UNIT 10 FREEDOM AND UNITY: NATIONALISM IN AMERICA AND EUROPE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Understand the historical context leading to revolutions in Latin America, including the
political, economic and social situation;

2. Explain the historical context and factors leading to the independence movements in Haiti,
Mexico, and Brazil ;

3. Identify Simón Bolívar as a key figure in the struggle for independence in the countries
encompassed by the Viceroyalty of New Granada, including Venezuela;

4. Evaluate the political, social, and economic developments in the United States during its first
decades of independence, the expansionist period, and the Civil War era;

5. Analyze Italy's city state and its independence; and

6. Explain the Formation of the Nation-State of Germany.

CHAPTER 1: REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA

Latin America includes countries found in Central and South America These include Argentina,
Aruba, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El
Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico,
U.S. Virgin Islands, Uruguay, and Venezuela. From the first half of the sixteenth century to the
first half of the nineteenth century, these countries were under the rule of Spain, Portugal, and
France. A series of revolutions that broke out in the nineteenth century led to the
independence of these countries.

SECTION 1. THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL SITUATIONS IN LATIN AMERICA THE EVE
OF THE REVOLUTION

At the beginning of the nineteenth Century, many Latin American Countries had been under
European Fule for almost 300 years. The social stratification of Latin American society under
Spain was similar to that of the Philippines when the country was under the colonial rule. In
Latin America, the rebels forced out the ruler that Joseph sent to the colonies. The rebels then
installed leaders of their to choice. For the first time the Latin Americans had known how it was
to choose the leaders who wou govern them. When Napoleon and Joseph lost power, Spain
tried to restore its rule in Latin America. Seeing that Spain had no intentions to improve its
administration, the colonies began the fight for freedom.

SECTION 2. HAITI

The Latin American colony that first gained its independence was not a colony of Spain. It was
the French Saint-Domingue, the present-day Haiti. The Haitians rose up in arms against the
French colonists in 1791. They were led by a slave of African descent named Toussaint
l'Ouverture. Today, Haiti is one of the poorest countries in America. The country is saddled with
enormous political, social, and economic problems.

SECTION 3. MEXICO

Miguel Hidalgo, parish priest of the village of Dolores. On September 15, 1810, Hidalgo issued
the "Grito de Dolores (Cry of Dolores), calling for the end of the Spanish rule. In the beginning,
Hidalgo won his battles against the Spaniards. But he was unable to discipline the tens of
thousands who flocked to his banner. This resulted in destruction of property and the murders
of many wealthy Mexicans.The Spanish colonial remained in Mexico. In 1820, a revolt against
King Ferdinand VIII erupted in Spain. Taking advantage of the chaos in Spain Augustin Iturbide,
an officer of the troops initiated another independence movement. Under his leadership, the
Mexicans were able to drive away the Spanish soldiers. In 1821, the Mexicans declared an
independent Mexican nation.

SECTION 4. SIMON BOLIVAR AND THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE COUNTRIES UNDER THE
VICEROYALTY OF NEW GRANADA

Like Mexico, the citizens of the viceroyalty of New Granada took advantage of the Napoleonic
Wars Many rose up in revolt against Spain but many citizens remained loval. This resulted in
great difficulties and protracted wars to gain independence

Bolivar made several attempts to return to Venezuela and continue the fight for independence.
In 1811, he was able to free the capital city of Caracas. When the Spaniards took hold of
Bolivar's Colombian headquarters in Cartagena, Bolivar fled to Haiti. Venezuela became truly
indepen- dent on June 24, 1821 when the Spaniards were driven away from the country.
Ecuador gained its independence in July 1822. Because of his victories against the Spanish
forces Simon Bolivar was called "El Libertador" (The Liberator).

SECTION 5. THE INDEPENDENCE OF BRAZIL

 Of all the Latin American countries, Brazil's struggle for independence is unique. It was a
peaceful process. The quest fet Brazilian independence started in 1807 the year Napoleon
invaded Portugal. In 1822 Dom Peter crowned himself emperor Peter let an independent
Brazil. This empire lasted until 1889. Because of its weak armed forces, Portugal was not able
to do anything to prevent the secession of Brazil from its empire. Brazil's independence became
official and Brazil is now the largest country in South America.

CHAPTER 2 THE EXPANSION, SEPARATION, UNIFICATION, AND RISE IN POWER OF THE UNITED
STATES

The United States of America had yet to celebrate the 100th anniversary of its declaration as an
independent country when a civil war broke out. The civil war divided the newly established
country. The war almost wiped out the country's accomplishments in territorial expansion and
development of industries. Yet, the United States overcame the challenges of nation-building. It
expanded its territory and made itself the richest and most powerful country in the world.

SECTION 1. THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIRST DECADES OF ITS INDEPENDENCE

The first decades of the United States as a country were not easy. Like other newly established
nation-states, it faced many problems.In 1778, a new constitution was implemented to effect
unity among the states. The constitution called for the establishment of a strong central
government-also known as the federal government-with power over the states. This move was
met with dissent from many citizens. A debate on the power of the central government
prevailing over state governments ensued. Two political parties were formed-the Federal Party
and the Democratic Republican Party (the forerunner of the modern Democratic Party.)

SECTION 2. THE EXPANSION

The United States began to expand its territory. The original 13 states of 1776 became 36 states
after the American Civil War ended in 1865. The United States expansion began with the
Louisiana Purchase. Louisiana was a huge French-claimed territory to the west of the United
States. In 1803, Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States for only 15 million U.S. dollars.
The purchase virtually doubled the nation's size. Fourteen states were added to the original 13
states. The new home would often be a barren land. Living would be hard for the native
American Indians. They could not grow their food.

SECTION 3. THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA

It was during this time that the American Civil War broke out in 1861. When the war ended in
1865, some 600,000 Americans lost their lives and property damage amounted to millions of
dollars. At the end of the war, national unity prevailed. More than this, slavery, which was
contrary to the 1776 American struggle for freedom and rights, was abolished. The American
Civil War took place when tension over the question of slavery rose to a head. The northern
states believed that slavery should be abolished. Eleven southern states. disagreed and
declared they had a right to secession and formed the Confederate States of America. When
the war ended in 1865, a new age dawned for the African- Americans. But it was almost one
hundred years later before the justice and equality sought for was attained. It took this long for
the white Americans to fully accept the African- Americans as their equals.

CHAPTER 3 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CITY-STATE OF ITALY

For some 1,400 years, Italy was a land made up of many kingdoms. Disunited, Italy could not be
called a country. In the Vienna Congress, Austrian minister Klemens von Matternich would refer
to Italy as a "mere geographic expression."

SECTION 1. THE DIVISION OF ITALY

Italy was thereafter colonized by the Ostrogoths. short order, This was followed, in Muslims,
and Normans from north of Byzantine Empire by the Lombards, the France. The subsequent
invasion resulted in the establishment of separate kingdoms in Italy. The arts, culture, and
knowledge flourished in Italy during the Renaissance period. Italian noble families became
patrons of painters, sculptors, scholars, and other intellectuals, Italy became the center of the
Renaissance.Italians became rich from trading. Through their wealth, they were able to lay the
foundations that made their land an economic commericial and cultural center. United, the
Italian kingdoms would have been impregnable but, thekingdoms forged alliances with
opposing forces. Weakened by fighting and division, many Italian kingdoms. lost their freedom.

