INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

30 DAYS TRAINING AT MICROVISION

DEVELOPERS LTD.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Requirements for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Civil Engineering

NN

Submitted By

Name:Ganesh Rajput
EN20CE301017

Department of Civil Engineering

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
MEDI-CAPS UNIVERSITY, INDORE- 453331
 Report Approval

The Industrial Training of 30 days done under “MICROVISION DEVLOPERS ltd.” is

hereby approved as a creditable study of an engineering subject carried out and presented in
a manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as prerequisite for the Degree for which it
has been submitted.
It is to be understood that by this approval the undersigned do not endorse or approved any
statement made, opinion expressed, or conclusion drawn there in; but approve the
“Industrial Training Report” only for the purpose for which it has been submitted.

Internal Examiner Name:

Designation
Affiliation

External Examiner Name:

Designation
Affiliation
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Industrial Training Report entitled “30 days training at
MicroVision Developers ltd.” is an authentic record of my own work as requirements of
Industrial Training during the period from 1th July to 31th July 2023 in the Department of
Civil Engineering, Medi-Caps University, Indore.

(Signature of student)
Ganesh Rajput
EN20CE301017
Date: ____________________
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to pay my gratitude to our VC sir and our Dean engg. to let us explore the
opportunities and broaden our mindsets to face the upcoming challenges

Thanks to our internship coordinator for finding the best opportunities and helping through
whole journey.

Special thanks to Microvision Devlopers ltd. for providing their best individuals for training
us and making a perfect link between theoretical and practical knowledge
 Table of Contents

Page No.

Report Approval 2
Declaration 3
Certificate 4
Acknowledgement 5
Table of Contents 6
List of figures 7
List of tables 8

Chapter 1 Introduction 9
1.1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Assignment 10
2.1 Technical Report 10
2.2 Area & Location 11
2.3 Building Materials 12
2.4 The Effect Of Aggregate Properties On Cement Concrete 19

2.5 Reinforced Cement Concrete 21

2.6 Design Philosophy 23

2.7 Cement Concrete 25

2.8 Workability 29
2.9 Water Cement Ratio 31
2.10 Manufacturing Of Concrete 32
2.11 Formwork 37
2.12 Concrete Mix Design 39
2.13 Conclusion 43
 1. Introduction

1.1 Introduction about company

Microvision Developers has been taking a leading role in providing construction services
with an uncompromised commitment to Quality, Health, Safety, and Environment. We do
this through the combination of an open relationship with our employees based on mutual
trust, transparency, accountability, and discipline.

Nadeem Quazi Director at Microvision Developers Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

Address: 222, Manik Bagh Rd, Saifee Nagar, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452014

MICROVISION DEVELOPERS is a company that believes in approaching each of its

projects with the same level of passion, integrity, accountability and quality. Today,
MICROVISION DEVELOPERS success is attributed to the ability to provide an unmatched
combination of skills, experience, quality assurance, timely deliverance and customer
commitment to each and every one of our projects.
 2. Assignment

2.1 Technical Report

1.
2. GENERAL
1.1 Name of work Construction of Residential building
1.2 Name of zone Talawali Chanda
1.3 Name of division Talawali Chanda, Madhya Pradesh

2. LOCATION OF THE LAND

2.1 Location DB Pride Talawali Chanda, Nr. Old
Dainik Bhaskar Press, A.B. Road,
Indore, Madhya Pradesh (India).

3. BRIEF SPECIFICATION As received from Chief Architect

3.1 Foundation concrete Design mix concrete M-25
3.2 Foundation: R.C.C. Raft foundation having slab
thickness 700 mm.
3.3 Wall: (a) Basement outer wall of R.C.C.
Retaining type in cement concrete M-
25.
(b) Ground floor & first floor other
wall of R.C.C. in cement concrete M-
25 & Brick masonry in cement mortar.
3.4 Structure The complete structure is of RCC
frame structure in M-25 concrete.

4. OTHER SPECIFICATIONS (a) Expansion &Contraction joint are

provided.
(b) Bitumen treatments are provided at
the roof.
2.2 Area and Location
The Residential building is ongoing at Talawali Chanda in Indore.

