasites are actually saprophytes but can live as para: ia for absorption. sites. Eg. Rhizopus. [10M 2010)la a 35 la ners of ascomycetes and ba * + 2 T FUNGI [Singular pay 3) idiomycetes class ive memb mgt: In Hehens, or ichen thalli- biotic Sympos gsociaion with algae ane form! soit emg hg» . Mycorrhiza is an association between roots.0! “I mae - : 2 of} 5 (maint: hos J it ke of minerals (mainly i rae air in adverse condition twexie s root hi + Mycorrhiza acts aS root j : jor endotrophic ¢ Trmay be ectotrophic, cB. F tr : . ngus is usually basidion cetes. sually zygomycetes. / nae pass into cortic arbuscles which # Orchids. Pinu 6: + Inectomycorthiza, fu + Inendomycorrhiza, fungus is ¥ tips of fungal hyp! masses called al cells producing swollen vesic, + Inendomycorthiza, see called VAM (Vesieuig? or finely. branched ‘Arbuscular Mycorthiza). Rh common fungus Q. Fungi are always a. Autotrophs b. octonia mn Heterotrophs ¢. Saprophytes d. Parasites Plant body of fungi is represented by mycelium (plural = mycelia) which is made up of a net Tike mass of tubular filaments called. hyphae Singular = hypha). ‘The hypha is usually branched, tube like structure, having protoplasm with reserve food ang Hyphae show apical growth. Fungi_ar ic (whole body. involves in reproduction. eg. yeast, Synchytrium) or “Eucarpie (part of body involves in reproduction eg. higher fungi). Definite cell wall is present in hyphae which is made of chitin (a polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine i.e. NAG) or fungal cellulose. ‘So, stained with cotton blue. By hyphae the fungus develops a large surface, from which it can secrete digestive enzymes on food products which can then be easily absorbed by fungi. The hyphae may be_aseptate (without crosswall) and multinucleate (coenocytic), however in reproductive phase, septa may be formed. eg. Rhizopus, Albugo, Phytopthora, etc. or may be septate (with transverse partitions). In septate forms, each cell may be uninucleated (monokaryotic) or dikaryotic or iti thang) nivel Fig: (A) Septum with simple pore (B) Septum with dolipore The nuclei undergo intranuclear spindle formation and karyochorisis. Th i e septum may be with simple pore or with dolipore (in some Basidiomycetes).a a ~ Sporangium Sporanglophore Aseptate hypha Fig: (A) Mycelium of a fungus with septate hyphae (B) Mycelium of a fungus with aseptate hyphae + The fungi that grow on dung are called coprophillous fungi. + ‘Some fungi which trap and kill nematodes, annelids, eelworms, etc. in soil are called predaceous fungi. ¢ The fungi which grow on wood are known as eptxylic fun, The fungi growing on nails, feathers, hairs and hoofs are referred as, hilic. Heterothallism and Homothallism + _Homothallic fungi “Those in which every thallus is sexually self fertile and can, therefore, reproduce sexually by itself without the aid of another thallus. eg, Chaetomium, Albugo candida + . Heterothallic fungi_ Those in which every thallus is sexually self-sterile and requires the aid of another compatible thallus of a different miating type for sexual reproduction. eg. Species of Mucor, Rhizopus, Pucci The mycelium may form some peculiar structures in some fungi like: 1. Plectenchyma: Mycelium of higher fungi is modifiedto form a loose or compact mass of tissues like structure called plectenchyma. It is of 2 types a. Prosenchyma: when mycelium forms web in which hyphae are loosely wooven and are easily distinguishable.eS ea )eorany FUNGL (Singy b. Pseudoparenchyma/paraplectenchyma: Hyphae are compactly arranged “Fon easily distinguishable. a A true parenchyma is that tissue in which all cells are derived from gi, repeated divisions. Ble ca 2. Sclerotia: When mycelium by interweaving forms compact resting structure rh ¥ sclerotium. TONS Clg 3. _Rhizomorphs: Sometimes fungal mycelia (ie. hyphae) are interwovento form gy, Fike structures like rosts, which are known as rhizomorphs and they function a tong, help in absorption. Toots ig Eg, in Agaricus. 