SECTION 2. ATTAINING UNITY AND INDEPENDENCE

When war between Sardinia and Austria broke out, France helped Sardinia to defeat the
Austrians at the Battles of Magenta and Solferino Consequently, Sardinia was able to
incorporate Lombardy into its domain. The defeat of the Austriam caused the other Italian
kingdoms to declare their independence. After gaining independence, they allied with Sardinia
in forming a unified Italy. In 1861, the kingdom of Italy was proclaimed and Victor Emmanuel
became king of the unified country. In 1866, Italy was able to claim Venice after defeating
Prussia and Austria. In 1870, France withdrew its support for the Pope after its defeat by
Prussia. Italy took advantage of the situation and annexed the city of Rome. Thus, in 1870,
national unification of Italy was ultimately achieved.

CHAPTER 4 THE FORMATION OF THE NATION-STATE OF GERMANY

Today, Germany is one of the richest nations. It is also one of the most peaceful countries in the
world.

SECTION 1. THE ORIGINS OF GERMANY

The country got its name from the Germanic tribe Alemmani which Inhabited a great part of the
present- day Germany. In English, German refers to: (1) the early Germanic tribes, and (2) the
citizens of Germany. For a long period of time, Germany was a patchwork of Roman and
Germanic States and ic kingdoms and later, smaller formed. From 1945 to 1990, the that the
free cities. It was only 1871 that the nation state of Germany was formed.

SECTION 2. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

From the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 to the establishment of the nation-state of Germany
in 1871, the Germanic kingdoms managed to be united just once. It was during the reign of
Charlemagne (772-814). Charlemagne extended the Frankish domain in Germany. During this
period, there was a strong leadership in France, which greatly contributed to its establishment
as a nation-state. Germany, on the other hand, remained divided. Many people believed the
Thirts Years' War delayed the emergence of the nation-state of Germany. The wat caused the
partition of the Germans kingdoms into smaller states.

SECTION 3. THE RISE IN POWER AND THE CONFLICT BETWEEN PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA

At the end of the Thirty Years War one part of the Holy Roman Empo emerged strong and
powerful. Prussia was challenged by the kingdom of Austria, whose rise was due to the
powerful Hapsburg family. The Austrian imperial family had long controlled the entire Holy
Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. The strong territorial ambitions of Austria was one of
the causes of the Thirty Years' War, which broke out in 1618 and ended in 1648 with the Treaty
of Westphalia. Austria and Prussia fought each other for dominance of the Germanic states. In
the Austro-Prussian War (1866), Prussia annexed a wealthy Austrian province. Austria's resolve
to recapture its land from Prussia was the main issue that led to the Seven Years' War (1756-
1763).

SECTION 4. THE FORMATION OF GERMANY

 The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars impacted greatly on Prussia and Austria. They
led to the formation of Germany as a nation- state. It was in this congress that the German
Confederation was established The confederation on was Germanic kingdoms, which includes
the large kingdoms of Austria a Prussia. In 1848. Europe was shaken uprisings in which the level
demanded independence and unity, German nationalism which emerged at this time challenes
the German states.Germany traces its history back to the days of prehistoric man, the
Neanderthal. At the end of the second century BCE, Germanic tribes began to arrive in this part
of the European continent.

POST TEST

Choose the correct answer.

1. What event marked the true independence of Venezuela?

a. Bolivar's return to Caracas in 1811

b. Bolivar's flight to Haiti

c. The liberation of Caracas in 1821

d. The Spaniards' withdrawal from Venezuela in 1821

2. Why was Simon Bolivar called "El Libertador"?

a. For his attempts to free Caracas

b. For his victories against Spanish forces

c. For his leadership in Ecuador's independence

d. For his exile in Haiti

3. What year American Civil War broke out?

A. 1829

B. 1776

C. 1861

D. 1865

4. What event greatly impacted Prussia and Austria, leading to the formation of Germany as a
nation-state?

a. French Revolution

b. American Civil War

c. World War I

d. Industrial Revolution

5. What was established during the Congress mentioned in the text?

a. German Confederation

b. French Revolution

c. Napoleonic Wars

d. American Civil War

6. Which country helped Sardinia defeat Austria at the Battles of Magenta and Solferino,
leading to the incorporation of Lombardy into Sardinia's domain?

a. France
b. Prussia

c. Austria

d. Spain

7.What event prompted Italy to annex the city of Rome in 1870?

a. France's withdrawal of support for the Pope

b. Austria's defeat by Prussia

c. The declaration of independence by Italian kingdoms

d. Italy's defeat of Sardinia

8-10. What is Germans refer to? What year Germany formed?

Identification

1. One of the poorest countries in America.

2.Austria's resolve to recapture its land from Prussia was the main issue that led to the ____.

3. One of the richest nations. It is also one of the most peaceful countries in the world.

4. At the end of the ______ one part of the Holy Roman Empo emerged strong and powerful.

5. English meaning in Grito de Dolores .

6 . The _______ believed that slavery should be abolished.

7. In what year Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States for only 15 million U.S. dollars.

8. The original 13 states of 1776 became 36 states after the American Civil War ended in
______.

9. The _______ took place when tension over the question of slavery rose to a head.

10. At the beginning of the nineteenth Century, many Latin American Countries had been
under European Fule for almost ____ years.
UNIT 11 EVENTS BEFORE THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

AT THE END OF THIS LESSON, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

1. Know key scientists and their contributions to science and technology, highlighting their
transformative impacts on society;

2. Analyze the motivations, methods, and consequences of imperialism, exploring the types of
imperialism; and

3. Analyze the causes, effects, and legacies of European imperialism in Africa.

The Period of Transition is recognized as the beginning of Europe's development as a dominant
region in the world. Because of the Renaissance period, the Reformation. Movement, the Age
of Exploration, and the Birth of the Nation- states, Europe slowly became the strongest, richest,
and most powerful continent. Even the revolutions and wars that shook the continent and the
independence of its colonized lands in North and South America did not prevent this
occurrence.

CHAPTER 1 CHANGES IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE

Scientific developments that took place during the last decade of the eighteenth century and
the first decades of the nineteenth century were offshoots of the scientific revolutions during
the last part of the Middle Ages through the Renaissance period. We will discuss these changes
in this chapter. We will see how these scientific developments contributed to the world wars of
the twentieth century.

SECTION 1. MODERN SCIENCE

Science had grown from rudimentary information and skills formed by trial-and-error and
superstitious beliefs to composite knowledge drawn from investigations, tesearches, and
experiments. Developments in science led to the birth of the Renaissance period. In the
seventeenth century, the Period of Enlightenment emerged ence, reason, and the natural laws
became important in setting up movements and politics. Scientific developments would also
helped in providing for the daily needs of man. New treatments for common, communicable,
and dreaded diseases were found. Transportation and communication were made faster and
more efficient.

SECTION 2. SOME LEADING SCIENTISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

British natural philosopher Joseph Priestley is usually credited with the discovery of oxygen gas.
French nobleman Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier recognized and named oxygen and hydrogen.
Later, Lavoisier would write the first extensive table of elements. German physicist Wilhelm
Conrad Roentgen produced and detected ekstromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today
known as x-rays. Samuel F. B. Morse - Creation of a single wire telegraph system now called the
Morse Code. Alexander Graham Bell - Invention of the telephone. Thomas Alva Edison - About a
thousand inventions, including the phonograph and an electric light bulb. Gugbelmo Marconi -
Development of wireless telegraphy. Ondle and Wilbur Wright - Building of the first airplane.
Vadimir Kozmich Zworykin- Invention of the television. Science has long been one of the
greatest prime movers in the history of man and the world during the modern period. Many
scientific developments industry, health, knowledge, source energy. shave greatly influenced
and other fields. These changes led to the Industrial Revolution. Albert Einstein, Louis Pasteur,
Alexander Fleming, and Marie Curie are some of the great scientists who made lasting
contributions to the development of science.

