TITLE: PROJECT DASPoD - Design of Design of Arduino-based Solar air and

water Pollutant detector

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

INTRODUCTION

For years, humanity has been locked in a relentless struggle against pollution, an

insidious adversary that threatens the very fabric of our existence. Pollution is the silent

killer of dreams and opportunities, both figuratively and literally. It erodes our natural

resources and slowly poisons humans in desperate need of these resources. The battle

against pollution is far-reaching and multi-faceted, with its impact felt on land, in the

air, and in our waterways. Different strategies have been deployed to combat this

monstrous foe: recycling, reusing, waste management, and segregation, but these are

often most applicable to land pollution. However, air and water pollution continue to

persist, posing unique challenges and grave threats to our health and environment.

From smog hanging ominously over our cities to the insidious infiltration of smoke

into our homes, air pollution relentlessly invades our bodies, carrying with it a payload

of bacteria, dirt, and diseases that imperil our well-being. Beyond the immediate health

risks, air pollution harbors a toxic mix of chemicals and harmful substances that

endanger not only humans but also plants, animals, and even the very establishments

we build to thrive in. These pollutants eventually rain down to Earth, directly

contaminating soil and water bodies, spelling doom for crops and reducing yields. As a

result, the vicious cycle of pollution perpetuates a bleak future for humanity and the

environment.
 Water pollution, no less sinister, has quietly claimed more lives in the past century

than any other cause. According to a report published by UNESCO at the UN 2023

Water Conference in New York City, a staggering 2 billion people (26% of the global

population) lack access to safe drinking water, while 3.6 billion (46%) lack access to

safely managed sanitation. Water pollution isn't confined to the visible horrors of

plastics and styrofoam; it includes the insidious dumping of chemicals and oil spills by

factories and major corporations.

Rapid urbanization and industrialization have exacerbated air and water pollution,

making them harder to control- the challenges of controlling air and water pollution

become increasingly daunting. Without real-time data on air quality and water

contamination, timely intervention is virtually impossible. To address this pressing

issue, we propose a groundbreaking solution: the development of solar-powered air and

water pollutant detectors. Solar power, as the most abundant and environmentally

friendly energy source on Earth, holds immense promise as a solution to our energy

and pollution crises. Not only is solar energy renewable and clean, but it is also cost-

effective and low-maintenance. By harnessing solar energy for pollutant detection, we

can create a sustainable alternative to electricity-dependent device. The heavy reliance

on fossil fuels for electricity generation has depleted finite resources and led to the

emission of hazardous gases like carbon dioxide.

A study by Khan and Arsalan (2016) highlights the importance of using renewable

energy resources to minimize environmental degradation during energy production.

Solar power offers an ideal solution, reducing both pollution and energy costs. "the

utilization of renewable energy resources can make energy production clean and

sustainable, minimizing environmental degradation."Harnessing sunlight as the

primary energy source, an Arduino-based pollutant detector can operate efficiently and

cost-effectively. With the integration of Air Particle and Quality Sensors, along with

Turbidity Sensors, this detector can scan for pollutants in both air and water.

This research is grounded in legislative frameworks such as Republic Act 9275 -

the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, and Republic Act 8749 - the Philippine Clean

Air Act of 1999. These laws seek to balance economic growth with the protection and

preservation of the country's water and air quality. They lay out policies for emission

limits, monitoring, control strategies, and integrated improvement frameworks, among

other critical measures. The battle against pollution is far from over, but the

development of solar-powered pollutant detectors represents a significant step forward.

Utilizing the limitless power of the sun, we can monitor air and water quality more

efficiently and sustainably, protecting the environment and human health. Through

innovative technologies and the guidance of legislative frameworks, we can hope to

shift the tide in favor of cleaner air and water for all. As we continue this fight, we

must remember that the battle against pollution is not just for our generation but for the

generations yet to come, ensuring a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable future
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Generally, this study aims to determine how pollution affects and how we can

solve it by utilizing the designed Arduino -based solar water and air pollutant detector

with AI software, making it manageable to detect, more simpler and environmental

friendly by using solar power. Specifically, the study aspires to answer the following

questions:

1) What are the features of the final design after the development of air and water

pollutant detector using a water quality and turbidity sensor:

1.1 Hardware Design

1.2 Programming Design

2) What is viability, accuracy, and effectiveness of DASPA in monitoring

environmental pollution levels, with a particular emphasis on potential applications

in improving environmental protection and public health.

2.1 Functionality

2.2 Design/Structure

2.3 Safety Measures

3) Is there a significant difference between using a solar energy and without using

a solar energy for a more efficient and sustainable utility of the device.

4) Is there a significant relationship between respondents and researchers feedback

in terms of acceptability level of the device in the implementation of research

study.

5) Is there a significant difference among turbidity sensor, air quality sensor and

solar power in the stability of the devices.

STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVES

Generally, this study aims to develop an Arduino-based solar water and air

pollutant detector with ai software.

Specifically, The goal of this study is to:

1) Develop and design a sustainable air and water monitoring system to help detect

pollution level.

2) Examine the viability, accuracy, and effectiveness of DASPA in monitoring

environmental pollution levels, with a particular emphasis on potential applications in

improving environmental protection and public health using a survey.

3) Know the significant relationships between the air temperature or water level and

the efficiency of the device.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study centers on the creation of a solar-powered air and water pollutant

detector. It encompasses several key components to achieve its objectives. First, it

involves the design and construction of an Arduino-based pollutant detector, which

relies on solar energy for its operation. This sustainable approach aligns with the

growing emphasis on eco-friendly technologies. To detect pollutants effectively, the

system utilizes Air Sensor for air pollution assessment and Turbidity Sensors for

monitoring water quality. These sensors play a pivotal role in identifying potential

environmental threats.

However, it's important to note the study's limitations. It solely focuses on air and

water pollution detection and doesn't extend to other forms like soil or noise pollution.
The research's applicability is context-specific to the Philippines and its environmental

regulations, and it might not directly apply to regions with different legislative

frameworks.The study will be conducted from September 2022 to June 2023 at Pili

National High School-Pili Senior High School Building, Pili, Camarines Sur.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In general, this study is beneficial in providing real-time environmental monitoring

and pollution detection and intervention.

Specifically, the study is deemed significant to the:

Community. This Project DASPA (Design of Arduino-based Solar air and water

Pollutant detector with Ai software) will brings a huge help to the community, data

from sensors that track various contaminants can be used to train AI models to

anticipate air quality in real time, and getting rid of all water wastes can help people

protect their water sources ,generating a pollutant detector through solar energy can be

detected in surrounding areas.

Researchers. The execution of this research study will assist the researchers in

learning and refining their analytical abilities in order to create such a device.

