Construction of Bridges on State highways/Major District
roads in the state of Karnataka (Package-1)
Project: Construction of Bridges on State highways/Major District roads in the state of Karnataka
(Package-1)
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY FOR BRIDGES
Project: Construction of Bridges on State highways/Major District roads in the state of Karnataka
(Package-1)
Design philosophy for Bridges
Specifications and Standards
The Design of various elements of the project will be carried out conforming to the standards &
specifications mentioned in the EPC agreement.
Width of the Structures
The Width of the structures will be as mentioned in the EPC agreement
Total Length of the Bridge
The total length of the Bridge for each structure will be as as mentioned in the EPC agreement
Structural System for Bridges
The choice of structural system for various components of the Structure will be made on the
basis of Speed and ease of construction, economy, aesthetics and maintenance of the finished
structure.
Super structure
RCC/PSC I-girder type super structure will be proposed as per the requirement and site
conditions.
Substructure
Circular type Sub-structure will be proposed as per the requirement and site conditions.
Foundation
The type of Foundation for all the structures will be proposed as per the recommendations given
by Geotechnical expert.
Expansion Joints
Strip seal type expansion joints will be proposed .The locations of the joints will be shown in the
GAD of each Structure.
Bearings
The Super Structure is supported on Bearings, with adequately sized Pedestals underneath Pot
bearings as per the design requirements, will be proposed for this purpose, which shall conform
to IRC:83 .
Material Specifications
Depending upon the Stresses that develop in the structural components, the grade reinforced
concrete will be provided accordingly.
Concrete
Minimum grade of Reinforced concrete shall be as per Table.14.2 of IRC:112-2011.
Project: Construction of Bridges on State highways/Major District roads in the state of Karnataka
(Package-1)
Grade of Concrete
S.No. Structure component Minimum Grade of
concrete
1 RCC-Precast girders M35
2 PSC-Precast girders M45/M50
3 RCC deck slab M35
4 Abutment,Abutment cap, Dirtwall M35
5 Pier,Pier cap M35
6 Returnwall Part-I M35
7 Retaining walls M35
8 Foundations M35
9 RCC Crash barrier M40
10 RCC Approach slab M35
11 PCC levelling course M15
Reinforcement
The Grade of reinforcement steel will be Fe-500(HYSD) for this project, conforming to IS:1786.
Design Loading
The design loads will be considered as per IRC:6-2010 ,appropriate for the width of carriageway,
location, environment, etc. Following loads will be considered for analysis and design of various
components of the Structure.
Dead loads
The unit weights will be considered as per clause 203 of IRC:6-2014 .The unit weights for various
materials are as follows:
Unit weights of Materials
S.No. Material Minimum Grade of concrete
(t/m3)
1 Reinforced concrete 2.5
2 Plain concrete 2.5
3 Soil 2
Project: Construction of Bridges on State highways/Major District roads in the state of Karnataka
(Package-1)
Super imposed dead loads
Wearing coat
The wearing coat over the Super Structure will be 65mm thick bituminous concrete. An equivalent
UDL of 0.2 t/m2 will be considered in the analysis and design of the structure.
Crash barrier & Hand Rails
Crash barriers and Hand Rails will be considered as per clause 109.6& 109.7 of IRC:5-2015,
respectively.
Live loads
Considering the width of the carriage way the combination of Live load will be considered as per
Table-2 of IRC:6-2014.
The reduction in live load effects, if applicable will be evaluated as per clause 205 of IRC:6-2014.
The impact factors for live load effects will be evaluated as per clause 208 of IRC:6-2014.
Footpath Live load
Foot path live load will be considered as per clause 206 of IRC:6-2014.
Wind load
Wind load effects will be considered as per clause 209 of IRC:6-2014.
Water current forces
The effect of horizontal forces due to water current will be considered as per clause 210 of IRC:6-
2014
Longitudinal forces
The effect of Longitudinal forces like Braking force and movement of bearings will be considered as
per clause 211 of IRC:6-2014.
Centrifugal forces
The effect of Centrifugal forces , if applicable will be considered as per clause 212 of IRC:6-2014.
Buoyancy
The effect of Buoyancy will be considered as per clause 213 of IRC:6-2014.
Earth Pressure and Live load surcharge pressure
Earth pressure and live load surcharge pressure will be considered as per clause 214 of IRC:6-2014.
Seismic force
The estimation of seismic forces will be evaluated as per clause 219 of IRC:6-2014.
Exposure condition
The condition of exposure will be considered as “Moderate” for the purpose of design.
Project: Construction of Bridges on State highways/Major District roads in the state of Karnataka
(Package-1)
Analysis of the Structure
Analysis of RCC/PSC Precast girders and cast-in situ deck slab type super structure
Analysis of Cantilever deck slab will be analysed and designed manually using self-made excel
sheets..
Analysis of Intermediate deck slab will be analysed based on moment coefficients given in SERC
tables and the resulting Bending moments will be used for design of the structure.
Analysis of Longitudinal girders and cross girders will be analysed in staad.pro, performing
grillage analysis of the structure and the resulting Bending moments and shear forces will be
used for design of the structure.
Analysis of Abutment /Pier Substructure and Foundation
Abutment / Pier Substructure and Foundation will be analysed and designed manually using self-
made excel sheets.
Design of RCC/PSC structures
Design of all the Structural components will be carried out as per various clauses of IRC:112-
2011.
Load combinations for design of the structure will be considered as per Annexure-B of IRC:6-
2014.
All the structural components will be checked for following limit states:
Ultimate limit state:
Under ultimate limit state the loads will be combined for verification of equilibrium of the structure
and Structural strength of the structure. The equilibrium of the structure will be checked against
Overturning, sliding and uplift. The structural strength will be estimated in order to avoid internal
failure or excessive deformation.
For Verification of equilibrium the load factors given in Table.3.1 of Annexure –B, of IRC:6-2014
will be considered.
For Structural strength the load factors given in Table.3.2 of Annexure –B, of IRC:6-2014 will be
considered.
Serviceability limit state:
The serviceability limit state check will be carried out in order to have control on stress,
deflection, vibration, crack width etc.
For checking the Serviceability limit state load factors given in Table.3.3 of Annexure –B, of
IRC:6-2014 will be considered .
Combination for Design of foundation
Project: Construction of Bridges on State highways/Major District roads in the state of Karnataka
(Package-1)
For Design of foundations load factors given in Table.3.4 of Annexure –B, of IRC:6-2014 will be
considered.
Combination for calculating Base pressure under foundations
For calculating the Base pressure under foundations the load combinations given in clause 706
of IRC:78-2014 will be followed.
3.6.11 List of codes
The following codes will be followed for analysis and design of all the Structures.
List of Codes
S.No. Code Description
1 IRC:5-2015 General features of design
2 IRC:6-2014 Loads and Stresses
3 IRC:78-2014 Foundations and Substructure
Code of practice for Concrete road
4 IRC:112-2011
bridges
5 IRC:83 Pot bearings