4. Traps: In predatory fungi (Dactylella, Arthrabotrys, Dactylaria), hyphae form jp nematodes, eelworms, etc. PS trap 5, _Haustoria; The intercellular hyphae in endoparasitic form knob-like Structures into host tissue called hausto! and help to absorb food. Reproduction in Fungi + Vegetative: By fragmentation, budding. fission and oidia formation. [10M 1996) Q. Commonest mode of reproduction in yeast is a. Fission Judding c. “Conjugation d. Regeneration Asexual ‘+ _ By sporangiospores: These are thin walled, non-motile spores formed inside sporangia by mitosis eg. Rhizopus, Mucor. By zoospore formation: zoospores are uninucleate, thin walled, motile spores forme! inside zoosporangium especially by aquatic fungi. They may be uniflagellate eg. Synchytrium or biflagelalte eg. Saprolegnia, Pythium, Albuge. + By chlamydospore: They are non-motile, thick walled, single celled spores formed during unfavourable condition. SeSporangium Se Seo Sporangiospores Sporangiophore t Germination == Mycelium cond ° — Seton © Congia eu Intercalary Censtopore conta == ) - Germination Gemaaton L = Mycelium Chlamydospores By conidia/conidiospores: These are thin walled, non-motile, exogenously produced * spores formed at the tip of special hyphal structure called conidiophore/sterigmata Eg: Aspergillus and Penicillium. oo + Conidiophore in turn give sterigmata. [10M 2003] | Conidia always develops in chain. i Q. Motile spore in fungi is a. Ascospore b. Zoospore c. Conidia d. Zygospore Ans: b Sexual 4 Male sex organs is called asantheridium and female sex organ is ascogonium/oogonium. % — Onthe basis of.sex, fungi are of three types: Tao + Mdbecious fungi: Bisexual, homothallic, self fertile. + Dioecious fungi: Unisexual, heterothallic, self sterile. + Sexually undifferentiated: Thalli don't produce sex organs, the act of sex organs is performed by somatic hyphae of (+) and (-) strain. With the exception of the class Neuteromycetes, sexual reproduction accurs in all groups of _ee 452 Sexual reproduction Is of following types xual reproduction. In this, 1. Fusion of protoplasmic content. ion of two haploid nuclei from 2 + Plasmogamy: + Karyogamy: Fusi produced. Reduction division takes place in + Metos! zygote, reducing the number of chromosomes tohalf. « Itforms haploid melospores. ‘After meiosis, following type of sexual spores are found + By Ascospores: These are uninucleate, ) connection is used to change monokaryotic | mycelium to dikaryotic mycelium in basidiomycetes. «Except in rusts and smuts, the septum is dolipore septum (with a dolipore) + Mycelium is of 2 types: primary and secondary mycelium «Primary mycelium is formed by the germination of basidiospores at = Secondary mycelium is formed by the fusion of 2 primary mycelium and isdikkaryatic. « Motile cells are absent. \ | A Mycelium AM + Sex organs are absent but all 3 phases of sexual reproduction namely plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis are present. Basidium is characteristic reproductive organ of Basidiomycetes where both Karyogamy and meiosis occur.7 PG et Regn Memeo I + Typically basidium bears basidiospores. + Basidiospores are sexual spores or meiospores. [BPKIns) + Basidiospores are exogenously produced on peg-like outgrowths called sterigmata, . Praia body is known as basidiocarp eg. Mushroom (dgarkes campests Amanita etc) [10M 2003] [MOE 2063 Ashad], smuts (Ustilago), rusts (Puccinia). = In Puccinia (rusts) and Ustilago (smuts) basidiocarps and true basidia are absent. 