Future Researchers. This study would help the researchers to be aware and

knowledgeable for making a device that will be useful for the users, It would help them

to be a better analyst and it can be a help as a future reference for more studies in the

future.

Economy. This study will benefit the economy by improved monitoring of air and

water pollution can lead to better planning and resource allocation, reducing potential
costs associated with health issues caused by pollution. The implementation of

advanced detector systems can open up opportunities for businesses and industries

engaged in the production and deployment of these devices.

Society. With reliable monitoring of pollutant levels, individuals can be made aware of

the risks connected with pollution and take the appropriate precautions, potentially

enhancing public health and quality of life. By enabling people, communities, and

organizations to make knowledgeable decisions about their actions, they can lessen

their exposure to dangerous contaminants and improve their general well-being.

Environment. This study directly addresses environmental problems by concentrating

on air and water pollution detection by precisely detecting pollutant concentrations,

immediate actions may be done to reduce pollution and protect the environment. The

detector's usage of solar power improves its sustainability by lowering its dependency

on traditional energy sources and lowering its environmental effect.

School. This study will be useful to school it can be used as a real-world illustration of

how to incorporate problem-solving from the real world into the curriculum and

motivate students to work on creative projects that have an environmental focus. It can

also be used as a learning resource for STEM (science, technology, engineering, and

mathematics) education.
STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS

PROBLEM3: Correlation

H04: There is no significant correlation between the air temperature or water level and

the efficiency of the device.

Ha4: There is a significant positive correlation between the air temperature or water

level and the efficiency of the device.

PROBLEM4: T-Test

Ho3: There a significant difference between the set A which does not use solar power

and set B which use solar power for the sustainability and efficiency of the device.

Ha3: There is no significant difference between the set A which does not use solar

power and set B which use solar power for the sustainability and efficiency of the

device

PROBELEM5: One way (ANOVA)

Ho1:There is no significant difference among turbidity sensor, air quality sensor, solar

power and ai softeware in the stability of the devices.

Ha1: There is a significant difference among turbidity sensor, air quality sensor, solar

power and ai softeware in the stability of the devices.

 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Air pollution: Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances in the air,

resulting in adverse effects on human health, animals, and the environment .

Air quality sensor: These sensors enable individuals and businesses make wise

decisions to enhance air quality by giving real-time data on air pollution levels.It finds

a number of dangerous things, including carbon dioxide, particulate matter, volatile

organic compounds, and more.

Arduino-based pollutant detector: An instrument called an Arduino-based pollutant

detector measures and examines various contaminants in the environment using

Arduino microcontroller technology. It is made to find dangerous elements like

particle pollution, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide.

Economic growth: Economic growth is the gradual rise in a nation's output of

commodities and services. It is a key indicator of a country's general economic health

and is frequently assessed by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Electricity demand: Calculating the total power needed by different consumers at any

given moment while taking into account variables like population increase, economic
development, technical improvements, and lifestyle changes is known as the electrical

demand.

Fossil fuel: Natural resources created from the remains of extinct plants and animals

are referred to as fossil fuels, a term that is frequently employed in the energy sector.

Solar energy: A renewable energy source obtained from the sun's rays is solar energy.

It entails capturing solar energy and using it to produce heat or power.

Turbidity sensor: A turbidity sensor is a tool that gauges how cloudy or hazy a liquid

is. It measures the amount of light dispersed or absorbed by suspended particles by

shining light into the liquid.

Waste management: Waste management encompasses strategies that aim to reduce

waste generation, promote reuse and recycling, and ensure safe disposal methods.

Water pollution: The introduction of any substance that modifies the physical,

chemical, or biological characteristics of water to the point where it becomes

dangerous for living things is referred to as "water pollution."`1

 End Notes

 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749), n.d.

 Imminent Risk of a Global Water Crisis, Warns the UN World Water

Development Report 2023, 2023)

 Khan, J., & Arsalan, M. H. (2016, March 1). Solar power technologies for

sustainable electricity generation

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains extensive literature and studies, spanning insights to the

latest research, addressing various ideas, findings, and theories relevant to the study. It

offers a comprehensive view of current knowledge, identifies research gaps, and

outlines theoretical and conceptual frameworks..

RELATED LITERATURE

Environmental pollution control using artificial intelligence drone

According to Mahanteshaiah et al.,(2020) The introduction of hazardous elements

into the environment is pollution. The environment is our immediate surroundings.

Environmental pollution, however, is the contamination of our environment by

pollutants. Pollutants are the name for these dangerous substances. They can also be

brought about by human activities, such as factory runoff or waste. The quality of the

air, water, and land is harmed by pollutants. This study proposes using a drone with

artificial intelligence to reduce the amount of pollutants in the atmosphere. For

absorbing the pollutants, activated carbon sheets are used; these sheets mostly absorb

carbon monoxide and particulate matter. The drone will operate in accordance with the

input program provided to it. A drone with artificial intelligence could be used to

reduce the amount of pollutants in the atmosphere. Drones using AI can monitor
pollution levels in real-time, allowing authorities to quickly identify and address

concerns. This lessens the likelihood of major environmental catastrophes.

Benefits of using AI in monitoring Water Quality

In recent years, the issue of water pollution has becoming more challenging. As

civilization grows, so does the amount of pollutants present in water. Gone are the

clean resources that people can live off of easily. However, the future for clean water

resources still looks promising. Researchers are turning to artificial intelligence (AI)

for help to monitor and identify the pollutants present in water. According to Marcin

Frąckiewicz (2023), "AI has the potential to revolutionize water pollution prevention

by providing powerful insights into the causes and effects of water pollution. AI-

powered analytics can identify the sources of water pollution and help develop

strategies to reduce or eliminate them. AI-based systems can also monitor wxater

quality in real-time, allowing for quick responses to any changes in water quality."

Casualties and Economic Cost of Exposure of air pollution in the Philippines

In 2018, the World Health Organization conducted a study that declared the

Philippines as third-highest in the world when it comes to air pollution-related deaths,

recording 45.3 casualties for every 100,000 people. (Abano, 2019) In a research

conducted by Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), air pollution was

responsible for 66,230 deaths in the country in 2019, of which 64,920 deaths were

estimated to be adults and 1,310 children. In the same year, the estimated economic

cost of exposure to the said pollution was PHP 2.32 trillion (US$ 44.8 billion), or a
GDP equivalent of 11.9% of the country’s GDP in 2019. (Myllyvirta, Thieriot, Suarez,

2023)

Monitor Air Pollution Level to Adopt WHO Air Quality Guidelines.

