Basic Calculus
Quarter 4: Module 1:
Antiderivative of a
Function
Basic Calculus – Grade 11
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Antiderivative of a Function
First Edition, 2020
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Quarter 4: Module 1:
Antiderivative of a
Function
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their learning at home. Furthermore,
you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the
tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
As a learner, you must learn to become responsible for your learning.
Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities in the
module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of
the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience
meaningful learning and gain a deep understanding of the relevant
competencies. You can do it!
ii
Let Us Learn
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the concept of the antiderivative of a function. The scope of
this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in
which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are
now using.
The module is composed of one lesson:
Ø Lesson 1 – Antiderivative of a Function
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. illustrate an antiderivative of a function (STEM_BC11I-IVa-1)
Let Us Try
Vocabulary Check: Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the
best answer.
1. Find the derivative of f(x) = x7.
a. 𝑓′(𝑥) = 7𝑥 ! c. 𝑓′(𝑥) = 42𝑥 !
b. 𝑓′(𝑥) = 6𝑥 " d. 𝑓′(𝑥) = −42𝑥 !
2. Which of the following is the derivative of cos x?
#$% &
a. − sin 𝑥 c. %'( &
b. sin 𝑥 d. tan 𝑥
3. Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 ) + 5𝑥.
a. 𝑓 * (𝑥) = −6𝑥 + + 5 c. 𝑓 * (𝑥) = 12𝑥 + + 5
b. 𝑓 * (𝑥) = 6𝑥 + + 5 d. 𝑓 * (𝑥) = −12𝑥 + + 5
4. Which of the following is the derivative of ln x?
1
a. 𝑓′(𝑥) = ln 2𝑥 c. 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑒 &
1
b. 𝑓′(𝑥) = & d. 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑥
5. Find the derivative of f(x) =√𝑥.
1
a. 𝑓 * (𝑥) = 2𝑥 21/+ c. 𝑓 * (𝑥) = +√&
1
b. 𝑓 * (𝑥) = 𝑥 1/+ d. 𝑓 * (𝑥) = − +√&
1
Let Us Study
Antiderivative of a Function
Definition
The functions F(x) is called antiderivative of a function of f(x) if F’(x) =
f(x) for all x in the domain of f. So, If F is an antiderivative of f, then the
derivative of F is f.
The notation used to represent all antiderivative of a function f(x) is the
indefinite integral symbol written (∫ ). That is, if f is a function of x, then we
use the symbol,
If
5
5&
9𝐹(𝑥); = 𝑓(𝑥), then ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
The ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 means the (collection of) antiderivatives of f. The symbol
dx must be present to indicate that we are looking for the antiderivative of f
as a function of x. The expression F(x) + C is called the indefinite integral of F
concerning the independent variable x, and C is referred to as the constant of
integration.
The indefinite integral of a function is sometimes called the general
antiderivative of the function as well.
Antiderivative Rule of a Trigonometric Function
5
Recall from the definition of an antiderivative that, if 5&
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥), then
∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶.
Derivative Rule Antiderivative Rule
𝑑
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 D cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 D sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
tan 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝑥 D 𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
Antiderivative Rule of an Exponential Function
The exponential function, 𝑦 = 𝑒 & , is its own derivative and its own integral.
D 𝑒 & 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 & + 𝐶
&
𝑎&
D 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑙𝑛𝑎
2
1
D 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
Example 1. Find the general antiderivative of -7.
Solution:
The derivative of f(x) = -7x is F(x) = -7, so
∫ −7𝑑𝑥 = −7𝑥 + 𝐶
Therefore, the derivative of -7x + C is -7 and so -7x + C is an indefinite
integral of -7.
Example 2. Find the general antiderivative of 𝑥 + + 4.
Solution:
The antiderivative of F(x) = 𝑥 + is f (x) = 2x, where 4 is an arbitrary
constant. So, The power of x becomes the
coefficient of the term and
subtracts the exponent by 1. C is
∫(𝑥 2
+ 4)𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝐶 any constant.
Example 3. Find ∫ 6𝑥5 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
The derivative of x6 = 6(x)6-1= 6x5.
∫ 6𝑥5 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥6 + 𝐶
Example 4. Find∫ 5 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
' 5 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ' cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The antiderivative of cos x is sin x.
= 5 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
Some Rules for Calculating Integrals
Rules for operating with integrals are derived from the rules of
derivatives.