CHAPTER 2 THE PERIOD OF IMPERIALISM

Imperialism and its influence on the histories of the Philippines and Asia were discussed in your
second year in high school. In this chapter, we shall further discuss imperialism, this time,
seeing its growth and development in Africa. In the nineteenth century, imperialists from other
parts of the world decided to explore and exploit the natural resources of the vast lands of
Africa. As a result, Africans experienced the hardships and disruptions brought by imperialism.

SECTION 1. THE MEANING AND ROOT OF IMPERIALISM

The word colonialism is often used interchangeably with imperialism. It is true that they are
both policies that impose rule of a stronger country over 3 weaker country. However,
colonialism is simply one kind of Imperialism. Imperialism encompasses other means of
controlling a country side from the military aspect. It also includes economic influence.

Following are types of imperialism.

A. Colony - A country, usually a weak untry, becomes a colony as a result direct conquest.
b. Sphere of influence - This refers to countries, which are not yet completely controlled by an
imperialist country. In some instances, only a part of a country is controlled.

c. Protectorate - This refers to a weaker country that is "protected" by a stronger country.

Imperialist states considered themselves as a race above others. Thus, the concept of "white
man's burden" became their justification in the colonization of other countries.

SECTION 2. THE DARK CONTINENT

Before the Age of Imperialism, Africa was known as the Dark Continent since Europeans knew
so little about it.Things started to change for the Dark Continent in the nineteenth century.
Travelers, missionaries, and traders were exploring the hinterlands. They constructed roads so
that they could traverse the forests. Some rivers were opened. In due time, the world began to
learn many things about Africa.

SECTION 3. THE ARRIVAL OF IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA

It could be said that the European presence was already felt in Africa even before the Age of
Imperialism. But these were usually trading, posts for ships and products. These included the
territories of the Portuguese in modern Angola and Mozambique and Cape Colony of the Dutch,
which later went to the British, in modern South Africa. During this time, most of the 10,000
Europeans in Africa lived in these coastal areas.

SECTION 4. THE PARTITIONING OF AFRICA

Meanwhile, European powers continued the colonization of Africa. By 1914, only Ethiopia and
Liberia had remained free from colonial clutches. But in 1935, Italy was able to subjugate
Ethiopia.A few days earlier, a group of Seven French soldiers and 120 Senegalese soldiers
traveled 5,000 kilometers from the western part of Africa and arrived in Fashoda. Upon
reaching the town, they immediately Planted the French flag.

SECTION 5. REACTIONS TO IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA

The entry of the second wave of imperialism in Africa brought about changes. Schools,
hospitals, and transportation system were constructed. Big farms and other industries were
established. Modern facilities, and equipment, were introduced. But, of course, the colonization
of Atra by Furopean imperial powers angered freans. This development took aswas their rights
and freedom. Many Airwan leaders signed agreements with Europeans that enabled the latter
to explore and capitalize on the former's land and natural resources albeit temporaril But the
Europeans did not honor the agreements. Furthermore, they becam abusive to the locals. The
results of imperialism in Africa are still felt to this day. The once prosperous Africa has become
home to the world's poorest peoples. Civil wars. famine, and sickness continue to plague the
continent.

POST TEST

Choose the correct answer.

1. Who is credited with the discovery of oxygen gas?

a. Joseph Priestley

b. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier

c. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

d.Alexander Graham Bell

2. What is one enduring impact of imperialism in Africa mentioned in the passage?

a. Economic prosperity
 b. Civil wars and famine

c. Technological advancements

d. Social equality

3. Who wrote the first extensive table of elements?

a. Joseph Priestley

b. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier

c. Samuel F. B. Morse

d. Thomas Alva Edison

4. What were some consequences of the second wave of imperialism in Africa?

a. Establishment of schools and hospitals

b. Introduction of modern facilities and equipment

c. Anger and loss of rights among Africans

d. All of the above

5. Who is known for the invention of the telephone?

A.Samuel F. B. Morse

B. Alexander Graham Bell

c. Thomas Alva Edison

d. Guglielmo Marconi

6. Which type of imperialism involves a country becoming a colony as a result of direct

conquest?

a. Sphere of influence
 b.Colony

c. Protectorate

d. Annexation

7. In which type of imperialism does an imperialist country control only a part of another
country?

a. Colony

b. Sphere of influence

C. Protectorate

d. Annexation

8. Known as Dark continent

a. Africa

b. Europe

C. Brazil

D. Philippines

9. Why was Africa referred to as the "Dark Continent" before the Age of Imperialism?

a. Because of its dense forests and limited access

b. Due to Europeans' lack of knowledge about the continent

c. Because of the prevalence of malaria and other diseases

d. Because of the absence of sunlight in certain regions

10. Where did most of the Europeans reside in Africa before the Age of Imperialism?

a. Inland trading posts

 b. Coastal areas

c. In the hinterlands

d. In fortified cities

Essay ( 10 points)

1. Discuss the contributions of Joseph Priestley, Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, and Wilhelm

Conrad Roentgen to the field of science and technology, and explain how their discoveries
revolutionized our understanding of gases, elements, and electromagnetic radiation.

UNIT 12: A CENTURY OF GLOBAL CONFLICTS

LEARNING ENHANCEMENT

At the end of the lesson the students will able to:

A. Know the events happening in the world war 1;

B. Evaluate the outcomes of major peace treaties after WWI; and

C. Examine the involvement of America in the war.

The twentieth century is considered a period of global conflicts because of the bloody and
destructive wars that affected many countries. Civil wars, wars of independence. two world
wars, and the threat of a nuclear war marked the century. The financial troubles of the world
economy. establishment of governments that disregarded freedoms and human rights,
environmental disasters, and genocide became global concerns. Events were getting so
calamitous that there were times that humans felt the threat of mass extinction. But glimmers
of hope were more than enough for humans to work out solutions to global concerns. The
establishment of the United Nations and the European Union were among the hopeful
solutions for nations to work together for a brighter future.

CHAPTER 1 WORLD WAR I

Some forty years had passed and European nations had been relatively at peace with one
another. People were least expecting a breakout of war that would involve most of the
principal nations of the world. Unknown to many people, big trouble was already brewing. The
arms race between powerful European nations was intensifying. Conflicts and antagonisms had
been in the stockpiling in the four decades leading up to the Great War. On June 28, 1914, a
Bosnian Serb student shot and killed the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne. The
assassination set into motion a series of fast-moving events that eventually escalated into a full-
scale war.

SECTION 1. THE OUTBREAK OF THE FIRST GREAT WAR

By 1850, Sarajevo was an important administrative center of the Ottoman Empire. The Austria-
Hungarian Empire conquered Bosnia. and Herzegovina in 1878 and annexed Sarajevo
completely in 1908. It became an industrialized city under the new empire. A nationalist
movement favoring a union between Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia decided to assassinate
somebody in protest.

On June 28, 1914, Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were on an official visit to Sarajevo.
Gavrilo Princip shot Ferdinand at point blank range while the latter was traveling in his car from
a town hall reception. The Austrian-Hungarian govern- ment saw the assassination of Francis
Ferdinand as a credible excuse to strike at Serbia. It issued Serbia with various ultimatums
which were not entirely met. And after being assured of German military support, Austria
declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. This act had swift repercussions around Europe.

SECTION 2. ROOTS OF CONFLICT

France was waiting for an opportunity to get even with newly established Prussian-led Germany
From 1871 to 1914, Germany and France had been entangled in conflats many times. The most
significant was the Morocco crisis which had to do with the protectorship over Morocco. The
conflict escalated that France made preparations for war but a settlement was made in 1911.

The Austria-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina aggravated the Situation. It quashed

any hopes of restored nationhood for the Bosnian Serbs. So Serbia threatened war on Austria-
Hungary. their support to Russia had pledged to mobilize. This caused Germany, Serbia, so they
began alhed with Austria-Hungary, to threaten Russia. The beginning of World War I was
postponed when Russia backed down, but relations between Austria-Hungary and Serbia were
greatly strained.