The WHO's 2023 article stresses the vital role of air quality monitoring in

addressing the global health crisis caused by air pollution, which leads to 7 million

premature deaths yearly. The Data Integration Model for Air Quality (DIMAQ) is a

critical metric for assessing exposure to air pollution. Its accuracy depends on regional

reference-grade monitors, crucial for comprehensive air quality management and long-

term exposure tracking for health studies, policy assessments, and standard compliance

evaluations. Every nation should ideally have at least one reference-grade monitor. The

report "Overview of methodologies to measure population exposure to ambient air

pollution" consolidates insights from global experts in the Global Air Pollution and

Health Technical Advisory Group. It helps nations understand the nuances, costs,

technical complexities, and applicability of various measurement techniques for

successful air quality management.

Data Democracy: AI, Software, and Knowledge Engineering Nexus

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the replication of human intelligence functions by

machines, especially computer systems. Software development often requires

programming knowledge. Feras A. Batarseh et al. (2020) present a manifesto for data

democracy at the intersection of AI, software development, and knowledge

engineering. This manifesto thoroughly analyzes AI techniques applied in solving

software engineering challenges, enabling robots to learn. A collaborative effort

involving professionals, academics, data science researchers, and business experts

created this manifesto. Data democratization simplifies data access tools, enhancing

accessibility for non-technical users. Its impact is comprehensively explored in fields

like psychology, business, earth sciences, and healthcare.

The Ultimate AI Solution to Reduce Air Pollution

Air quality concerns are widespread today, encompassing issues related to the

cleanliness of the air we breathe. These problems stem from industrial emissions,

vehicle exhaust, wildfires, and natural sources, causing health problems and

environmental issues like acid rain, smog, and climate change. Addressing air quality

requires a multi-faceted approach, including regulations, technological innovations,

and collective responsibility to reduce emissions. According to Resmi M (2023), AI

technologies can help mitigate harmful emissions, identify pollution sources, and

combat climate change, offering a potential solution for safeguarding the environment

and human health.

Water, water everywhere, and much of it polluted.

In the Philippines, despite abundant water resources, there are issues with water

scarcity and pollution. According to the Department of Environment and Natural

Resources (DENR), the country faces challenges in treating and distributing water to

households. Vicente Tuddao Jr., from the DENR's River Basin Control Office, points

out that despite having 160 billion liters of available water, only 28% is used for

household purposes. Water pollution is a significant problem in metropolitan areas,

such as Metro Manila, where bodies of water like Pasig River and Laguna Lake are

contaminated and cannot serve as sources of drinking water.

How we’re using AI to combat floods, wildfires and extreme heat

Natural issues represent a developing danger to the soundness of our planet and its

occupants. From environmental change and deforestation to contamination and the

deficiency of biodiversity, our biological systems are under attack. The outcomes of

these issues are sweeping, influencing weather conditions, ocean levels, and the

strength of our regular natural surroundings. Earnest activity is expected to moderate

the harm and guarantee a practical future. According to Yossi Maltas (2023) "Artificial

intelligence is now assuming a significant part in tending to the environment

emergency. As we advance our artificial intelligence research, we'll do so intensely and

mindfully to assist with facilitating address the impacts of environmental change and

help more individuals all over the planet."

The Environmental Impact of AI

Environmental pollution, especially in the form of air and water pollution, poses

significant challenges to global well-being and sustainability. The integration of

artificial intelligence (AI) into environmental monitoring has emerged as a promising

approach to address these issues. according to Rita Li (2023) "Man-made

consciousness (simulated intelligence) can possibly essentially affect the climate, both

positive and negative. The turn of events and execution of computer based intelligence
have upset numerous parts of our lives, including the manner in which we collaborate

with the climate. With its capacity to dissect tremendous measures of information, gain

from examples, and pursue choices progressively, man-made intelligence can be

utilized to further develop energy effectiveness, lessen waste, and improve economical

practices. Be that as it may, the negative ecological effect of simulated intelligence is

likewise a reason to worry

Global Economy Losing $8 Billion Daily to Air Pollution From Fossil Fuels

Air pollution from fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and gas, results in

approximately 27,000 premature deaths annually in the Philippines. Conde (2021)

reveals that the global economic cost of health-related effects of fossil fuel-driven air

pollution in 2018 was nearly $2.9 trillion, equivalent to about 3.3% of the global GDP.

The "Toxic Air: The Price of Fossil Fuels" report, a collaboration between Greenpeace

Southeast Asia and the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA),

emphasizes these findings and estimates potential annual economic losses of up to

1.9% of the Philippines' GDP due to air pollution, particularly child mortality in

underdeveloped areas caused by PM2.5 pollution. Vehicles, especially in Metro

Manila, are responsible for 65% of the nation's air pollution, and this issue is expected

to worsen with a projected 4.6% annual growth in energy demand. The study

recommends practical, cost-effective solutions for public health.

Addressing Water Scarcity in the Philippines

The Philippines has an abundance of water resources, but clean drinking water is

scarce in some areas. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

explains that much of the water is polluted, and the country lacks the infrastructure for
storage, treatment, and distribution. Vicente Tuddao Jr., from the DENR's River Basin

Control Office, notes that Filipinos are surrounded by water resources, including

groundwater, inland bodies of water, and regular rainfall, yet they remain

underutilized. Only 28% of the 160 billion liters of available water is used for

household purposes. Water pollution is a significant issue in urban areas, such as Metro

Manila, where sources like Pasig River and Laguna Lake are contaminated, depriving

residents of clean drinking water.

Philippines Dominates Global Ocean Plastic Pollution Chart at 36%

The Philippines emerged as the primary plastic polluter in a study commissioned

by Utility Bidder, a UK-based company dedicated to uncovering market inefficiencies

and published in September. This research, tracking nations contributing the most

plastic waste to the oceans, found that the Philippines averages 3.30 kg of plastic waste

per person annually. Despite this alarming statistic, Utility Bidder highlighted the

nation's efforts to combat plastic waste. Notably, the Philippines initiated an Extended

Producer Responsibility (EPR) program in September 2021, holding producers

accountable for the entire lifecycle of their products, including disposal and recycling.

The EPR programs in the Philippines were primarily focused on addressing the plastic

pollution issue and improving recycling rates. This study emphasized the urgent need

to address the increasing plastic waste in waterways, posing a severe threat to marine

life. Utility Bidder aims to provide transparent, efficient services to assist businesses in

finding the best utility tariffs and was originally known as Business Energy Consultant

when established in 2009.

RELATED STUDIES

Water Quality Monitoring with Arduino Based Sensors

This article explores the feasibility of using an Arduino-based sensor system for

water quality monitoring, an essential aspect of environmental and human health

protection. The Internet of Things (IoT) concept, as demonstrated by Cipolla et al.

(2019), can enhance irrigation and drainage operations by monitoring various

parameters. The study aims to develop comprehensive IoT systems with various

sensors, communication capabilities, storage, processing, and power sources for

monitoring water quality in rivers and streams. It seeks to identify the causes of local

water quality issues. Surface water quality is affected by both natural and human-

induced factors, with human discharges being a consistent pollution source. The system

in this study is similar to that used by Tziortzioti et al. (2019) with sensor variations

and protective housing for Arduino microcontrollers.