𝑑 𝑑
.𝑐𝑓(𝑥)/ = 𝒄 𝑑𝑥 .𝑓(𝑥)/ , for any constant c,
𝑑𝑥
that is,
Rule 1
∫(𝑐𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , for any constant c.
The integral of a constant multiple of a function is a constant multiple of the
integral of a function.
3
Rule 2
From the derivative of the sum and difference of a function f and a function
g is the same as the sum of the derivative of f and the derivative of g.
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) = 2𝑓(𝑥)) ± 𝑑𝑥 (𝑔(𝑥)3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
We have,
∫(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 .
Example 5. Find∫(2𝑥 + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
The antiderivative of
∫ 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2x is x2 (power rule)
= (𝑥 + + 𝐶1 ) + (sin 𝑥 + 𝐶+ ) and the antiderivative
of cos x is sin x.
= 𝑥 + + sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝐶1 is from the antiderivative of 2x, and 𝐶+ is from the antiderivative of sin x.
Can we combine the 𝐶1 and 𝐶+ into one single constant C? YES! Remember
that C represents only a constant, so is 𝐶1 and 𝐶+ .The sum of two constants
𝐶1 and 𝐶+ is just another constant. So, we can represent the sum of the two
constants with a single term, C.
Example 6. Find ∫(3 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑥3 + sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
∫(3 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑥3 + sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
The derivative of: 3x is 3,
+ : x2 →2(x)2-1 is 2x,
= 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 + (− cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
x4→ 4(x)4-1 is 4x3, and
sin x is -cos x
= 𝑥 − 𝑥 + + 𝑥 : − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
Example 7. Find ∫(1 + 12𝑥 − 6𝑥2 )𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
∫(1 + 12𝑥 − 6𝑥2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 12𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 6𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 The derivative of:
+
= 𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝐶 ) x =1, 6x2= 2(6x)2-1=
12x, and 2x3=3(2x)3-1=
6x2.
3
Example 8. Find ∫(𝑒𝑥 + 𝑥 + 4𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
3 3
∫(𝑒𝑥 + 𝑥 + 4𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 The derivative of:
𝑥 ex = ex , ln x= 1/x, and
sec2 x = tan x.
4
= 𝑒 & + 3 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 4 tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
Integrating Powers of x
The power rule for differentiation says that
𝑑 ;
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 ;21 , so ∫ 𝑛𝑥 ;21 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ; + 𝐶.
Similarly,
𝑑 ;<1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 ) = (𝑛 + 1)𝑥 ; , so ∫(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ;<1 + 𝐶.
If we reverse the process of the power rule, we get the power rule for
antiderivatives. For n ≠-1, then
1
∫ 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ;<1 . (𝑛 + 1) 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑥
"
Notice that #$" (𝑛 + 1) is just 1
when we cancel.
1
= ;<1 ∫(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑥 Take
"
outside the integral sign.
#$"
1
= ;<1 𝑥 ;<1 + 𝐶.
Example 9. Find ∫ 𝑥4 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
1 1
∫ 𝑥4 𝑑𝑥 = (4+1) 𝑥4+1 + 𝐶 = A
𝑥A + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
Example 10. Find ∫ 𝑥3 .
Solution:
5& 1
∫ & ! = 𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 = (2)<1)
𝑥 2)<1 + 𝐶 "
𝑥3
is equivalent to 𝑥 %& .
1 1
= 2+ 𝑥 2+ + 𝐶 =- +& "
+𝐶 𝑥 %' is equivalent to
"
.
𝑥2
4
Example 11. Find ∫ $5 − 3𝑥2 + % 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥2
Solution:
4 4
∫ $5 − 3𝑥2 + 𝑥2% 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 5𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 3𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
Take the coefficient
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 outside the integral sign.
& "#$ & %"#$ Apply the power rule of
= 𝑥 − 3 Q +<1 R + 4 Q 2+<1 R + 𝐶
antiderivative.
&! & %$ Simplify.
= 𝑥 − 3 Q ) R + 4 Q 21 R + 𝐶
= 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) − 4𝑥 21 + 𝐶 𝑥 %" is equivalent to 𝑥.
"
:
= 𝑥 − 𝑥) − & + 𝐶
5
Example 12. Find ∫(1 + 12𝑥 − 6𝑥2 )𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
∫(1 + 12𝑥 − 6𝑥2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 12𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 6𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 Take the coefficient
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 12 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 6 ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 outside the integral sign.
' ()( & "#$
= 𝑥 + 12 2 ()( 3 - 6 Q R+𝐶 Apply the power rule of
+<1 antiderivative.
'* &!