5. Deuteromycetes (Fungi imperfecti) + Also known as form fungi. + The perfect stage (sexual stage) is either absent or not reported hence called fungi imperfecti. 2 + Hyphae septate and uninucleate. + Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation. + Asexual reproduction occurs generally by conidia. Eg: Alternaria, Colletotrichum, etc. WEE Alternaria — cause Early blight of potato. But Late blight of potato is caused by Pi ytopthors. ['A' comes Early;'P' comés late]. ) toe common names of fungi © Rhizopus - Bread mould or pin mould [10M 2003] * Mucor ~ Dung mould or pin mould © Penicillium - Blue or green moulds * Saccharomyces ~ Budding yeast of Baker's yeast or Brewer's yeast * Aspergillus ~ Black mould (weed of laboratory) (Eurotium) ‘* Neurospora = Drosophila of plant kingdom or red mould (or red bread mould or pink| Se breadmould) SS © Claviceps purpurea - ‘Ergot fungi © Agaricus ~ Mushroom or Gill fungi or Fairy ring. © Amanita ~ Poison cup or Toadstools or Death cup + Usilago = Smut fungi * Puccinia ~ Rust fungi ¢ Albugo = White rust Parasexuality was first reported by Pontencorvo and Roper in Aspergillus nidulans, Parasexual cycle is a method for producing variation in. these fungi - Mitotic recombination. During mitosis, recombination takes place in these fungi due to which variations are developed.“FUNG [Singular Fungus) Life — Cycle Mucor (Black mould/Bread mould/Pin mould) Taxonomic Position: Kingdom 2 Mycota Class 1 Zygomycetes [MOE] Order + Mucorales Family + Mucoraceae Genus + Mucor Species + Haemilis, Habit and Habitat + Saprophytic fungus. [MOE 2000] * — Coprophilous i.e. grows on dung, hence called dung mould. Structure of Mycelium * — Mycelium is coenocytic. * — Coenocytic mycelium of mucor refers to multinucleate without septa (aseptate). = They have aseptate hyphae that may be prostrate (growing on the surface), subterranean/ thizoidal (penetrate the substratum) or aerial/ sporangiophores (bearing sporangia at the tip). ‘Sporangum (Blackcoou) ‘Spores, Sporangiophore _ Rhizopus Reproduction In mucor asexual reproduction is most common but reproduction may takes place by vegetative and sexual method. i. Vegetative reproduction: Vegetative reproduction occurs by fragmentation. ii. Asexual Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by sporangiospores or aplanospores which is haploid and is developed from sporangium. = Sporangium is divided . into peripheral fertile sporogenous zone (contain sporangiospores) and central dome-shaped sterile columella which helps in dispersal of spores.458 By «Under favourable condition, spores give rise to new mycelium. = Incertain species growing in liquid medium, the submerged hyphae become septate, leading to the formation of round cells which separate and increase their number by budding, = These round cells are called oidia or arthospores and the budded ee stage is called Torula stage,[MOE] pha iii, Sexual reproduction © Sexual re ion Is i Fig: Mucor spp. (A-E) Development of sporsngiom, Sexual reproduction is isogamous, | Fa: Meee mC Ge) Germination of sporaniospory gametangial copulation. + Plant body is heterothallic ie. sexual reproduction or zygospore formation occurs only between 2 oppositely straineg (+ and -) hyphae, [MOE 2004) + Fusion between two morphologically similar but physiologically different thalli in fungi is known as Heterothallism + Heterothallism was 1* ofall observed by "Blackslee" in 1904 in Mucor. + Isogametes fuse to form a diploid spore called zygospore, which germinates by dividing meiotically and forms a promycelium. + The tip of promycelium bears a germ sporangium which has germ spores (uninucleate and haploid). + On germination, each germ spore produces a new