Applications of artificial intelligence in the field of air pollution: A bibliometric

analysis

This bibliometric study examines the current use of artificial intelligence (AI) in
air pollution research, which covers a wide range of applications. AI models have been

developed in this field, such as the random forest model by Hu et al., the extended long

short-term memory neural network by Li et al., and the deep neural network model by

Huang and Kuo. The study also employs bibliometrics to analyze literature and

intelligence distribution, revealing structures and characteristics within the field. It

explores topics like air pollutant prediction, low-cost air quality sensors, indoor air

quality, and AI integration into environmental science methods.

Design of water quality monitoring system for aquaculture ponds based on NB-

IoT Using NB-IoT technology in aquaculture pond water quality monitoring

enhances sustainability. NB-IoT, with its low power consumption, extensive coverage,

and deep signal penetration, is ideal for remote pond locations. It enables real-time

monitoring of parameters like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity,

improving fish health and growth while reducing disease outbreaks. Aquaculture

producers can control and monitor systems remotely through smartphones or PCs. The

system utilizes a Keil program for wireless connection module data format and Java for

creating cloud platform applications, device management, and data processing. It also

commands equipment like aerators and monitors cloud platform data via HTTP

queries.

Air Quality Monitoring System based on Arduino Microcontroller

Air pollution is a global concern due to increased automobile emissions, impacting

public health with various respiratory and allergic reactions. To address this, Kaur,

Mahajan, and Bagai (2016) developed an air quality monitoring system based on

Arduino. It monitors parameters like temperature, humidity, CO, CO2 levels, and CO2
leaks. Additional parameters could include smoke, alcohol, and LPG. Data is

transmitted to a base station using Zigbee Pro (S-2), triggering a text message via the

GSM module if levels exceed safety limits. Temperature and humidity values are

accessible via Bluetooth and smartphones.

LoRaWAN Outdoor Air Quality Monitoring System

Creating a Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring System with LoRa Technology

(Jabbar et al., 2022) This study aimed to develop an affordable, portable, smart sensing

unit using an Arduino-based LoRa node to monitor and update air quality data on the

cloud. Their system, comprising components like the Thing Network (TTN) IoT

platform, LoRa shield, LoRaWAN gateway, and various sensors for NO2, SO2, CO2,

CO, PM2.5, temperature, and humidity, sends data to the TTN platform. This data is

then connected to the ThingSpeak IoT server, refreshed, and displayed on a web-based

dashboard with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) through the Virtuino mobile app. The

system provides real-time air quality monitoring, accessible via smartphones and

powered by a photovoltaic solar panel.

Water Quality Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks

According to the research study conducted by Kofi Sarpong Adu-Manu (2017),

their research concentrated on water monitoring, which tracks changes in water quality

over time, identifies new or developing issues, and designs efficient intervention plans

to address water pollution. In this research project, the authors examine various

approaches to water quality monitoring (WQM), ranging from manual techniques to

more sophisticated ones that use wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for in situ WQM. In

order to maintain a long-lasting operational and advanced automatic WQM system

using WSN, they also highlight improvements in the sensor device, data collecting

processes, communication and network topologies, and power management methods.

Design of Water Quality Monitoring System

With the rapid development of social economy, excessive discharge of industrial

sewage leads to water pollution, and it also affects the quality of domestic water.

Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the water quality. A practical and convenient

water quality monitoring system is designed in this paper, which is based on the MCU

(Micro-programmed Control Unit) and Bluetooth technology. This design takes the

Arduino development board based on ATMega328P chip as the core, and uses sensors

to collect pH, turbidity, conductivity and water temperature. The measured data is sent

to the smart phone via Bluetooth, and abnormal parameters are prompted. The test

results show that the system can obtain the water quality parameters in time and

accurately, and the overall operation of the system is stable, which is suitable for many

occasions of water quality monitoring.

Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Systems Based on Internet of Things

Indoor air pollution has significant health impacts, especially in low- and middle-

income countries. Real-time monitoring systems using wireless sensor technology

(WSN) and the Internet of Things (IoT) provide essential solutions. These systems

include IAQ sensors, microcontrollers, and communication technologies like Wi-Fi,

ZigBee, and Bluetooth for pollution updates. Studies commonly focus on temperature,

humidity, and CO2 sensing. Arduino and Raspberry Pi are the primary processing

units, with Wi-Fi as the preferred internet connection method (Saini, Dutta, &

Marques, 2020). Effective selection of components is crucial for real-time monitoring

and pollutant control in various settings (Saini et al., 2020).

IoT Portable System for Nitrate Detection in Water

Ahkter et al. (2021) recommend precise yet complex techniques like

chromatography and HPLC for water nutrient analysis. To support sustainable

aquaculture, low-cost, low-power nitrate sensors are being developed. Although

graphene-based electrochemical sensing is common for soil nutrient analysis,

improvements for sensitivity, cost reduction, and real-time monitoring are sought.

Incorporating components like the AD5933 impedance analyzer into Arduino systems

enhances remote sensor capabilities. Efficient sensor usage and IoT technology are

essential for managing water quality in fisheries and enabling remote farm monitoring.

The study successfully created MWCNTs/PDMS sensors for smart agriculture and a

portable system for real-time water quality monitoring, effectively differentiating

nitrate ion concentrations (Ahkter et al., 2021).

Arduino-Based Real Time Air Quality and Pollution Monitoring System

Air pollution can occur indoors or outdoors. The health of people is greatly

impacted by air pollution from atmospheric elements such CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, and

O3 suspended particulate matter (SPM), repairable suspended particulate matter

(RSPM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). As a result, environmental pollution

contaminates and lowers the quality of the air, water, and land. It is crucial to have a

system for monitoring pollution and air quality in real time. Air pollution exposure,

both short-term and long-term, has been linked to negative health effects. People who

are already unwell are subject to more severe effects. Created an air pollution detector

based on the Arduino microcontroller. It contains processing software that can analyze

and gather high-quality data with great accuracy. The detector's benefits include

dependable stability, quick response times, and long lifespan characteristics.

Low-Cost Internet-of-Things Water-Quality Monitoring System for Rural Areas

` This research introduces an economical Internet of Things (IoT) system

specifically designed for the assessment and reporting of water quality across various

sources. The system's hardware components include the Arduino UNO board,

Bluetooth module BT04, temperature sensor DS18B20, pH sensor (SEN0161), TDS

sensor (SEN0244), and turbidity sensor (SKU SEN0189). Management and control of

this system will be facilitated through a mobile application, enabling real-time

monitoring of the status of water sources. This study focuses on the assessment and

quality evaluation of water from five distinct sources in a rural settlement. The findings

reveal that the majority of these water sources meet the safety standards for

consumption, except for one exception. In this exceptional case, the TDS levels

exceeded the acceptable threshold of 500 ppm, warranting further attention and

remediation efforts.