Fig. 1 Location Map of DB Pride

2.3 Building Materials

A building structure is composed of different types of the material these

materials are either called as building material. The material use in the building
on basis of the avaibility and cost. For construct a building the essential building
material are as follow:

Cement

The cement often called the magic power is a fine ground material
consisting of compound of lime ,silica alumina and iron. When mixed with
water it forms a paste which hardened and bind the aggregates (sand,
gravel, crushed rock, etc.) together to form a durable mass called the
Concrete. Cement is the binder that holds concrete and mortars together.
Which is why it play the most critical role in giving strength and
durability to your building. Cement uses for domestic building such as home are
basically of three types.

Portland Slag Cement: Portland pozzolana cement (PCC) conforming to

IS: 1489 A combination of flyash (from thermal power plant) with clinker
and gypsum. pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding Portland cement
clinker with pozzolana. This type of cement is largely used in marine
structure.
Ordinary Portland Cement: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 33 grade
conforming to IS: 269, 43 grade conforming to IS: 8112 and 53 grade
conforming to IS: 12269 A combination of clinker and gypsum of good
quality. Ordinary Portland cement is manufactured by first burning at a
very high temperature the mixture of calcareous (mainly calcium carbonate)
and argillaceous (mainly clay) and then grinding the calcined product (i.e.
clinker) with small amount of gypsum in to a fine power known as
ordinary Portland cement.

Good quality cement has the following features:

Reduced water requirement
Improve Workability
Less permissible to moisture
Improved resistance to acid and chlorides
Reduced heat of hydration
Easier to finish
Reduced shrinkage
Reduced leaching problems because it is low as

Free lime

Sand

These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded, angular,
sub angular or flat fragments of more or less unaltered rock of minerals
consisting of 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 2
mm.
Alternatively, these are coarse grained cohesion less particles of silica
derived from the disintegration of rock.
These are of three types:

Coarse sand: It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6
mm and less than 2 mm.

Medium sand: It is one, which contains 90 & of particles of particles size

greater than 0.2 mm and less than 0.6 mm
Fine sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06
mm and less than 0.2 mm.
Proper selection of sand is critical in the durability and performance of concrete
mixture. It should be: Clear, angular and hard

Free from clay, mica and soft, flaky material

Graded, which means it should be a mix of fine, medium and coarse sand
Fee from contaminates like sea salt
Consistent in moisture (water) content which should not exceed 7%. When
mixing concrete the moisture
Content must be taken in to consideration.

The price of sand includes three or four components- base cost,

transportation, handling and number of Intermediaries. Procuring sand in bulk
directly from the source will be cheaper. Your neighborhood dealer in this case
is likely to be costlier, except when you need smaller quantities.

Building Stone

Building stones are obtained from the rocks occurring in nature. The stones are
used into construct the foundation, super structure and many of the building
components. The various stones derived from these types of rocks are as follows:

Principal stones from igneous rocks: Granite, Basalt and Trap

Principal stones from sedimentary rocks : Sand stone, Shale, Lime stone
Principal stones from metamorphic rocks: Quartzite, slate and marble
Properties or requirement of good building stone:
A good building stone should posses several characteristics such as high
strength (crushing strength>1000kg/cm ), high durability, sufficient hardness
(coefficient of hardness>14), high resistance to wear, good fire resistance,
specific gravity more than 2.7, crystalline structure, high impact value
(toughness index> 13) low water absorption (percentage absorption after 24
hour less than 0.6), weather resistance and better appearance.

Bricks
Bricks are distinguished by their base (row) material and size. Standard brunt
clay bricks come in the size 10" x 5" x 3". Modular bricks, rarely used
because they are not easily available, come in the size 200mm x 100mm
x 100mm (including mortar thickness) Fly ash bricks, sometimes also come
in modular form.
Conventional bricks have a frog (depressed / raised portion) on one of the
larger surface bearing the Manufacturer’s brand. These also provide a good
mechanical key for bonding (lock ability) with mortar.
The modular bricks do not have the frog on them. Fly ash bricks exhibit
almost similar mechanical properties as brunt clay bricks. Exposed
brickwork with precise pointing is possible if the shapes are perfect.
 The four board categories of bricks used in construction:

Ist Class Brick IInd Class Brick IIIrd Class Brick Over burnet
Bricks
1. Perfect in Not so uniform as Ist Much interior to IInd Absolutely out
Size/shape/ quality of class bricks in Size/shape/ class bricks in terms shape of size,
burning quality of of Size/shape/ over burnet.
burning quality of Fused with
burning more bricks
with a honey
comb texture
2. Red to cherry red in Red in color . Dark red in color. Black in color.
color.