Before these developments, Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary forged an alliance, which
weakened following the death of German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Bismarck believed that
it was important for Russia and Germany to remain friends. William II, Kaiser of the German
Empire, did not agree to this conviction. France took advantage of the situation. It invited
Russia to form the Double Entente to counter the German- Austria-Hungary Double Alliance.

The division of Europe into two big military groups was the most important cause of this heated
situation. The continent was divided because of the Germany's desire to stop France from
taking revenge against it. So it allied with Russia and Austria-Hungary. Because of the strength
of this alliance, France could not anymore engage Germany in a fight.

SECTION 3. "THE GUNS OF AUGUST"

In response to the Austro- Hungarian declaration of war against Serbia, Russia started to
prepare but was warned by Germany to stop. When no response was received, Germany
declared war against Russia on August 1, 1914. France sided with Russia. On August 3, 1914,
France and Germany formally declared war against each other.

Great Britain ordered the Germans to stop. When the Germans heard the warning, one of them
commented that Great Britain would go to war with a relative over a piece of paper. This was
because the British and German royal families were related. Germany did not heed the
warning. At midnight of August 4, 1914, Great Britain declared war against Germany. Also on
the same night, Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Affairs minister of Great Britain, said, "The lamps are
going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime." 300 World War I had
begun.

SECTION 4. IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE WAR

No one could have known that World War I would be a long widespread, and costly war. Many
people even gladly welcomed the declaration of war in their own countries. Many of them
expected that the war would end soon and their soldiers would be able to come home before
the Christmas of the year 1914. But the war went on for four years and 10 million lives were
lost.

In Europe, the battles of the war were divided into two separate arenas: the Eastern and the
Western fronts. The Western Front was in the area of France and Belgium; the Eastern Front
was in the area of Russia and Austria- Hungary. One of the most important but bloodiest battles
was the Battle of Verdun. Almost one million French and German soldiers were wounded and
died. The Germans lost the battle. In 1916, the British army launched the attack that started the
Battle of Somme. The first day resulted in some 57,770 British dead.

Other important battles in the Great War took place on the seas. The British naval force, known
as "Queen of the Seas," had the strongest navy in the world in the past 300 years. This was
again proven in World War I.

SECTION 5. THE INVOLVEMENT OF AMERICA IN THE WAR

The United States originally pursued a policy of isolationism to avoid conflict while trying to
broker a peace agreement. Isolationism is non- involvement in anything that happened in other
parts of the world. This had been the American policy for a long period of time. In 1915, a
British liner, with 128 Americans aboard, was sunk bu German submarines America demanded
an end to attacks on passenger ships Germany complied.
The telegraph instructed the ambassador to approach the Mexican government with proposal
to form a military alliance ( Tripic Entento- centered power) against the United States. It
promised Mexico the land acquired and paid for by the United States after the U.S.- Mexican
War if they were to help. The telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British. Its contents
hastened the entry of the United States into World War I.

SECTION 6. THE END OF WORLD WAR I

Germany however, was able to troops and weapons from here could now be deployed on the
Western front against Great Britain and France. The US forces turned the tide of war and the
Germans were beaten back. On the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of the year
1918 (11:00 a.m., November 11, 1918), the gunshots and fighting in Europe ceased for the first
time.

They started walking towards the line of the opponents. Upon reaching No Man's Land, they
embraced one another and exchanged souvenirs and sang songs. "Last night for the first time
since August in the first year of the war, there was no light of gunfire in the sky, no spreading
glow above black trees where for four years human beings were smashed to death. The fires of
hell had been put out."

Amidst the celebration, a man who would be known as Dictator of Germany was already
planning to restore the glory of his nation. In little less than 21 years, Adolf Hitler would cause
what is considered to be the greatest tragedy in all of human history.

SECTION 7. THE PEACE TALKS

The ceasefire between the German and Allied Powers was called armistice. This was followed
with peace talks between the victorious and defeated countries. There were five important
peace talks that happened. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on November 11, 1918,
between the Allied Powers and Germany. The peace treaty officially ended World War I.

The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en- Laye was signed on September 10, 1919, by the Allies and the
new Republic of Austria. The treaty declared the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
and established the new Republic of Austria. It also recognized the independence of Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the States of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs. The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-
Seine which was signed on November 27, 1919 established borders in contested territory
between Bulgaria, Turkey Greece, and Yugoslavia. As one of the Central Powers, Bulgaria
received the least land, ceding some of its western parts to Greece and other parts to Romania.
Signed on June 4, 1920, the Treaty of Trianon established the borders of Hungary. Hungary lost
over two-thirds of its territory and about two-thirds of its inhabitants under the treaty. The
Treaty of Lausanne (July 24, 1923) settled the Anatolian part of the partitioning of the Ottoman
Empire.

SECTION 8. AFTERMATH OF THE WAR

There was rejoicing and thanksgiving at the end of the Great War. It had been one of the most
costly in terms of human life with about 10 million dead and 20 million more wounded or
injured. Starvation and epidemics raised the total in the immediate postwar years. Around 350
billion dollars of property and belongings were destroyed. Warfare itself had been
revolutionized by the conflict with the introduction of new weapons.

The Germans were not able to Jecover from their defeat in the battles. It was deprived of
territories, colonies, natural resources, and military force. Kaiser William II of the Hohenzollern
dynasty resigned from his post as emperor. Germany became a republic.

The countries that formed that Austro-Hungarian Empire were separated from each other.
Some new nation-states were established from here, including the separate republics of Austria
and Hungary. A country called Czechoslovakia (now divided into Czech Republic and the
Republic of Slovak) was also formed. The long- reigning Hapsburg dynasty was also replaced
with a republic.

CHAPTER 2 RISE OF IDEOLOGIES BETWEEN THE TWO WARS

SECTION 1. THE BIRTH OF COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA

Russia was still agricultural and the ideas of liberalism and socialism had not yet taken roet
Communism required an industrial economy with the proletariat as the vanguard of revolution,
a situation for removed from reality in Russia This resulted in difficulties for the Communists.
Many of them were arrested, executed or exiled. In 191 Russia lost to Germany because of
ineffective military leadership and corruption. This angered the Russian people and the
Communists saw this as an opportunity to start a revolution The government sent troops to
suppress them. However, the soldiers themselves joined the ranks of the rebels.

One night in November 1917, the Bolsheviks staged a coup, engineered by Leon Trotsky. They
captured the government buildings and the palace in the capital city. A cabinet known as the
Council of People's Commissars was set up with Lenin as chairman. Lenin took control over
Russia following a bloody civil war, which was fought by the Bolsheviks' Red Army and the czar's
White Army. The United States, Japan, and other members of the Allied Forces aided the White
Army.

Peace did not come to Russia until the late 1920s. Lenin had fulfilled his promise of peace. After
Lenin had established the Third International, or Comintern, his government abolished Private
ownership of the land and distributed it among the peasants. Banks were nationalized, a
supreme council was established to revive the dislocated economy, and workers' control over
factory production was introduced.

Lenin was just succeeding in implementing his economic plans for the Soviet Union or USSR
(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) when he died in 1924. He was succeeded by Joseph Stalin,
who would later be known as one of the most ruthless leaders in history. Under Stalin, some
economic successes were achieved. But Stalin made USSR a brutal police state, imprisoning or
exterminating peasants, intellectuals, and original revolutionaries who became his opponents.
Stalin ruled Russia for almost 30 years of dictatorship.