Design of the Water Quality Monitoring System

As the social economy expands quickly, excessive industrial sewage discharge

pollutes the water and lowers the quality of home water supplies. Monitoring the water

quality is therefore required. The MCU (Micro-programmed Control Unit) and

Bluetooth technology are used in this study to design a useful and practical water

quality monitoring system. The basis of this design is an Arduino development board

with an ATMega328P chip, and sensors are used to measure pH, turbidity,

conductivity, and water temperature. A smart phone receives the measured data

through Bluetooth, prompting any abnormal values. The test findings demonstrate that

the system can quickly and accurately retrieve the metrics indicating the water quality,

as well as the system's general functionality.

Use of Artificial Intelligence in Urban Air Pollution Monitoring

Urban air pollution monitoring primarily seeks to improve how people and nature

interact, collect and integrate environmental databases, and create environmentally

friendly methods for producing and organizing cities. Studies on public health and

exposure assessment are two of the principal uses of urban air pollution monitoring.

Building air pollution models to forecast pollutant concentrations and evaluate

environmental and health concerns can be done using artificial intelligence (AI) and

machine learning (ML) techniques. To estimate various exposure levels within various

communities, air pollution data can be incorporated into AI/ML models. For

determining health hazards, it's critical to consider the link between exposure estimates

and public health surveys. These factors are essential when discussing environmental

injustice. computational methods.

Monitor Air Pollution Using Wireless Sensor with Cloud-Connected Sensor

Networks

The global quality of life is declining due to the alarming growth of air pollution.

This paper describes the creation of a safe, affordable, real-time air pollution
monitoring system as part of preventive efforts. Thus, a three-layer architecture system

was put into practice. The Raspberry Pi, a data processing node connected to an

Arduino platform through a wireless network, sends messages via the Message

Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. The first layer of the system includes

sensors. In case the MQTT message protocol fails, strings are kept in the data

processing nodes' flat files and transferred via SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) as a

failback technique. Among the components of the application layer is a server

published in the cloud.

Pollutant Burden on Pollution Sources

This study conducts water quality monitoring in the Wai Batu Merah watershed,

employing a combination of direct and indirect techniques to assess both point and

non-point sources of pollution. Point source pollution is determined using wastewater

discharge data and treatment plant quality analysis, while grab sampling is used for

data collection. Non-point sources are assessed indirectly using effluent variables and

data from various watershed sources. The study identifies key pollutant sources within

the watershed, including domestic activities, agriculture, livestock, forests, open land,

micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), small-scale industries, waste, hotels,

and healthcare facilities. Domestic non-point sources are the primary contributors,

while hotels in segment 6 are the main point source polluters for BOD, COD, and TSS

criteria. Non-point sources, particularly garbage in segment 6, significantly contribute

to BOD, COD, and TSS pollution loads (Yu, Khevin, Mar 28, 2021).

Automated Water Body Detection and Quality Monitoring with Remote Sensing
Water pollution, exacerbated by rapid economic growth and urbanization, is a pressing

global issue. Understanding water quality trends is essential for effective regulation

and reduction of water contamination. Many countries have implemented

environmental water management plans to assess marine ecosystem health. Artificial

intelligence (AI) technology has emerged as a promising tool for managing water

pollution, with various studies exploring its application. In their 2022 study, Liping

Yang et al. emphasize the importance of water bodies in enhancing climate change

resilience. They highlight the role of remote sensing technology, empowered by AI, in

automating water data extraction and intelligent monitoring.

SYNTHESIS/STATE-OF-THE-ART

Researchers and scientists are actively exploring the use of advanced technologies

like artificial intelligence, IoT, and Arduino-based monitoring systems to address

environmental pollution, both in the form of air pollution and water pollution, which

poses serious challenges to public health and the sustainability of the planet.

Navreetinder Kaur, Rita Mahajan, and Deepak Bagai (2016) highlight an air

quality monitoring system based on Arduino microcontrollers that measures parameters

like temperature, humidity, CO, CO2, and more. High levels of air pollution are linked

to respiratory illnesses and other health problems, leading to premature deaths and

significant economic costs.

Resmi M (2023) emphasizes the use of artificial intelligence to reduce hazardous

emissions and identify the sources of air pollution. AI technology can help in

mitigating the effects of climate change and preserving environmental quality.

 Water Pollution and Water Scarcity: The Philippines, for instance, faces water

quality issues, and many water sources are either polluted or underutilized. The use of

IoT technology, such as Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), is being explored to monitor water

quality, especially in aquaculture ponds, to maintain optimal conditions for fish health

and sustainability. Arduino-based sensor systems are being used to monitor water

quality in rivers and streams, as demonstrated in the study by Cipolla et al. (2019).

IoT and Environmental Monitoring: IoT systems integrate various sensors,

communication capabilities, data processing, and power sources to monitor and

analyze water and air quality. A low-cost IoT system for water quality monitoring is

being developed to assess and report on water quality across various sources.

Artificial Intelligence and Data Analysis: Artificial intelligence, especially

machine learning, is being used to analyze air and water quality data. AI can help in

identifying pollution sources, predicting pollutant concentrations, and assessing health

risks. AI-based analytics can provide insights into the causes and effects of water

pollution, helping to develop strategies for mitigation.

The studies and literature presented show that environmental pollution is a critical

issue with far-reaching implications. Researchers are actively working on the

development of Arduino-based, IoT-driven, and AI-enhanced monitoring systems for

air and water quality. These systems have the potential to provide real-time data,

identify pollution sources, and contribute to the reduction of pollution levels, ultimately

safeguarding public health and the environment.

 GAP-BRIDGED BY THE STUDY

The study serves as a crucial bridge to fill the gap and gives information about

environmental monitoring and sustainability.The concept behind this intervention is

rooted in prior research that has explored the application of AI software for detecting

pollutants in both air and water. However, the integration of a solar-powered pollutant

detector using Arduino, and the creation of a single device capable of monitoring both

air and water quality, remains a largely uncharted territory in the existing literature.