3. Do not absorb more Do not absorb more than Do not absorb more
than 15-17% water of 22% water of their own than 25% water of
their own weight , if weight , if kept submerged their own weight , if
kept submerged for one for one hour under water. kept submerged for
hour under water one hour under water
4. Suitable for floors & Used for internal walls. Used for interior Not used in
reinforced brick slabs. construction works , building
where less rainfall construction
occurs works & used
as road metal,
also in
foundations.
 Aggregate

Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically inactive)

material, which when bounded together by cement, form concrete. Most
aggregates used in this country are naturally occurring aggregates such as
Sand , crushed rock and gravel.

Fig. 2 Aggregates

Aggregates for concrete are divided into three categories:

Fine Aggregates: Most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve and
retained on 150 micron.
Coarse Aggregates: Most of which passes through 63 mm I.S. sieve and
retained on 4.75 micron.

[15]
All in Aggregate: Mixed aggregate, as it comes from the pit or riverbed. It is
sometimes used for unimportant work without separating into different sizes.

Properties of Natural Aggregates:

The properties should comply with the norms laid down in IS: 38-1970
Specification for C.A. and F.A. from natural sources for concrete.
Aggregates should be chemically inert, strong, hard, durable, of limited
porosity (water absorption when immersed in water for 24 hours should not
be more than 10%.), free from adherent coating, clay lumps, coal and
coal residues and should contain no organic or other admixture that may
cause corrosion of the reinforcement or impair the strength or durability of
the concrete. The shape (rounded, irregular, angular and flaky) and sizes of the
aggregates should conform to the strength and workability requirements.

Uses of the Aggregates:

1. Naturally occurring crushed stone aggregates can be used for

producing any type of good concrete or R.C.C. for construction purpose.
2. Broken brick aggregates is used to produce plain concrete but not
suitable for R.C.C. which is lighter than broken stone aggregate. 3. Air-
cooled blast furnace slag, which is a by- product in the process of pig iron,
forms a stronger and durable concrete when mixed with sand, and has a
high fire resistance.

[16]
 Reinforcement Steel

RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. To enhance the load carrying
capacity of the concrete it is reinforced with steel bars of different diameters
provided in an appropriate manner. Such concrete is called reinforced
concrete and the bars are called the reinforcement. These bars are provided
at various locations to resist the internal forces, which are developed due
to the loads acting on the structure.

Fig. 3 Reinforcement Steel.

Reinforcing steel contributes to the tensile strength of the concrete.

Concrete has low tensile, but high compressive strength. The tensile
deficiency is compensated by reinforcing the concrete mass through
insertion of plain or twisted mild steel bars. Both branded and unbranded

[17]
bars are available. It is wise to buy good brands the names of which are
marked on the steel. During construction make sure that steel
reinforcement is provided exactly as the engineering design specification.

Precautions:

 Steel bars/rods should be responsibly clean and free of rust.

 Bars that cannot be easily bent manually or mechanically should be
rejected.
 Optimum length bars must not be chosen to reduce wastage in cutting.
 To avoid laps, shorter bars must not be accepted
 Welded length of the bars should not be accepted

Water

The strength and durability of concrete depends also on the amount of water
mixed with it. Too much or too little Water can adversely affect the strength of
concrete. After concrete is cast, water is used to cure it so that the
temperature is controlled and concrete matures slowly.
It is very important to use clean, potable water in quality concrete
production. Brackish or salty water must never be used. Contaminated water
will produce concrete mortars with lower durability, erratic set characteristics
and inconsistent colour.