In 1985. Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union. He introduced the reform
policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), which contributed to the end of
the Cold War. Gorbachev was the last secretary general of the Communist Party of the Soviet
Union. He served until 1991 when the Soviet Union was dissolved.
SECTION 2. FASCISM IN ITALY

Fascism is a totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and
assigns every aspect of national life to state control. The term is derived from the Latin fasces, a
bundle of rods with an axe carried as a symbol of state authority during the Roman Empire. The
name was first used by the movement started by Benito Mussolini, who would later rule Italy
from 1922 until his defeat in World War II.

The aftermath of World War 1 greatly strengthened fascism's appeal to many Europeans.
Fascism won wide support in Italy because of social unrest combined with nationalist
dissatisfaction over the government's failure to reap the promised fruits of victory after World
War I.

The leader of National Fascist party, Mussolini was able to present himself as the strong-armed
savior who would restore the ancient greatness of Italy. Mussolini's imperialistic designs and
dictatorial tendencies began to surface. As II Duce (The Leader), he put down any opposition
through his secret police and fascist militia. He regimented the press. He prohibited the
organization of other political parties. He imprisoned and threatened anybody who went
against his rules. The state economy was reorganized along the lines of the fascist state.
Mussolini formalized the Italian alliance with Germany and Japan by forming the Axis Powers.
When World War II broke out, he ordered an attack on France, Albania, and Greece. He became
a close ally of German dictator Adolf Hitler, whom he influenced. Mussolini entered World War
II on the side of Nazi Germany. Following the German collapse in April 1945, Mussolini was
captured, tried in a summary court-martial, and shot to death. His body was hanged in a public
square and buried in an unmarked grave. Years later, his body would be removed and placed in
his family's vault.

SECTION 3. NAZISM AND ADOLF HITLER

National Socialism, or Nazism, is another totalitarian philosophy of government. After World

War I, Nazism found many adherents because it promoted socialist economic ideas with
nationalism. Nazism. however, tended towards the extreme form-rabid nationalism and total
opposition to democracy. Nazism dominated Germany under Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1945.

Hitler, who was born in Austria, had a difficult childhood. He dropped out of high school. After
his mother's death, he moved to Vienna. He twice failed the admission examination for the
academy of arts. His vicious anh Semitism and political harangues drove many acquaintances
away. He was also turned down by the Armed Forces of Austria when he tried to join it when
World War I started. With the outbreak of the war, Germany attacked and seized many
surrounding countries. Hitler was initially highly successful. During the war he brightened the
purging of the bows and other interior races. Nearly 11 redtion of the civilian casualties were
victims of the Holocaust which was conducted largely in Eastern Europe and the Sovet Union,
The Holocaust was the killing of European jews and those others who were unworthy of life
like the doubled and mentally ill. By end 1944 the Nazi Germans were losing the war After the
final German collapse in April 1945, Hitler committed suicide.He left Germany in utter
devastation. His legacy is the memory of one of the most dreadful tyrannies of modern times.

CHAPTER 3 WORLD WAR II

World War II is the global conflict that divided the nations of the world into two opposing
military alliances: the Allied and the Axis Powers. Resulting in the deaths of over 70 million
people, World War II became the worst and most destructive war in the history of man.

SECTION 1. THE START OF THE WAR

Many historians attributed the root cause of World War II to the Treaty of Versailles. They
believed that Hitler was able to gain a considerable following because many nations wanted
rectifications to the onerous treaty. The emergence of fascism, Nazism, and militarism also
contributed to the outbreak of war. Having a strong military arm and huge territorial ambition
had encouraged Germany, Italy and Japan to colonize other countries. Italy colonized Ethiopia
in 1935. Germany seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939 Japan grabbed China in
1937. The colonization, however, had taken place without fighting a war.
Germany used a different kind of warfare in their attack on Poland. Called the blitzkrieg, the
attack involved an initial bombardment followed by the deployment of tanks, airplanes,
cannon, and soldiers, attacking with speed and surprise. (Blitzkreig is German for lightning war
or flash war.) The blitzkrieg caused the immediate fall of Poland. Great Britain and France were
not able to implement a coherent defense.

The situation in Poland was aggravated when the Soviet Union advanced to the eastern part of
the country. Unknown to the world, Hitler and Josef Stalin had secretly agreed to divide Poland.
After Poland fell, the western part went to Germany and the eastern part to the Soviet Union.

SECTION 2. THE SPREAD OF THE WAR

In May 1940, Hitler seized Belgium Holland, and France. In Holland, the whole city of Rotterdam
was almost destroyed after it was bombed bs hundreds of German airplanes. The Netherlands
and Belgium surrendered after a few days.

But the Germans were able to pass through the strong enemy lines. In fact, they were able to
trap a big group of the opponents on the shores of Dunkirk. Those trapped, however, were
fortunate. For some unknown reasons, Hitler temporarily ordered his soldiers to stop. Great
Britain launched an operation to evacuate the British and French forces from Dunkirk. More
than 300,000 of their soldiers including a few thousand Dutch, French, and Belgians were
saved.

The Italian-German alliance was known as the Axis Powers. Japan, Bulgaria, and Hungary would
later join this alliance. Its counterpart was called the Alhed Powers, which was made up of the
United Kingdom, France, Holland, Belgium, and later, the Soviet Union, the United States,
China, the Philippines, and many other countries.

In a speech, Churchill called on his countrymen and said, "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil,
tears, and sweat." He warned the Germans. "We shall fight on the beaches. We shall fight on
the landing grounds. We sha‫ ال‬fight on the fields and in the streets We shall fight in the hills, we
shall never surrender."
Churchill's words incensed Hitler who immediately decided to attack Great Britain. The siege
plan was called Operation Sealion. But before they could implement the siege, Germany had to
weaken the Royal Air Force (RAF). The Germans then attempted to destroy the RAF using their
air force Luftwaffe. But the Luftwaffe did not have radars to track down approaching enemy
planes. In the end. the RAF defeated the Luftwaffe. To honor the heroism of the members of
the RAF, Churchill uttered with great gratitude, "Newer was so much owed by so many to so
few."

SECTION 3. THE SIEGE OF RUSSIA

Russia and Germany signed to an alliance in 1939. Here, they agreed about the division of
Poland. But the alliance was Hitler's means to give him enough time to prepare for the fight
against Russia. By 1940, Hitler was already confident that he could realize his plan. He did not
expect the havoc that Mussolini would create on his plans. Russia's territory is vast. The Soviets
formed one huge armed force. In spite of the big defeats, Russia was able to remain standing.

SECTION 4. THE WAR IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION

World War II in the Asia-Pacific region began when Japan attacked the regional military bases of
the United States and European countries that were opponents of Germany and Italy. By that
time, Japan was already part of the Axis Power. Within six months, Japan had colonized nearly
the whole of Southeast Asia.

Less than 24 hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan invaded the British colonies of Hong
Kong, Malaya, Borneo, and Burma. Japan also invaded the Philippines, which was a part of the
US. Commonwealth at that February the following year. Winston time Singapore fell to the
Japanese in February in the following year. Winston Churchill considered the British defeat in
Singapore as one of the most humiliating, British defeats of all time.

SECTION 5. WAR ATROCITIES

World War II had killed more people, destroyed more property, disrupted more lives, and had
more far-reaching, consequences than any other war in history. Serious offenses, atrocities, and
war crimes were committed during this time. More than 10 million Chinese were mobilized by
the Japanese army and became slave laborers in north China. The Rape of Nanking was another
instance of atrocities committed by Japanese soldiers on a civilian population. Hundreds of
thousands of men were slaughtered, while women of all ages were systematically raped and
killed by Japanese soldiers. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are examples of
war atrocities since both cities were not defended and thousands of civilians were killed.