mycelium. + Sometimes the conjugation fails to take place. Then the gametangia rounds off and get surrounded by a thick wall resulting in the formation of haploid azygospore or arthenospore. Eaemeead @._ Incase of mucor which of the following occurs immediately after the formation of zygospore. : a. mitosis b. meiosis c. both d. none Ans: b + The tip of promycelium bears sporangium. + The difference between sporangium of asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction is that sporangium of sexual reproduction lacks columella i.e. all protoplast is converted ri into spores. = Rhizopus Mucor Commonly grows on bread, hence called| Commonly grows on dung (coprophilous), bread mould. hence called dung mould. Mycelium is differentiated in three types of|Mycelium is undifferentiated i.e. only one! hypha: —Rhizoidal, —_stoloniferous__&|type of hypha is present. sporangiophoreFUNGI (Sieguler Fungus] * “BOTANY Rhizopus Mucor Sporangiophore arises in a tuft of 3-5 from|Sporangiophore arises singly. Jone node, Meiosis occurs during germination of|Meiosis occurs soon after karyogamy| lzygospore after resting period. before resting period of zygospore. Yeast (Saccharomyces) Systematic Position: Kingdom : Plantae Subkingdom : Thallophyta Division : Mycota Subdivision: Eumycotina Class + Ascomycetes Subclass : Hemiascomycetidae Order : Endomycetales Family 1 Saccharomycetaceae Genus + Saccharomyces (Yeast) Saprophytic fungus, unicellular so non-myce ‘Sometimes pseudomycelium during budding. temporary association of hyphae Yeast is the smallest fungus. Saccharomyces or yeast grows on sugal Saccharomyces has the property of changing sugar Into alcohol. [10M 2006] So, Saccharomyces is used in brewing industry. [10M 2005] = Common species is Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast or Brewer's yeast) Presence of nuclear vacuole (vacuole with chromatin reticulum). Vegetative reproduction by budding (budding yeasts eg. Saccharomyces), fission (fission yeast Eg: Schizosaccharomyces) and both (helobial yeast Eg: Saccharomycodes). Commonest mode of reproduction in yeast is Bud [MOE 2000] Sexual reproduction is isogamous and takes place by conjugation. (conjugation between mother cell and its bud-pedogamy). Pedogamy: Sexual reproduction by young ones. In yeast sometimes, a bud may fuse with its mother cell and perform sexual reproduction, Adelphogamy: Sexual reproduction between sisters. In yeast some times two daughter buds produced from the same mother cell may fuse to perform sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is of 3 types. Haplodiplobiontic life cycle: Eg. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast).460 Hii FUNG! [Singular Fu, Fig: Haplo-diplobiontic life cycle of S. cerevisiae fi, Haplobiontic life cycle: Eg. Schizosaccharomyces octosporus. Diploid phase is very short and is represented by bila 7 - “=> 2 ae = CO EF etenettn) — cardavon rucwocder er) = + GO Fig: Haplobiontic life cycle of Saccharomyces octosporus~Funel {Singular Fungus) mi BOTANY fm . lil, Diplobiontic life cycle: Bg: Saccharomycodes ludwigil. Long diploid phase, short haploid phase. ~ 3 veasr ects 0 Bh ee @ ASCOSPORES (n) ‘SPROUT meELLIUM ir.orp ext Diploid cet formation GERMINATION fin) EARYOGAMY (2), Fig: Diplobiontic life cycle of Saccharomyces ludwig + Inyeast meiosis occurs in ascus. ‘+ Yeast is an important source of Vitamin Bz (Riboflavin). Mushroom (Agaricus) Systematic Position Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom : Thallophyta Division Mycota ‘Subdivision : Eumycotina Class + Basidiomycetes Subclass: Homobasidiomycetidae Series + Hymenomycetes order Agaricales Family Agaricaceae Genes ‘Agaricus 4+ Also called Club fungi, Gill fungi and Fairy ring.FONE