Typically, environmental detectors have been designed to focus on either water

quality or air pollution individually, thus missing the opportunity for a comprehensive

solution. This research seeks to address this limitation by introducing a versatile tool

capable of simultaneously assessing the condition and identifying toxins in both air and

water. Notably, the emphasis is on environmental sustainability, as the system utilizes

renewable energy sources, specifically solar power, instead of non-renewable options

 By incorporating sensors for both air and water, this research contributes to a cost-

effective and efficient means of addressing dual environmental challenges. The AI

software further enhances the system's capabilities by pinpointing the root causes of

pollution, enabling more effective mitigation measures. This holistic approach not only

empowers individuals and communities with a valuable tool but also ensures long-

term, eco-friendly operation through solar energy utilization. The study thus serves as a

significant step toward bridging the gap in comprehensive environmental monitoring

technology.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 Figure 1. Theoretical Framework

Resolving Complex Indoor Air Quality Theory

 Shang-Yuan Chen and Cheng-Yen Chen et al. (2019). To enhance interior air

quality, the simulated system turned on building equipment and collected data on air

quality using an open source Arduino microcontroller system. In order to test

whether it would be feasible to use multi-agent theory to air quality management

systems, this study built an indoor environment with a multi-agent community with

"sensing-calculation-communication- action" capability. Base on the results of the

experiment, equipment conflicts can be avoided by formulating regulations in

advance when only a few pieces of construction equipment and a limited number of

air quality parameters are taken into account. However, if people interfere with the

system's decision-making when there are numerous types of building equipment and

air quality elements, the system won't handle all potential situations.

Microbial Water Quality Theory (J Hydrol)

J Hydrol (Amst) et al. (2021). Using the case study of a watershed close to

Cincinnati, OH, they use reliability theory to apply to water quality and sustainability

in the setting of microbial contamination. Additionally, they suggest new directions for

research to expand on the systems reliability theory's potential application to watershed

management strategies. The incorporation of a straightforward stochastic physics-based

model of microbial fate and transport enables the development of physics-based

sustainability metrics, and integration with ArcGIS provides the modeler with access to

a wealth of geospatial data. They anticipate that this work will make it easier for water

resources professionals and the general public to embrace probabilistic predictions of

water quality security

Arduino-based Solar Power Theory(Ibrahim, O., Amuda, S., Mohammed, O., Ganiyu

A.)

Oladimeji Ibrahim,Sulyman Amuda,Olatunji Obalowu Mohammed, and Ganiyu A.

Kareem et al. (2020. This device was created and built using Proteus ISIS's optimal

simulated parameters, and it was then utilized to collect data on solar PV current,

voltage, power, temperature, and light intensity. The device can collect data from solar

panels that can be used to gauge how well solar energy is working and estimate how

much energy will be produced in the future. Based on the measurement data, it was

found that the solar irradiance, temperature, and air pressure had a direct impact on the

production of solar PV energy.

Forewarning Model For Water Pollution Risk Theory ( Zhao, Juliang Jin,

Qizhhong Guo,Yaqian Chen)

Zhao (2013) investigates a Bayes-based forewarning model for water pollution

risk, focusing on complex systems. The model uses principle components analysis,

prediction principles, and hydrological models to simulate risk indices. The posterior

distribution is determined using sample data, and the maximum likelihood rule

determines the level of forewarning. The Taihu Basin is used as an example. The

model is rigorous, flexible, and adaptable, offering a novel strategy for alerting people

to water pollution risks. Liu et al. (2006) set up real-time forecasting and monitoring

water pollution forewarning and controlling systems using geographic information

systems, data mining technologies, and object-oriented programming theory. The

forewarning model for water pollution risk comprises screening, prediction, and

forewarning sub-models. The forewarning sub-model uses Bayes theory.

 INPUT PROCESS CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK

OUTPUT
Arduino
microcontroller -an
instrument that will
MATERIALS
act as the "brain" of
GATHERING
the device.
FEEDBACK
- Purchasing and
MATERIALS -such Prototype to final
finding the materials
as plywood, scrap functional design
for the device.
woods, nails, etc. -this
- Making the
will serve as the Testing the stability
prototype
"body" of the device. of the device
- Assembling of the
device and attached it
DEVICE Immaculate arduino
to the cover (body).
COMPONENTS -air program delivered by
- Arduino Code
and water pollution troubleshooting.
Programming - This
sensor, servo motors,
will serve as the
air quality sensor, Testing the device
"knowledge" of the
turbidity sensor, etc. - and its fumctionality.
"brain" that will
this will serve as the
govern the
"organs" of the Effectiveness of the
components and work
device. device
as s whole.
- Observing and
testing the prototypes
function ability.

Figure 2. Conceptual

Framework

The conceptual framework refers to the graphical presentation designed such as

input, process, and the output that systematized into three chronological block

diagrams
 Input involves assembling the materials such as plywood, scrap wood, nails, etc.,

to create the device's housing. The Arduino Microcontroller serves as the device's

brain, while components like air and water pollution sensors, servo motors, air quality

sensors, turbidity sensors, a breadboard, and wires act as its organs. These components

lay the groundwork for the actual making of the device.

Process outlines the assembly process, including developing the Arduino

Microcontroller program, constructing the device housing, and assembling the device

components for plant-related tasks. Once the model is ready, tests will be conducted to

evaluate the device's effectiveness, which will determine the study's outcomes.

Output includes the device's outcomes and test results, evaluating its components

like air and water pollution sensors, Servo Motors, air and water sensors, solar charger,

Arduino Microcontroller’s program, and LCD precision. These findings are vital to

assess the device's performance success.

Feedback encompasses the response, understanding, or meaningful interpretation

of the desired objective within the outcome. This data enables researchers to gain a

deeper comprehension and acknowledge both the strengths and weaknesses of the built

device, while also pinpointing the necessary enhancements to suggest for future

investigations.

END NOTES
[1] Adu-Manu, Kofi Sarpong, et al. “Water Quality Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor

Networks.” ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, 28 Jan. 2017,

https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3005719

[2] Jabbar, Waheb A., et al. “LoRaWAN-Based IoT System Implementation for

Long-Range Outdoor Air Quality Monitoring.” Internet of Things, 1 Aug. 2022,

https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3005719

[3] Huan, Juan, et al. “Design of Water Quality Monitoring System for Aquaculture

Ponds Based on NB-IoT.” Aquacultural Engineering, 1 Aug. 2020,

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0144860919301189

[4] Akhter, F., Siddiquei, H. R., Alahi, E. E., & Mukhopadhyay, S. C. (2021, June 1).

An IoT-enabled Portable Sensing System With MWCNTs/PDMS Sensor for Nitrate

Detection in Water.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0263224121004139

[5] Conde, M. (2020, February 13). Global Economy Losing $8 Billion Daily to Air

Pollution From Fossil Fuels – Greenpeace.

https://www.rappler.com/environment/251767-global-economy-loses-billions-

daily-a ir-pollution-fossil-fuels/

[6] Corrales, C. (2023, October 10). Philippines Dominates Global Ocean Plastic

Pollution Chart at 36%, Shows Study.

https://www.rappler.com/nation/philippines-dominates-global-ocean-plastic-

pollutio n-chart-at-36-shows-study/

[7] Yu, K. (2021, March 28). Address Air Pollution to Help PH Recovery | Inquirer

Opinion. Retrieved October 21, 2023, from

https://opinion.inquirer.net/138862/address-air-pollution-to-help-ph-recovery
[8] Alave, K. L. (2012, March 21). Water, Water Everywhere, and Much of It Polluted

| Inquirer News. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/164837/water-water-everywhere-and-

much-of-it-polluted

[9] Frąckiewicz, M. (2023). The role of artificial intelligence in smart water pollution

control. TS2 SPACE. https://ts2.space/en/the-role-of-artificial-intelligence-in-

smart-water-pollution-control/

[10] IN THE NEWS | Health experts in the Philippines lead the fight. (2019, June 7).