SECTION 6. THE DEFEAT OF THE AXIS POWERS

The Axis Powers reached the peak of their victory in the middle of 1942. They had already won
a big part of the world, trom Southeast Asia to China. and many islands in the Southwest Pacific
as well as from North Africa up to Western Europe and Western Russia. Two months later, the
American forceS defeated the Japanese in the Battles of Guadalcanal and Midway. Toward the
end of 1943, the Allies adopted the so-called island-hopping campaign. The Americans, British,
and their allies had an opportunity to defeat Germany when they conducted the siege of
Normandy. On June 6, 1944, hundreds of thousands of airborne troops of the Allied Powers
were dropped in Normandy. The liberation of Europe had begun.

By the start of the year 1945, everybody knew that the War would end. Germany surrendered
on May 7, 1945, a few days after Hitler committed suicide. In the Asia-Pacific, the Americans
used the new nuclear weapons to bring the war to a swifter end. On August 6, a U.S. warplane
dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, destroying the Japanese city and killing hundreds and
thousands of civilians. Three days later, another atomic bomb was dropped on the port city of
Nagasaki, again causing massive destruction to life and property. The American use of atomic
weapons against Japan prompted the prime minister to ask Emperor Hirohito to intervene to
end the war. Japan and the United States signed the agreement of surrender on September 2,
1945. The signing was done in the ship USS Missouri. World War II had ended.

SECTION 7. THE RESULTS OF THE WAR

World War II became the worst and most destructive war in the history of man. Some 60
million people died in the war, including about 20 million soldiers and 40 million civilians. Many
civilians died as a result of diseases, starvation, massacres, and genocide. Figures on the
amount of total casualties vary because majority of deaths were not documented.

This set the stage for the Cold War for the next 45 years. The world became divided into two
camps: the United States and its sphere of capitalist allies and the Soviet Union and its
communist satellite countries. During the Cold War, the world reached the brink of a nuclear
war several times due to the conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. The two
superpowers were engaged in a nuclear arms race.

To prevent, or at least minimize, future conflicts, the allied nations formed the United Nations
organization, or the UN, in 1945.

CHAPTER 4: THE YEARS AFTER THE WAR

SECTION 1. THE COLD WAR

The United States, Great Britain, France, and Soviet Union were former allies in fighting
Germany during World War II. This alliance, however, was severed at the end of the war.
Ideological differences mainly caused the split between the countries. The Soviet Union was a
cominunist state. The United States is a capitalist country. As such, there was a conflict of
interest between the two countries. The period of conflict, tension and competition between
the United States and Soviet Union and their respestive allies was called the Cold War.

There was never really a direct military engagement between the twe superpowers. But they
were involved in proxy wars where they use third parties as substitutes for fighting cach -other
directly. The Cold War lasted from the mid-1940s until the early 1000 Mostly, the United States
and the Soviet Union engaged in an arms race.

Through the Warsaw Pact signed in 1955, the Soviet Union formed a mutual-defense alliance
with Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. (Albania
withdrew in 1968 and Fast Germany did so in 1990.) Many countries were threatened by the
spread of communism. Greece and Turkey. In Asia, the Communism almost took hold in
communist cause gained great impetus when the communists gained control of mainland
China. North Korea, North Vietnam, Laos, and Kampuchea countries.

The United States implemented the Marshall Plan, an economic system named after General
George Marshall the secretary of war of the United States during World War II The Marshall
Plan aimed to strengthen the economy of the countries in Europe so that poverty could not be
used to spread communism.

SECTION 2. THE END OF THE COLD WAR

The Cold War came to an end with the fall of the Berlin Wall, the collapse of the Communist
party dictatorship in Eastern Europe, the reunification of Germany, and the disintegration of the
Soviet Union. In an attempt to stop the rapid changes in the Soviet government, a group of
hardliners launched a coup to overthrow Gorbachev in August 1991. The coup failed. Although
restored to power, Gorbachev could no longer yield so much authority. In 1991, the Soviet
Union was officially dissolved, breaking up into 15 separate nations.The Cold War was finally
over.

SECTION 3. UNITED NATIONS

The idea of forming the United Nations first came up at the onset of World War II. The UN was
to be the successor of the League of Nations. The UN Charter of the Organization was signed
only in 1945. The Philippines was among the 50 signatories. The first objective of the UN was to
end the war with the Axis Power. When it was ended in 1945, the organization faced the task of
rebuilding the world from the destruction of the war. It also took care of giving aid to the
countries that became independent during this period. The United Nations has six main bodies,
namely the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the
International Court of Justice, and the Security Council.

The United Nations, however, is not spared from controversy. Some of these issues concern
failure or inability to act on security issues, genocide, and human rights. Nevertheless, criticisms
have not crippled the UN. Instead, it continues to exert more efforts in helping countries in
their problems, especially in conflicts.
SECTION 4. THE EUROPEAN UNION

Europe is considered a continent. Geographically, it could be said that this continent is a part of
the giant continent of Asia-Europe. Europe is small continent. It is the second smallest
continent. It is almost as big as China. Many big wars erupted in Europe. The two great wars,
World War I and World II, began in Europe. In 1963, Great Britain applied for ECC membership
but France vetoed its application. Ten years later, the ECC accepted Great Britain, together with
Denmark and Ireland. On the next page is a list of the members who joined the ECC/EU and
their respective dates of membership.

Member Country- Year of Membership

Greece - 1981

Portugal and Spain-1986

East Germany (which joined with West Germany again to form the united country of Germany)-
1990

Austria, Finland, and Sweden- 1995

Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and
Slovenia- 2004

In 2004, the European Constitution was signed by government leaders. However, it did not
come into force after it was rejected in referenda in France and the Netherlands.
Notwithstanding the problems, the EU has become a good example of how countries could
attain unity. development, and peace the citizens of openness respect of the the countries for
their diversity.
POST TEST : Choose the correct answer.

1.Which international organizations were established as hopeful solutions for addressing global
concerns during the twentieth century?

a. World Bank

b. International Monetary Fund

c. United Nations

d. World Health Organization

2. Which of the following were major global concerns during the twentieth century?

a. Technological advancements

b. Social media influence

c. Civil wars and wars of independence

3. What was the name of the operation launched by Great Britain to evacuate soldiers from
Dunkirk?

a. Operation Thunder

b. Operation Dynamo

c. Operation Lightning

d. Operation Rescue

4. Who were the members of the Axis Powers during World War II?

a. Germany, France, United Kingdom

b. Germany, Italy, Japan, Bulgaria, Hungary

c. Germany, Soviet Union, United States

d. Germany, China, United Kingdom

5. What was the name of the plan devised by Hitler to attack Great Britain?

a. Operation Sealion

b. Operation Overlord

c. Operation Barbarossa

d. Operation Neptune
6 . What ideological differences led to the split between the United States and the Soviet Union
after World War II?

a. Religious beliefs

b. Economic policies

c. Political systems

d. Cultural traditions

7. What was the main characteristic of the Cold War period between the United States and the
Soviet Union?

a. Direct military engagement

b. Cooperation in economic development

c. Tension and competition

d. Cultural exchange programs

8.. What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan implemented by the United States after World
War II?

a. To spread communism in Europe

b. To strengthen the economy of European countries

c. To establish military alliances in Europe

d. To support the Soviet Union economically

9. How many people approximately died in World War II, including soldiers and civilians?

a. 10 million

b. 30 million
 c. 60 million

d. 100 million

10. What divided the world into two camps during the Cold War?

a. Religious beliefs

b. Economic policies

c. Political systems

d. Military alliances

11. What was the purpose of forming the United Nations organization after World War II?

a. To establish a global military alliance

b. To promote nuclear proliferation

c. To prevent future conflicts

d. To support the spread of communism

12. What event marked the beginning of World War II in the Asia-Pacific region?

A. The invasion of Japan into China

B. The attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan

C. The colonization of Southeast Asia by Japan

D. The fall of Singapore to Japanese forces

13 .Which British colony fell to Japanese forces in February following the attack on Pearl
Harbor?