ne Fag “SOAR aful activities lant diseases caused by fungi Plant Disease unt it lobioticum s Black wart disease of potato Synchytrium end Fungus «White rust of crucifers Albugo candida of Cystopus candidus Early blight of potato Alternaria plea = LOM . Late blight of potato/Great Irish famine Phytopthora infestans 2007) + Loose smut of wheat ustilago tritici + Covered smut of barley Ustilago hordei + Maize smut Ustilago maydis: + Ergot of Rye Claviceps purpurea Black rust of wheat Puccinia graminis tritict Iku} Colletotrichum falcatum Armillaria mellea Red rot of sugarcane Red rot of apple Brown rot of pear, plum, peach Sclerotina fruticola + Smut of corn Ustilago maydis Coffee rust/leaf rust of coffee| Hemileia vastatrix [Destroyed whole coffee plantation of| Srilanka in 1967 - 1971] 4 + Foolish disease/bakane disease of Rice | Gibberella fujikuroi (Fusarium monoliforme [1OM, 1] The disease produce by the fungus Ustilago are known as "Smuts" because they produce sooty masses of spores. _ + Rustis caused by Puccinia SPECIAL POINT: Phytoalexins (phyton = plant + alexin = warding off substance or compounds) are antibody - like materials or chemical substance produced in host plant body after infection by microbes like fungi, bacteria and viruses or as a response to mechanical and chemical injury. ‘+ These substances are mostly phenolic compounds. + These phytoalexins inhibit the development of pathogens in. general and fungal pathogens in particular. Human diseases: Some important ones are. Athletes foot/Ringworm of foot - Tinea pedis (Trichophyton interidigitate). + Barber itch (Ringworm of beard) - Tinea barbae (T. vermicosum) Candidiasis/Moniliasis - Candida albicans - causes thrush of mouth, pulmonary infections and vagini + Aspergillosis (lung disease) ~ Aspergillus fumigatus.ADTANY ES 2 + Ottomycosis (Ear disease) - Aspergillus fumigatus, + Meningitis - Cryptococcus neoformans + Ergotism/ St. John Dance ~ Ergot of Claviceps purpurea. 3. Fungi as poison: «+ Amanita phalloids (like Agaricus) is highly poisonous and fatal to man. + Boletus is also poisonous. : ¢ Aflatoxin is a toxic substance secreted by Aspergillus flavus. 4, Hallucinogenic fungi: These cause distortion of perception. Eg: LSD or lysergic acid is extracted from Claviceps fungus (hallucinogenic). IREAD AND DIGES * + + * + Bordeaux mixture is the 1s fungicide to be discovered. Witches broom of legumes is due to fungus. Albugo — cause white rust of crucifers but Black rust of wheat is caused by Puccinia. Definite cell wall is present in hyphae which is made of chitin (a polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine i.e. NAG) or fungal cellulose. So, stained with cotton blue. Mycorrhiza is an association between roots of higher plant and fungal hyphae. Fungus helps in uptake of minerals (mainly phosphorus). The first antibiotic penicillin (wonder drug) was obtained from Penicillium notatum by Sir Alexander Flemming in 1928. Fusion between two morphologically similar but physiologically different thalli in fungi is known as Heterothallism. 15 of all observed by 'Blackslee’ in 1904 in Mucor. GOOD TO KNOW a a The phenomenon that led to discovery of penicillin involves biological antagonism. In Rhizopus, sexual fusion takes place between two gametangia. The hyphae of Aspergillus are septate and multinucleate. Puffball is a fungus. Cystopus causes hypertrophy in floral parts. Damping off of seedlings is due to Pythium debaryanum. In Albugo + Mycelium is intercellular + Conidia are arranged basipetally. + Zoospore possesses flagella that are 2 in number. Number of spore stages in Puccinia is five. A dikaryotic cell has 2 dissimilar haploid nuclei. Yeast is both aerobic and anaerobic. Yeastis bot aero" kkk