[18]
2.4 THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE
PROPERTIES ON CEMENT CONCRETE

Concrete is a mixture of cementious material, aggregate and water.

Aggregate is commonly considered inert filler, which accounts for 60 to 80%
of the volume and 70 to 85% of the weight of the concrete. Although
aggregate is considered inert filler, it is a necessary component that
defines the concrete s thermal and elastic properties and dimensional
stability.

Physical and mineralogical properties of aggregate must be known before

mixing concrete to obtain a desirable mixture. These properties include
shape and texture, size gradation, moisture content, specific gravity,
reactivity, soundness, and bulk unit weight. These properties along with
water /cementitious material ratio determine the strength, workability and
durability of the concrete.

The shape and texture of the aggregate affects the properties of fresh
concrete more than hardened concrete. Concrete ids more workable when
smooth and rounded aggregate is used instead of rough angular or
elongated aggregate. Crushed stone produces much more angular and
elongated aggregate, which have a higher surface to volume ratio better
bond characteristics but require more cement paste to produce a workable
mixture.

[19]
 The surface texture of the aggregate can be either smooth or rough. A smooth
surface can improve workability yet a rougher surface generates a stronger
bond between the paste and the aggregate creating a higher strength.

The grading or size distribution of aggregate is an important

characteristic because it determines the paste requirement for workable
concrete. The required amount of the concrete paste is dependent upon the
amount of void space that must be filled and the total surface area that must
be covered. When the particles are of uniform size the spacing is the
greatest but when a range of sizes is used the void spaces are filled, the less
workable the concrete becomes, therefore, a compromise between
workability and economy is necessary.
The moisture content of an aggregate is an important factor when
developing the proper water/cementitious material ratio. The density of the
aggregate is required in mixture proportioning to establish weight- volume
relationships

[20]
[21]
2.5 Reinforced Cement Concrete
Plain concrete is very strong in compression but its tensile strength is
only about 1/10 of the strength in the compression. So, the use of the plain
concrete is limited to the structure in pure compression. Steel being equally
strong in compression and tension, is, therefore, used to reinforce the concrete
in a suitable way so that it can be used to build supporting structure where
tension also develops . Concrete, thus reinforced is known as reinforced
concrete .

This combination is made because long steel bars can develops its full
strength where it cannot carry equal amount of compressive force due to its
buckling which is caused by the slenderness. Thus, the combination of
concrete and steel bars has proved to be ideal, as the two material are used to
resist the stresses for which they are most suitable.

Fig. 4
Reinforced Cement
Concrete

[22]
Properties of the reinforced cement concrete:

1) The concrete develops very good bond with the surface of the steel bars and
, therefore the stresses are transferred from one material to the other which
Cannot resist individually.
2) The steel possesses a high tensile strength, a high modulus of
elasticity and same coefficients of expansion and contraction as concrete.
Due to equal
linear coefficients, no internal stresses are set up within reinforced
concrete due to variation in temperature.
3) The coating of cement grout or paste on the surface of the reinforcement
protects it from corrosion and at the same time it does not chemically
react with the reinforcement.

Advantages of the reinforcement cement concrete:

1) It is overall economical in ultimate cost.

2) Its monolithic character provides more rigidity to the structure.

3) It is highly durable and fire resisting. It is not affected by the vermins

termites fungus or such other insects.
4) Well-compacted R.C.C. structure is impermeable to moisture penetration.
5) Care and cost of maintenance of R.C.C. structure are almost negligible.
6) The fluidity of the concrete and flexibility of reinforcement make it to
possible to mould the R.C.C. members into variety of shapes desired.

[23]
[24]
2.6 Design Philosophy

R.C.C. design of building is being carried out mainly by three methods of

design. They are namely:
(1) Working stress method
(2) Ultimate load method and
(3) Limit state method.

The Limit state method is now is vogue in all government design

offices and premier private
consulting firms. The B.I.S. have published I.S.: 456-2000 incorporating
the use of the Limit state method of
design. The designer should therefore get well versed with the theory of
Limit state method.

Working Stress Method: In this method the design is based on the

working load and the criterion for the strength of the structure is its
capacity to sustain the loads and forces imposed on it.