A. Hong Kong
B. Malaya

C. Singapore

D. Borneo

14. What philosophy of government glorifies the state and nation and assigns every aspect of
national life to state control?

A. Communism

B. Democracy

C.Fascism

D. Capitalism

15. Who was the leader of the National Fascist Party in Italy?

A. Adolf Hitler

B. Winston Churchill

C. Joseph Stalin

D. Benito Mussolini

16. What symbol is the term "fascism" derived from?

A. A dove

B. A lion

C. A bundle of rods with an axe

D. A laurel wreath

17. What event greatly strengthened fascism's appeal in Europe after World War I?

A. The Russian Revolution

 B. The Treaty of Versailles

C. The Great Depression

D. The League of Nations formation

18. What title did Mussolini adopt for himself?

A. The Emperor

B. The Chancellor

C. The Leader (Il Duce)

D. The Supreme Commander

19. Which two countries did Mussolini formally ally with by forming the Axis Powers?

A. France and Britain

B. Germany and Japan

C. Italy and Spain

D. Russia and China

20. How did Mussolini's regime handle opposition within Italy?

A. By imprisoning and threatening opponents

B. By encouraging democratic debate

C. By promoting freedom of speech

D. By allowing the formation of other political parties

Essay ( 5 points)
1. Describe the factors that contributed to the birth of communism in Russia, including the
socio-economic conditions, the role of the Bolsheviks, and the events leading up to the
November 1917 coup.

UNIT 13 : THE WORLD AT PRESENT

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end pf the lesson the students will be able to;

A. Identify current social problems in the new millennium;

B. Know what characteristics of Democratic country should; and

C. Understand how Philippines becomes democratic country .

The start of the new millennium saw renewed aspirations for freedom, unity, and development.
The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union had come to an end.
Communism had also fallen and many countries had embraced democracy.

On September 11, 2001, Al Qaeda terrorists attacked the World Trade Center in New York City
and the Pentagon in Washington. The United States declared war against terror groups
worldwide an armed conflict completely different from the wars the world had seen. Terrorism
is not the only problem that the world has to face. There are problems that are more
destructive, deadly. and bring more suffering to humanity.

CHAPTER 1: THE GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY AND THE WAR AGAINST TERRORISM

Athens gave birth to the idea of democracy thousands of years ago. Yet, it was only a few
decades back when it took a strong hold on many countries. Recent developments, however,
threaten the global spread of democracy. Most significant of these developments is the
emergence of terrorism.

SECTION 1. THE SPREAD OF DEMOCRACY

In the seventeenth century, the age of Enlightenment philosophes John Locke, Voltaire, Baron
de Montesquieu, and their companions propagated democratic principles. Their ideas and
writings influenced the Americans and the French citizens to topple down their governments
and replace them with a democratic form.

After World War II, many of the imperial colonies had become independent. Many chose to be
democratic countries. Others had become communist countries. The global state led to the
Cold War (mid- 1940s to early 1990s), a time of conflict, tension and competition between the
United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. Many of the allies of the United
States, however, were only democratic in name. Their governments, however, were still
oppressive.

The United Nations explained the characteristics of a country that could be called democrats.
These are the following
1. The citizens have a representative in government and different political parties are allowed.

2. There is a free and organized system of elections.

3. There is a system of checks and balances that is based on the separation of the powers of the
executive, judiciary, and legislature.

4. There is a dynamic civil society.

5. There is freedom of the press

6. The armed forces and other security forces are controlled by and are under the civilian
government

To reach this objective, it should be remembered that a good and stable democratic
government possesses the following:

a. Respect for human rights

b Free will of every abizen

c. Institutions that espouse equal treatment

d. Equality

e. Freedom from discrimination

f. Concern for the needs of future generations

g. Economic and social policies that respond to the needs and desires of the citizens

DEMOCRACY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Since the United States granted independence to the Philippines in 1946, there have been some
changes in our form of government. From a democratic system with a presidential type of
leadership patterned after that of the United States, this became a parliamentary form with a
prime minister and president like that of France. It also became dictatorial when Ferdinand
Marcos assumed all powers of government. The presidential system and a truly democratic
government were restored under Corazon Aquino. Free election, free press, and free speech
were restored. These are important characteristics of a true democracy.

SECTION 2. THE WAR AGAINST TERRORISM

The dragon's teeth are planted in the fertile soil of wrongs unrighted, of disputes left to fester
for years, of failed states, of poverty and deprivation." Through these words, Tony Blair, prime
minister of Great Britain, explained the beginning of a new kind of war. This war is known as the
War against terror. This started when Al Qaeda terrorists hijacked passenger planes and used
them as missiles against some landmark buildings in the United States, killing at least 3,000
people.

The first Gulf War is believed to be what aggravated the anger of the conservative Muslims
against the United States.One of the Muslim leaders who was very vocal in his opposition to US
meddling in Saudi Arabia is Osama Bin Laden. Bin Laden is a militant Muslim. He came from a
rich family but he chose to be a holy warrior or mujahidin in Afghanistan.

There were attacks on U.S. facilities in different parts of the world:

1. A truck bomb exploded on June 25, 1996, outside the Khobar Towers in Dharan, Saudi
Arabia, which killed 10 American soldiers.

2. Separate explosions outside the United States Embassy in Dar- es-Sa-laam, Tanzania, and
Nairobi, Kenya, on August 7, 1998, took the lives of 12 Americans and more than 200 other
persons.

3. A ship full of explosives collided with the warship USS Cole at the shores of Aden, Yemen, on
October 17, 2000. Seventeen American seamen died due to this attack.

4. Six died and more than 1,000 were wounded on February 26, 1993, when Abdul Basit
Magmood Abdul Kharim (also known as Ramzi Yousef) and his companions planted a bomb in a
van under the World Trade Center complex.
SECTION 3. A WAR WITHOUT BOUNDARIES

With clear lines of battle, the Americans called the United States' endeavor against bin Laden
and his companions as a "war without boundaries." Under this precept, the Americans declared
war against any group suspected to be an ally of bin Laden. That is why the Americans had been
sending military aid to the Philippines to fight the Abu Sayyaf, an Islamic group in Western
Mindanao responsible for killings and kidnappings.

The United States government has tagged bin Laden as a terrorist. To some of his compatriots
and fellow Muslims. bin Laden is a hero and martyr. American political scientist Samuel P.
Huntington said this is an example of a clash of civilizations. He added that the conflict is the
newest face of the clash of the Islam civilization and the Christian and Western civilization,
which has its roots from the crusades in the 1st to 12th centuries.

CHAPTER 2 CHALLENGES IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM

SECTION 1. CURRENT SOCIAL PROBLEMS

Inequality in wealth, knowledge. and skills does not just exist between citizens. Among
countries, there are those who are recognized to be wealthy and strong. They are industrialized
countries belonging to the so-called First World. The poor and the weak are called the Third
World countries. (The term Second World was used in the middle of the Cold War period to
refer to communist countries. With the end of the Cold War in the 1990s, this term became
obsolete.) In the Third World countries, epidemics, civil wars, lack of education, famine, and
other faces of poverty are prevalent.

These are the Millennium Development Goals:

1 Putting an end to extreme poverty and famine

2.Giving basic education to all

3. Promoting equality of the Renders and empowering women

4. Reducing deaths of nunors

5. Improving the health of mothers

6. The fight against HIV/AIDS. malaria, and other diseases

7. Continuing the preservation of natural resources

8. Creating of a worldwide unity toward development

FAMINE

Famine is one of the basic faces of poverty. It is estimated that famine has taken the lives of
eight million people.

