Shallow & Mid depth mixing in

Japan
Masaki Kitazume
Tokyo Institute of Technology,
Japan
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Ground disasters on soft ground

slope failure by earthquake excavation ground settlement

pile failure liquefaction in 1964 liquefaction in 1995

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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Development of ground improvement

techniques
Replacement

Kobe Port Island

SD PVD Pack D Pack drain
Consolidation
Nagasaki Nagoya Tomei Kansai Haneda, C Kansai Haneda, D
on land SCP marine SCP static SCP SAVE-SP
Compaction
Kansai Haneda, D
vibro heavy tamping
Compaction
Kansai
CDM DJM
In-situ Stabilization
Yokohama Kansai 羽田D
Premix SGM pneumatic
development Plant stabilization
application Kobe Chubu
jet grout Chiba
Jet grouting

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Classification and application

1500
strength (kPa)

1000
Deep

500

Mid
0 Shallow
0 5 10 15
improvement depth (m)
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Purpose of shallow depth mixing

required
binder factor
Purpose strength W/C ratio
（kg/m3）
qu (kN/m2)

transporting soft soil 50～100

improving roadbed 50～100 dry
beneficial use of soft soil 100～300
barrier for contaminated soil, mitigating
100
stench
assuring stability of structure 200～200
improving traficability 100～200 100～150 100～130%
others
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Shallow depth mixing

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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Floating mixing
Purpose of improvement:
improving traficability
surface barrier for contaminated soil
mitigating stench

design strength : 100～300 kN/m2

binder factor : 100～150 kg/m3
W/C ratio : 100～130 %
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Horizontal & vertical mixing

Purpose of improvement:
improving traficability
surface barrier for contaminated soil
mitigating stench

design strength : 100～300 kN/m2

binder factor : 100～150 kg/m3
W/C ratio : 100～130 %
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Stabilizer mixing
Purpose of improvement:
improving roadbed

design strength
upper roadbed: qu7= 2.9 MN/m2
lower roadbed: 0.98 MN/m2
binder factor: 50～100 kg/m3 (dry)
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Bucket mixing, bucket & vertical blade

mixing Purpose of improvement:
transporting soft soil
beneficial use of soft soil
surface barrier for contaminated soil
improving traficability
mitigating stench

improvement depth: 2 m

bucket & vertical blade mixing

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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Purposes of mid mix improvement

retaining wall foundation retaining wall foundation box culvert foundation

slope stability embankment stability building bearing capacity

shut off wall stabilization of mud beneficial use of subsoil

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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Mid depth mixing

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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Horizontal mixing
mixing blade: 0.4 to 1.6 m
depth: 2 to 16 m
slurry: penetration injection
design strength: 600～1000 kN/m2
binder factor: 200~350 kg/m3

quality control
 Nd Nu 
T  M   
 Vd Vu 
where
T : blade rotation number (N/m) >450 to 650/m
M : number of mixing blade (3)
Nd : rotation speed during penetration (10 rpm)
Vd : penetration speed (0.5 m/min)
Nu : rotation speed during withdrawal (30 rpm)
Vu : withdrawal speed (1.0 m/min)
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Vertical mixing
diameter: 1.3 to 1.5 m
shape: rectangular solid column

quality control
 1 1 
N   M  n  
 Vu Vd 
where
N : blade rotation number (N/m) >230/m
M : number of mixing blade (4)
n : rotation speed (rpm)
Vd : penetration speed (m/min)
Vu : withdrawal speed (m/min)
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Bucket mixing, bucket & vertical blade

mixing

bucket & vertical blade mixing

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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Trencher mixing
Trencher width: 1.0 m
W/C : 150 to 200 %

quality control
R
N
A B
W
Dc Vc  T where
R  N : blade rotation number (N/m2) >50
Pm Pm R : total mixing number (N)
A  LH A : improvement area (m2)
3 to 5 m B : improvement width (m)
W : width of trencher (m)
Vc : speed of chain (m/sec)
T : mixing time (sec)
80 to 100 m3 Dc : total distance of chain movement (m)
Pm : pitch of mixing blade (m)
L : improvement length (m)
H : improvement depth (m)
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Trencher mixing
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Original soil
Original soil
(GL -0.00～-5.00m)

(GL -5.00～-7.00m)
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Core sample of stabilized soil

improvement bottom

RQD=98.1％
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Properties of stabilized soil

wet density（t/m3） quf/qul
0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
0 0

1 1
stabilized soil qul
original soil
quck(0.3qul)
2 2
0.85quck
Depth (m)

Depth (m)
3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 7
COV in wet density: 0.01 COV in qu : 0.33 to 0.40
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Quality control and assurance

• monitoring during execution
▫ binder content
▫ position of blade
▫ blade rotation number
• quality assurance
▫ core sampling
▫ wet grab sampling
▫ qu test, needle penetration test
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Performances of CDM improvements Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

River embankment
unimproved ground improved ground
block type improvement
as=100%
quck=100 kN/m2

River embankment

block type improvement

as=100%
quck=1,000 kN/m2

Road embankment

grid type improvement

as=50%
quck=200 kN/m2
improved area
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

slope failure in 2007 earthquake

Earthquake attack in 1995 earthquake

Liquefaction in 1964 earthquake

Tsunami attack in 2011 earthquake
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

Concluding remarks
• brief explanation of shallow & mid depth mixing
in Japan, purpose, machine, execution, quality
control and assurance
• Cement mix techniques, shallow and mid depth,
are essential in infrastructure development for
mitigating disaster.
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Mass stabilization 2015 April 23, 2015

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