Limit State Method is a judicious amalgamation of Working Stress

Method and Ultimate Stress Method, removing the drawback of both of
the method but retaining their good points. It is also based on sound
scientific principles and backed by 25 year of research.
The Limit State Method has proved to have an edge over the Working
Stress Method from the economic point of view. Consequently we need no
stick to Working Stress Method any more.

[25]
Besides analytical part of the structural design, following factors should
also be kept in mind while designing the structure.

a) Strength of structure.
b) Durability of structure.
c) Serviceability of structure during construction as well as during
design lifetime of structure.
d) Economy in building material and ease of constructions.
e) Economy in centering and formwork.
f) Aesthetics of structure
Fig 5 Methods of RCC Design

[26]
2.7 Cement Concrete

Cement concrete is a composite material used for construction of various civil

engineering structures. It is obtained by mixing the basic ingredients such as
cement, Fine aggregate (normally sand) and coarse aggregate (normally stone
pieces) in required proportions. Water is added in the required measure and the
mixture is put into a mechanical mixer to achieve concrete. Concrete is
poured into the formwork (mould made up of plywood, steel plates and
timber) to get the desired shape. It is then vibrated to achieve proper
compaction (uniform denseness). High temperature is generated through
chemical reaction in this process. Curing (control of temperature) with water is
essential to achieve the desired strength of the concrete.

Concrete gains compressive strength progressively with time. The strength

achieved at the end of the 28 days is called the Characteristics
Compressive Strength of the concrete and is designed as a Grade. About 60%
of this strength is achieved at the end of the 7 days from the date of casting.
Concrete continues to gain strength even beyond 28 days, albeit marginally.
The form is subsequently removed. Different compressive strength of the
concrete can be achieved by mixing the basic ingredients in different
proportions. Being a material moulded at site, the durability of the concrete
over a long period of time depends on its mixing, placement, vibration
and curing which together contribute to its workmanship .

[27]
 F
Fig 6
Cement – Concrete

Properties of Cement concrete

Strength of concrete:-
It should be have high compressive strength. The tensile and shear strengths
are generally about 8 to 12% and 8 To 10% of their compressive strength
respectively. The compressive strength of concrete is affected by several
factors such as
(a) Quality of the material and grading of the aggregates
(b) Water
(c) Water cement ratio
(d) Cement content
[28]
(e) Age of the concrete
(f) Method of mixing placing compacting and curing

Workability of concrete
The concrete should have sufficient workability. The workability of the
concrete indicates the ease with which it can be mixed, placed and compacted.
Generally the strength decreases with increases of the workability.

Durability of concrete
The concrete possess a high durability value, as it is not much affected by
atmospheric action. On the contrary, with the age, the concrete goes on
hardening, thereby increase in the strength. It is this property, which gives
This material a distinct place among the building material.

Elasticity of concrete
The concrete is not a truly elastic material and elastic modulus is effect
by the strength, age, and moisture content of the concrete and the type
of the aggregate used. The concrete undergoes an extra strain in addition to
instantaneous strain on application of a load or stress, sufficient time. This
extra strain is called creep of concrete and is permanent in character not
recovered on the removal of load.

Shrinkage of concrete
The concrete has a tendency to shrink under following conditions:-
(a) There is initial shrinkage of cement concrete, which is mainly due to loss
of water through forms, absorption by surface of forms.

[29]
(b) The shrinkage of cement concrete occurs as it is hardened. This
tendency of shrinkage on one-hand causes cracks in concrete, while on the
other, it grips the reinforcement tightly and hence proper bond between
concrete and reinforcement when used in R.C.C. work
Fire resistance of concrete
Concrete is good insulator and has a fairly good fire resistance owing to
the presence of pores and also water.

2.8 Workability

[30]
Workability is the most elusive property of concrete. A concrete is said to be
workable if it can be easily mixed, handled, transported, placed in position
and compacted. A workable concrete should not show any segregation Or
bleeding.
The segregation is said to occur when the coarse aggregate tries to
separate out from the finer material and
this result in concentration of coarse aggregate at one place and fine
material at another place in the mass concrete. The segregation creates
larger voids and reduces the durability and strength both.
The bleeding of concrete is said to occur when excess water comes up at
the surface of the concrete. This causes the undesirable small pores
through the mass of the concrete.