Health Care Without Harm. https://noharm-global.org/articles/news/asia/news-

health-experts-philippines-lead-fig ht-against-dirty-air

[11] CREA – Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air. (2023, February 6).

Estimating the Health & Economic Cost of Air Pollution in the Philippines

https://energyandcleanair.org/publication/cost-of-air-pollution-in-the-philippines/CREA

[12] M, R. (2023). THE ULTIMATE AI SOLUTION TO REDUCE AIR

POLLUTION.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/ultimate-ai-solution-reduce-air-pollution-resmi-m-

m #:~:text=For%20example%2C%20using%20smart%20sensors,prevent%20large

%2D scale%20environmental%20disasters

[13] Li, R. (2023, May 8). The Environmental Impact of AI. Global Research and

Consulting Group Insights. https://insights.grcglobalgroup.com/the-

environmental-impact-of-ai/

[14] Yang, L., Driscol, J., Sarigai, S., Wu, Q., Lippitt, C. D., & Morgan, M. (2022,

March 21). Towards Synoptic Water Monitoring Systems: A Review of AI

Methods for Automating Water Body Detection and Water Quality Monitoring

Using Remote Sensing. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062416

[15] Matias, Y. (2023, October 10). How We’re Using AI to Combat Floods, Wildfires

and Extreme Heat. https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/sustainability/google-

ai-climate-change-soluti ons/#:~:text=Our%20Tree%20Canopy%20tool%2C

%20part,more%20than%202%2 C000%20cities%20globally.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains the research methods that will be used in the study. The

research design, data sources, and data collection processes, as well as the sample plan,
instrumentation, and statistical tool, are all examples of technical/scientific operations.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This research study used a descriptive quantitative research design that depends on

numbers and statistically evaluated data to determine how effective the device is. The

researchers used two different research designs or methods for quantitative research:

the experimental and correlational research designs. The experimental design was used

to assess the overall effectiveness of the device. Correlation Research is a non

experimental method that assisted the student researchers in establishing the

relationships between variables that were closely related like the relationship of the

energy saving device, the ammeter and the power rating in terms of the stability of the

device. This device was invented to solve the problem of high electricity consumption.

With this device, we can reduce our electricity consumption and conserve energy

properly, and we can monitor our electricity consumption using an application

IDENTIFYING THE COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS

The innovation of the Solar Power Based Automated Watering Plant data logger

will observe the following steps: 1.) Planning and Preparation Stage 2.) Pre-designing

stage 3.) Design stage 4.) Assembly and Testing Stage 5.) Finalization and Operation
Stage 6.) Evaluation Phase 7.) Implementation of Solar Power Based Automated

Watering Plant data logger with wireless android monitoring system.

1.) Planning and Preparation was the researcher’s first step in constructing the Solar

Power Based Automated Watering Plant Data Logger was to conduct a plan. The

different aspects, several factors, including system’s concept, the kinds of software,

and the setting in which the device would be built, were taken into consideration. It

ensures that each of its conditions was satisfied.

2.) Pre-design stage was the conceptualization of gathering information about the

different problems in the community inclined with water scarcity, the deterioration of

water quality and water logging and salinity of the farmers and cultivators, and the

digital and software applications to be used.

3.) Design stage was the phase wherein algorithm of programming, graphics design,

and software simulations of assessment were made.

4.) Testing stage was the stage wherein the researchers designed, prepared, and tested

for programming functionality from accessible, average, and difficulty modes of each

assessment that were made by the researcher.

5.) The Finalization and Operation stage was the stage were the researchers used a

laptop to be connected to the device, that can help the researchers detect and monitor,

to sense the level of moisture content present in an irrigation field, temperature, cool

the soil to provide a suitable surrounding, and provide user interference. Also, Solar

panels are used which covert sunlight into electric energy and it is stored in a

rechargeable battery that powers the circuit.

336.) Evaluation Phase after the finalization and operation stage, the researcher tested

the device to a small plant to test the device’s functionality inside the SHS Campus of

Pili National High School.

7.) Implementation. The operation was conducted by the researchers of Solar Power

Based Automated Watering Plant data logger.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

SOFTWARE LOGO

It displays the emblem of the Arduino IDE. Arduino IDE is a user-friendly

software for programming Arduino microcontrollers, facilitating code creation and

uploading to execute various electronic projects.

(Figure 3. Software Logo)

HARDWARE MATERIALS

This section displays the recognized hardware components employed in

building the framework of the device.

Plywood Nails
ROBOTICS MATERIALS

This section comprises the identify robotic materials utilized in developing the

software and control system of the device.

OLED LCD Display Screen Jumping wires Breadboard Module

Arduino UNO

USB Cable Air Quality Sensor Acrylic Enclosure

Turbity Sensor
PROCEDURES

A. Making the Framework

Before installing the components directly, the researchers first construct the device

frame. The device design’s is presented in block diagram and schematic diagram. The

researchers design the device software to control the hardware of the device through

the

use of diagrams to fully understand the device purpose. The following diagrams

shows the device software overview in terms of functionality and design.

B. Making the Circuit of the System Device

The researchers construct another diagram which present the circuit of the device’s

system. This part shows the connection of the software devices that will be the main

control system which are the Arduino UNO, Soil Moisture Sensors, breadboard, servo

motors, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), buzzer, led bulbs, battery, control relay, motor

driver and motor pump as well as the connection of the battery to the charge

controller are presented in this part. The circuit diagram is first shown and next are the

steps of making the software are presented.

 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 3.3: Block Diagram

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 Figure 3.4: Circuit Diagram

The steps in constructing the Solar Powered Air and Water Pollutant Detector are:

Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
Step 6:

C. Making the Device

D. Making the Framework

E. Manipulation of the Device

This part presents how the device will be manipulated through the use of source

code. Flowchart diagram is used to present the data. The researcher used an algorithm

and flowchart to show the process of the device.

1. Flowchart A (Power Supply)

2. Flowchart B (Watering System)
3. Flowchart C (Main System)
4. Algorithm

F. Programming

Programming is the manipulation of the system by using source codes. The

researchers gather data about the program that will be use in this project. The source

code

or program that is gathered are edited since the inputs is different. The programming

process takes place using a laptop and a software for programming. The laptop is

connected to the Arduino using a USB cable. Launch the Arduino IDE and start
compiling the program. After compiling it, check if there are no error in the code and

then save for backup of the source code.