1. EXTREME OR ABSOLUTE POVERTY- This kind of poverty is known as killer poverty because
the peoples classified under this category do not have food. media me for illnesses, means of
education, clean water proper shelter, and devent belongings

2. MODERATE POVERTY - This refers to people and families who subsist only on needs worth
one to two dollars every day.

3. RELATIVE POVERTY-They are those who live lower than the national average. This includes
the people who cannot obtain the ordinary needs of their countrymen who belong to the
middle class.

Below are the other regions where a big percentage of the people are suffering from poverty:
15.1% Latin America and Caribbean 14.2% East Asia and the Pacific 2.4% West Asia and West
Africa 1.6% East Europe and Central Asia

EDUCATION

The provision of overall primary education is the second goal of the United Nations in its
Millennium Development Goals.

Below is a list of the regions with the biggest number of children who were not even able to
step on the first level of education: are in
1. Sub-Saharan Africa

2. Arab countries

3. Latin America and Caribbean

4. Middle and East Europe

5. East Asia and the Pacific

GENDER EQUALITY

The first two objectives in the Millennium Development Goals are very important to attain to be
able to achieve the third part, which is the promotion of gender equality. This third objective
works to eliminate or at least reduce the abuses and discrimination against women which is
prevalent in many countries. Abuse and discrimination of women can be illustrated in many
wavs. It is estimated that the wage a man receives is, more often than not. 75 percent higher
that what a woman receives for doing the same work The number of cases of violence
committed on women, particularly physical abuse, is alarming. There are societies that practice
female infanticide lings of female infants) and sex- selective abortion.

To have guidelines for the promotion of gender equality in the whole world, the United Nations
prepared a lander Development Index (GDI) that contains four indicators. These are

1. Life expectancy at birth

2. Adult literacy rate

3. Combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio

4. Estimated earned income

SAVING THE INFANTS

The fourth goal of the MDG is the reduction in the number of infant deaths. Infants here are
defined as children who are newborns through age five Infant mortality is still prevalent. It is
estimated that about 11 million infants die every year due to the lack of basic needs in
nutrition, sanitation, and health education. The immunization of infants is one simple
protection for them against deadly diseases. But it is estimated that the percentage of infants
who receive immunization even went down not only in poor countries but also in wealthy
countries. As it rated in other indicators of poverty, Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest number
of infants who do not receive immunization. Following Africa are South Asian, Arab, East Asia,
and the Pacific countries.

AIDS AND OTHER DISEASES

In the last part of the Middle Ages, it is estimated that millions of people died from the bubonic
plague. It was a misconception that a great number of deaths from a disease could only be
possible during that period. Modern-day diseases have killed as much people. As a result, the
United Nations sought to fight Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), malaria, and other deadly diseases. This is the MDG's sixth objective.

There are other dreaded diseases. Many people are still dying from malaria and tuberculosis.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), meningococcemia, and avian flu have become the
contemporary plagues. Many deadly diseases can be treated. More importantly, they can be
prevented. Sadly, the problems lie in the dissemination of knowledge about prevention and
cure of the diseases and implementation of preventive measures, such as immunization
vaccines.

NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT

Deterioration of the natural habitat and disasters caused by mismanagement of natural

resources has prompted the United Nations to include environmental protection in its
Millennium Development Goals. One of the leading culprits in the release of poisonous
chemicals into the air is the United States. The United States did not sign the Kyoto Protocol
because its economy would lose almost 400 million dollars and 4.9 million jobs if it would
comply with the requirements stated in the Kyoto Protocol.

SECTION 2. CONCERTED EFFORTS

The United Nations knows that to solve the problems of the world concerted effort of all
countries, rich or poor, is necessary. As such, the UN has made the promotion of a world unity
towards development as its eighth goal. Support and cooperation of the wealthier countries is
crucial to be able to meet this goal. One way for the rich nations to help out is to extend
financial aid. More so, they need to comply with and enforce the development policies among
themselves.

SECTION 3. CURRENT POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

Another global concern is equal political rights for all peoples. In the UN Universal Declaration
of Human Rights, which was issued in December 1948, it states that "All human beings are born
free and equal in dignity and rights... Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set
forth in this Declaration, without distinction to any kind, such as race, color, sex, language
religion, political or other opinion national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person." Unfortunately, there are still
blatant violations of human rights all over the world.

During the years of the Cold War, there was the constant fear of a nuclear war between the US
and the USSR, which would engulf the whole world in a nuclear holocaust. When the Cold War
ended in the latter part of the previous century, many people were able to live peacefully
because they thought there was no longer any danger that the world would end in a most
violent manner. But the world today is far from what they dreamed of. The possibility of a
nuclear war looms, especially now that there are more modern weapons and powerful

countries.
POST TEST

1. According to the United Nations, which of the following characteristics defines

a democratic country?

a. A single-party system

b. Free and fair elections

c.Authoritarian rule

d. Suppression of political parties

2. What is a key feature of a stable democratic government, as mentioned in the

text?

a. Disregard for human rights

b. Limited freedom of the press

c. Equal treatment by institutions

d. Economic policies ignoring citizen needs

 3. Which era saw the emergence of the Cold War between the United States
and the Soviet Union?

a. Early 20th century

b. Mid-19th century

c. Mid-20th century

d. Late 18th century

4. What principle of democracy involves the civilian control of the armed forces
and security forces?

a. Authoritarianism

b.Dictatorship

c. Civilian supremacy

d. Military dominance

5. According to the text, which philosophers influenced the propagation of

democratic principles during the seventeenth century?

a. Aristotle and Plato

b. Voltaire and Montesquieu

c. Machiavelli and Hobbes

d. Marx and Engels

6-10 . Identify the current social problems in the new millennium.

10-15 . Explain how the Philippines become a democratic country.

16. What is one of the key principles outlined in the UN Universal Declaration of
Human Rights?

A The right to own property

B The right to free education

C The right to life, liberty, and security of person

D The right to bear arms

17. What was a major concern during the Cold War era regarding global security?

A. Economic inequality

B. Environmental degradation

C. Fear of a nuclear war between the US and USSR

D. Spread of infectious diseases

18. What is one of the primary objectives outlined in the Millennium

Development Goals related to gender equality?

A. Elimination of poverty

B. Promotion of women's education

C. Reduction of maternal mortality

D. Eradication of gender-based violence

19. What are the indicators included in the Gender Development Index (GDI)
established by the United Nations?

A. Life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate, and primary gross enrollment
ratio

B. Life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate, and secondary gross enrollment
ratio

C. Life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate, and combined primary,

secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio

D. Life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate, and estimated earned income

20. According to the text, which of the following characteristics defines a

democratic country, as outlined by the United Nations?

A.Centralized government control

B. Free and organized elections

C. Limited political parties

D. State-controlled media

21. What is one essential quality of a stable and effective democratic government,
as mentioned in the text?

A. Lack of concern for future generations

B. Centralized decision-making

C Respect for human rights

 D. Limited participation of citizens in governance

22. According to the text, which of the following was a significant influence on the
spread of democratic principles in the seventeenth century?

A.Military conquests

B. Enlightenment philosophers

C Religious institutions

D. Monarchies

23 What is one of the consequences of extreme or absolute poverty, as

described in the text?

A. Limited access to education

B. High levels of consumerism

C. Excessive food consumption

D. Adequate shelter and clean water

24. Which region has the highest percentage of people suffering from poverty,
according to the text?

A. East Asia and the Pacific

B. Latin America and Caribbean

C. West Asia and West Africa

D. East Europe and Central Asia

25. What is the second goal of the United Nations in its Millennium Development
Goals related to education?

A.Ensuring access to tertiary education

B. Providing overall primary education

C. Improving teacher salaries

D.Building more schools in urban areas