The workability of the concrete effected by many factors: -

(a) Shape of the aggregates
(b) grading and size of the aggregates
(c) ratio and coarse and fine aggregates
(d) efficiency of mixing
(e) quantity of water and use of any mixture.

For maximum strength, the desired workability of fresh concrete can be

attained by the following measure:

(i) The proportion of coarse aggregate may be reduced, because the finer
is the grading, the greater will be the workability.
(ii) The proportion of coarse aggregate may be reduced while on the

[31]
other hand corresponding increases may be made in that of the finer
aggregates.
(iii) The process of mixing concrete can be repeated second time by use
of the vibrator.

2.9 Water Cement Ratio

[32]
Water cement ratio is the ratio of the water in a mix (excluding water
absorbed already by the aggregate) to the weight of cement their in. water
cement ratio is the most important factor governing the strength of
concrete. The strength of the concrete depend mainly open the amount of
cement and the amount of water in it. The correct quantity Of water cement
ratio required for a particular mix depends upon various factors such as mix
proportions, type and grading of aggregate, method of compaction
applied and weather condition.
Fig.7 Water- Cement Ratio
On the other hand workability of a concrete mix increases as the water
content or water cement ratio of mix increased, because the water lubricate

the mixture. But, at the same time increases in water content deceases
the strength. Excess of water, further weaken the concrete, produces shrinkage
cracks and decreases density.

2.10 Manufacturing of Concrete

[33]
In the manufacture of concrete, it is almost important to ensure that a
concrete of predetermined proportion is continuously placed in position
in such a way that each batch almost like the other batches as far as
possible.

Batching of the concrete

After fixing the proportion of different ingredients of concrete for a
particular work, the material C.A., F.A., cement and water measured out in
batches for mixing. The process is known as Batching. This process of
batching may be carried out by weight or by volume.

(i) Weight batching: - The unit of weight, for material of concrete, is

usually Kilogram. The batching of material by weight is absolutely
straightforward, the cement, sand and coarse aggregate being all weighed
directly in Kilogram.
(ii) Volume batching: - In batching by volume, all ingredient i.e. water,
cement, sand and coarse aggregate are measured in liters, where the resulting
concrete (being) solid measured in cubic meters.

[34]
 Mixing of concrete
Mixing of concrete may be carried out by hand or machine (by using a
mechanical mixture) but the mixing by machine is always preferred.

(i) Mixing by hand :- In this, mixing carried out by hand on a clean,

hard and water tight platform. Firstly cement, sand, aggregate are mixed by
hand with the help of the shovel and a desired quantity of the water added to it
and mix properly. This type of mixing carried out in the small work and
unimportant work.
(ii) Mixing in machine: - The machine used for mixing concrete is
known as mechanical concrete mixer. There are two main type of concrete
mixer is commonly use namely:
Continuous mixers are used in massive construction such as dams,
bridges, etc., which involve the use of large masses of concrete and
also required the continuous flow of concrete.

Batch mixer is most commonly used and consisting of a revolving drum with
blades or baffles inside it. In batch mixer, all the material of desired
proportioned mix are fed into the hopper of the revolving drum on
being
rotated at a certain speed mixes the material with the aid of a series of blades
providing inside, the resulting mix is finally discharged from the drum and
conveyed for used

[35]
 Transporting the concrete

Transporting the concrete mix is defined as the transferring of concrete from

the mixing plant to the construction site. Keep in mind that not all
concrete is mixed on the actual construction site and could require some
significant travel.
This is most common for ready mixed concrete. The main objective in
transporting concrete is to ensure that the water cement ratio, slump or
consistency, air content, homogeneity are not modified from there
intended states.
The concrete transport commonly by the steel pipes

Placing and finishing of concrete

Mixing, transporting, and handling of concrete should be carefully
coordinated with placing and finishing operations. Concrete should not be
deposited more rapidly than it can be spread, struck off, consolidation, and
bull floated. Concrete should be deposited continuously as near as
possible to its final position. In slab construction, placing should be
started along the perimeter at one end of the work with each batch placed
against previously dispatched concrete. Concrete should not be dumped in
separate piles and then leveled and worked together; nor should the
concrete be deposited in large piles and moved horizontally into final position.