There are different components in this device, in that case, there are many source

codes to be used. After testing if the source code works. A compilation of these

source code is the researcher’s objective in this part to make it only one source code.

Figure 3.16: Programming Codes of the Device

RESPONDENTS
 Respondents and other source of data information The respondents for this study

from STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) strand. The

respondents will be asked whether they are interested in participating in this study.

Questionnaires will be sent to respondents who express interest in taking part. The

respondents were the primary source of information for answering the necessary

questions about the quality of the device.

DATA GATHERING

Collecting data to learn more and hone their critical and scientific thinking skills.

To gather ideas and broaden their understanding of the topic, the researchers carried

out pre-research. The researchers will use a variety of methods to collect data,

including observations, questionnaires, surveys, interviews, group discussions,

assessments, reading articles for related studies or literature, watching YouTube

videos relevant to the study, and looking up relevant thesis or research on the internet.

The majority of the sources for the data came from reputable online sources.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

This part includes the materials used in creating the structure and system of the

device. This also includes the tables and statistical process in the data that will be

gathered. Observations and the surveys are also research instruments that are used by

the researchers.

DATA ANALYSIS
 The research instruments were used in statistical treatment are the One-way

ANOVA test, T-test and Correlational to gather, analyze and measure data from the

variables that is presented and related to the research problems. These are designed to

obtain or measure the intended outcomes. These methods are used to prove the

effectiveness and the stability of the device. It is used to know if the Solar Power

Based Air and Water Quality Pollutant Detector served its purpose.

Problem 1: What are the features of the final design after the development of air and

water pollutant detector using a water quality and turbidity sensor:

1.1 Hardware Design

1.2 Programming Design

PHASES OF DESIGN RESULT

Problem 2: What is viability, accuracy, and effectiveness of DASPA in monitoring

environmental pollution levels, with a particular emphasis on potential applications in

improving environmental protection and public health.

2.1 Functionality

2.2 Design/Structure

2.3 Safety Measures

The researchers aim to measure the effectiveness of the device in functionality,

structure/design, and safety measures of the system using the scale.

SCALE
5 4 3 2 1
Each sensor and system managed
to perform their intended
FUNCTIONA- functions.
LITIES The device is a useful tool to tract
air and water pollutants.

The device is easy and practical to

use.

The design and structure of the

database are well-organized and
STRUCTURE/ neat.
DESIGN
The circuits are well-structured
and organized.
The device is well-designed and
organized.

The device is safe to use and easy

to operate without any harm to the
SAFENESS user.
All wires are in the right places to
keep it secured and keep the user
safe.
It has safety properties and all
components used are secured in
the device.
LEGEND:

5 4 3 2 1
Very Effective Effective Needs Poor Very Poor
Improvement

SCALE
5 4 3 2 1

The device The device The device’s The device The

FUNCTIONA functions functions function functions device
LITIES very well fairly needs poorly functions
according to according improvement according very poor
its task. to its task. according to to its task. according
its task. to its task.

The device’s The The device’s The The

structure and device’s structure and device’s device’s
STRUCTURE/ design is structure design needs structure structure
DESIGN very and design improvement and design and
appropriate is to make it is poorly design is
and effective appropriate appropriate appropriat very
to its task. and and effective e and poorly
effective to to its task. effective toappropriat
its task. its task. e and
effective
to its task.
The device The device The device The device The
is absolutely is safe and needs is poor and device is
SAFENESS safe and secured to improvement unsafe to very poor
secured to perform its to make it perform its and
perform its task. safe and task. unsafe to
task. secured to perform
perform its its task.
task.
 REFERENCE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Project Dasap : Design of Arduino-Based Solar Air and Water Pollutant Detector

Name of Respondent (optional): _____________________________

Date: _______________________

Instruction: Check the boxes to rate the functionalities, structure/design, and safeness
of the Design of Arduino-based Solar Air and water Pollutant detector with the
following scales.

SCALE
5 4 3 2 1
Each sensor and system managed to perform
their intended functions.
FUNCTIONA-LITIES The device is a useful tool to tract air and water
pollutants.
The device is easy and practical to use.
The design and structure of the database are
well-organized and neat.
STRUCTURE/
DESIGN The circuits are well-structured and organized.
The device is well-designed and organized.
The device is safe to use and easy to operate
without any harm to the user.
SAFENESS All wires are in the right places to keep it
secured and keep the user safe.
It has safety properties and all components used
are secured in the device.

LEGEND:

5 4 3 2 1
Very Effective Effective Needs Improvement Poor Very Poor

Problem 3: Is there a significant difference between using a solar energy and without

using a solar energy for a more efficient and sustainable utility of the device.
 Trials CONTROL X12 EXPERIMENTAL X22

(Solar-based) (Nonsolar-based)

10

TOTAL

AVERA

GE

LEGEND:
RATING INTERPRETATION
9-10 – OUTSTANDING
7-8 – VERY SATISFACTORY
5-6 – SATISFACTORY
3-4 – FAIR
1-2 – NEEDS IMPROVEMENT
Problem 4: Is there a significant relationship between respondents and researchers

feedback in terms of acceptability level of the device in the implementation of

research study.
 RESPONDENT’S RESEARCHER’S X2 Y2 XY

FEEDBACK FEEDBACK

Marketability

Efficiency

Adaptability

Safety

Measures

Feasibility

Accuracy

Durability

Innovative

Total

LEGEND:

RATING INTERPRETATION

10 – HIGHLY ACCEPTABLE

8-9 – ACCEPTABLE

5-7 – MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE

2-4 –LOW ACCEPTABLE

0-1 – NOT ACCEPTABLE

Problem 5: Is there a significant difference among turbidity sensor, air quality sensor

and solar power in the stability of the devices?

Trials Turbidity Sensor Air Quality Sensor Solar Power

LEGEND:

RATING INTERPRETATION:

10 – HIGHLY ACCEPTABLE

8-9 – ACCEPTABLE

5-7 – MODERATELY ACCEPTABLE

2-4 –LOW ACCEPTABLE

0-1 – NOT ACCEPTABLE

GANTT CHART

The section of the study demonstrates the schedule of the researchers regarding

the conduct of this research. The distinctive colors illustrated the precise time that a

given activity was completed.

Description Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun Jul

Planning and
conceptualizing
Writing chapter
I and II
Gathering of
materials
Revising the
papers
Drafting
chapter III
Preparation and
construction of
the device

Testing and
gathering data
Drafting
chapter IV and
V
Prooofreeading
the papers
Finalizing the
research paper
Publishing
hardbound
copies