Consolidation
In some types of construction, the concrete is placed in forms, and then
consolidated. The consolidation compacts fresh concrete to mold it within the
forms and around embedded items and reinforcement and to eliminate
[36]
stone pockets, honeycomb and entrapped air. It should not remove
significant amount of intentionally entrained air.

Vibration either internal or external is the most widely used method for
consolidating concrete. When concrete is vibrated, the internal friction
between the aggregate particles is temporarily destroyed and the concrete
behave like a liquid; it settles in the forms under the action of gravity
and the large entrapped air voids rise more easily to the surface. Internal
friction is reestablished as soon as vibration stops.

Finishing

Concrete that will be visible, such as slab like driveway, highway or patios
often need finishing. Concrete slabs can be finished in many ways,
depending on the intended service use. Options include various colors and
textures, such as exposed aggregate or a patterned stamped surface. Some
surface may require only strike off and screeding to proper contour and
elevation, while for other surface a broomed, floated, or troweled finish may
be specified. In slab construction screeding or strike off is the process of
cutting off excess concrete to bring the top surface of the slab to proper grade.
A straight edge is moved across the concrete with a sawing motion and
advanced forward a short distance with each movement.
Bull floating eliminates high and low spots and embeds large aggregate
particles immediately after strike off.
This look like a long handled straight edge pulled across the concrete. Joining
is required to eliminate unsightly random cracks. Construction joints are

[37]
made with a groover or by inserting strips of plastic, wood, metal, or
performed joints material into the unhardened concrete. Saw cut joints
can be made after the concrete is sufficiently hard or strong enough to
prevent the reveling. After the concrete has been jointed it should be floated
with a wood or metal hand float or with a finishing machine using float
blades. This embeds aggregate particles just beneath the surface; removes
slight imperfections, humps, and voids; and compacts the mortar at the surface
in preparation for addition finishing operations. Where a smooth, hard,
dense surface is desired, floating should be followed by steel troweling.
Troweling should not be done on a

Surface that has not been floated; troweling after only bull floating is not an
adequate finish procedure. A slip resistant surface can be produced by
brooming before the concrete has thoroughly hardened but it should be
sufficient hard to retain the scoring impression.

[38]
2.11 Formwork

‘Temporary Supporting Structure’ is those structures, which are

temporarily required in building construction either for supporting the laying
of concrete till it gets matured, such as formwork or forms or shuttering. As
fresh concrete is in a plastic state, when it is placed for construction purposes,
so it becomes necessary to provide some temporary structure to confine and
support the concrete, till it gains sufficient strength for self-supporting. The
temporary structure is known as Formwork or shuttering.

Requirement of the formwork

God forms for concrete structure should satisfy the following requirements.
1. It should be strong enough to resist the pressure or the weight of the
fresh concrete and the superimposed loads due to equipment, men etc.
This requires careful design of formwork, because the consideration of
overloads will affect the economy whereas of under loads may cause
failure of the forms work.
2. It should be rigid enough to retain the shape without undue
deformation.
3. It must be made or constructed so light that it does not allow the
cement paste to leak through the joints.
4. The inside surface of the formwork should be smooth so as to give
good appearance to the resulting concrete surface. To achieve this, the

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 inside surface of formwork is usually applied with crude oil or soft
soap solution. This also facilitates the removal of the formwork.
5. The entire formwork should be so made that it can be removed easily
without causing the least injury to the surface or edges of the concrete.
6. It should be made economical by reducing the cost through proper
design, construction and use of formwork.

2.12 Concrete Mix Design

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Introduction
Concrete is the basic engineering material used in most of the civil
engineering structures. Its popularity as basic building material in
construction is because of, its economy of use, good durability and ease with
which it can be manufactured at site. The ability to mould it into any shape
and size, because of its plasticity in green stage and its subsequent hardening
to achieve strength, is particularly useful.
Concrete like other engineering materials needs to be designed for properties
like strength, durability, workability and cohesion. Concrete mix design is the
science of deciding relative proportions of ingredients of concrete, to achieve
the desired properties in the most economical way.
With advent of high-rise buildings and pre-stressed concrete, use of higher
grades of concrete is becoming more common. Even the revised IS 456-2000
advocates use of higher grade of concrete for more severe conditions of
exposure, for durability considerations.
With advent of new generation admixtures, it is possible to achieve higher
grades of concrete with high workability levels economically. Use of mineral
admixtures like fly ash, slag, meta kaolin and silica fume have revolutionized
the concrete technology by increasing strength and durability of concrete by
many folds. Mix design of concrete is becoming more relevant in the above-
mentioned scenario.
However, it should be borne in mind that mix design when adopted at site
should be implemented with proper understanding and with necessary
precautions.

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Durocrete mix design manual is an attempt to increase the awareness among
the users, about concrete mix design. It is made with intention of serving as
ready reckoner for personnel, implementing mix design at site.

Advantages of mix design

Mix design aims to achieve good quality concrete at site economically.
I. Quality concrete means
• Better strength
• Better imperviousness and durability
• Dense and homogeneous concrete

II. Economy
a) Economy in cement consumption
It is possible to save up to 15% of cement for M20 grade of concrete with the
help of concrete mix design. In fact higher the grade of concrete more are the
savings. Lower cement content also results in lower heat of hydration and
hence
reduces shrinkage cracks.
b) Best use of available materials:
Site conditions often restrict the quality and quantity of ingredient materials.
Concrete mix design offers a lot of flexibility on type of aggregates to be used
in mix design. Mix design can give an economical solution based on the
available materials if they meet the basic IS requirements. This can lead to
saving in transportation costs from longer distances.
c) Other properties:
Mix design can help us to achieve form finishes, high early strengths for early

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deshuttering, concrete with better flexural strengths.
What is mix design?
Concrete is an extremely versatile building material because, it can be
designed for strength ranging from M10 (10Mpa) to M100 (100 Mpa) and
workability ranging from 0 mm slump to 150 mm slump. In all these cases the
basic ingredients of concrete are the same, but it is their relative proportioning
that makes the difference.
Basic Ingredients of Concrete: -
1. Cement – It is the basic binding material in concrete.
2. Water – It hydrates cement and also makes concrete workable.
3. Coarse Aggregate – It is the basic building component of concrete.
4. Fine Aggregate – Along with cement paste it forms mortar grout and fills
the voids in the coarse aggregates.
5. Admixtures – They enhance certain properties of concrete e.g. gain of
strength, workability, setting properties, Imperviousness etc. Concrete needs
to be designed for certain properties in the plastic stage as well as in the
hardened stage.

Properties desired from concrete in plastic stage: -

• Workability
• Cohesiveness
• Initial set retardation

Properties desired from concrete in hardened stage: -

• Strength
• Imperviousness

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• Durability

Concrete mix design is the method of correct proportioning of ingredients of

concrete, in order to optimize the above properties of concrete as per site
requirements.
In other words, we determine the relative proportions of ingredients of
concrete to achieve desired strength & workability in a most economical way.

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2.13 Conclusion

The main aim of studies within this project was to investigate how a structure
is constructed within its desired properties. We get knowledge about the basic
& advanced techniques of building construction as well as saw the challenges
which a civil engineer have to face during construction i.e. labour problems,
cost management, environmental challenges etc. We cleared our many doubts
regarding building construction. We had seen dewatering system at project
site for construction which is not used at our state anymore, so it was a new
thing for us.
Although are subjects more important for technicians, in the project we have
been studied some mechanic or electro-mechanic machinery such as the ready
mix plant because basic knowledge about their working is important for an
engineer but also because was the opportunity to see and understand them.
Overhaul it must be said that the construction methods and quality control on
a highway project needs a very good coordination and large quantities of man
power, equipment and funds.
During the period of one & half month all the company staff helped us a lot to
provide all the information about any query. So we are grateful to all the staff
as well as we are so thankful to our Civil Engineering for their kind support.

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