= 𝑥 + 12 2 * 3 - 6 Q R + 𝐶 Simplify.
)
= 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + − 2𝑥 ) + 𝐶
Observe examples 7 and 12. What have you notice? What are their differences
in solving antiderivative of a function?
Let Us Practice
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Find the general antiderivative of 9.
𝑎. −9𝑥 + 𝐶 c. 9𝑥 B + 𝐶
b. 9𝑥 + 𝐶 d. −9𝑥 B + 𝐶
2. Find ∫ 7𝑥6 𝑑𝑥.
𝑎. 42𝑥 ! + 𝐶 c. 𝑥 " + 𝐶
𝑏. −42𝑥 ! + 𝐶 d. −𝑥 " + 𝐶
1
3. Find ∫ − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥.
a. ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 c. 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1
b. & + 𝐶 d. +& + 𝐶
4. Find ∫(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑎. sin 𝑥 * + 𝐶 c. sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
b. cos 𝑥2 + 𝐶 d. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
5
5. Find ∫ $6 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑥% 𝑑𝑥 .
a. 6 tan 𝑥 + 5 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 c. 6 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑥 + 5 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
b. 6 cot 𝑥 + 5 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 d. 6 𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝑥 + 5 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
6
Let Us Practice More
Application on the Antiderivative of a Function
In reference to the given answers below fill in the missing solution.
Given Problem. A ball is being thrown from the top of the building with an
initial velocity of 45 m/s. The building is 180 meters tall. The downward
acceleration of the ball due to gravity is -9.8 m/s2. What is the highest point
the ball will reach? How long does it take the ball to reach the ground?
Remember that acceleration is the derivative of velocity with respect to time,
and the velocity is the derivative of the distance travelled with respect to time.
Hint: Let s(t) represent the displacement of the ball as a function of time t.
v(t) represent the velocity of the ball as a function of time.
a(t) represent the acceleration of the ball as a function of time.
Given: a(t) = -9.8 m/s2
v(0) = 45 m/s. At time t=0, the initial velocity of the ball is 45 m/s.
s(0) = 180 meters. At time t=0, the initial height of the ball is 180 meters
above ground.
Given Answer:
To find the velocity:
𝑣(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑎(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ −9.8𝑑𝑡 = −9.8𝑡 + 𝑣C = -9.8 t + ______
To find the distance:
−9.8𝑡 +
𝑠(𝑡) = D 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = D −9.8𝑡 + 45𝑑𝑡 = + 45 𝑡 + 𝑠C
2
= -4.9 𝑡 + + 45t + ________
To find the highest point above the ground when its upward velocity is 0:
-9.8 t + 45 = 0
t = -45/-9.8 = _______
To find how high it reaches:
s(4.5)= -4.9(4.5)2 +45(4.5)+180= ________ meters above the ground.
Solve the t, when the ball reaches the ground:
t = -4.9 𝑡 + + 45t + 180
Using quadratic formula:
#$%±'$%! #$($.*)(,-.)
t= ≈ ________.
/(#$.*)
After about _________ seconds, the ball will hit the ground.
7
Let Us Remember
True or False. Read and analyze the questions below. If you
think the statement is correct write TRUE, if not write FALSE.
_______ 1. If F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x) and c is any constant, then F(x)+c
is also an antiderivative of f(x).
_______ 2. The antiderivative of a constant function is 0.
_______ 3. The antiderivative of function f plus an antiderivative of function g
is an antiderivative function of (f + g).
_______ 4. The antiderivative of function f divided by an antiderivative of
function g is an antiderivative function of (f /g).
_______ 5. The antiderivative of the cosine function is a negative sine.
Let Us Assess
Solve the problem below.
Given Problem. Apply the rules of antiderivation.
A student claims that∫ cos 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥2 + 𝐶. Determine whether
the student is correct or incorrect.
Let Us Enhance
Perform each given task.
1. Find the general antiderivative of the following:
a. ∫(2 − 10𝑥 + 3𝑥2 )𝑑𝑥
b. ∫(sin 𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥 + 5𝑥4 )𝑑𝑥
1
1 3
c. ∫(𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 )𝑑𝑥
2. Find the antiderivative using the integrating power of x.
a. ∫(𝑥3 + 3𝑥 + 12𝑥5 )𝑑𝑥
1 2
b. ∫(𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
8
Let Us Reflect
Answer what is asked.
1. Define antiderivative of a function.
2. When can you apply antiderivative of a function in real-life situation?
3. What have you learned from the lesson?
9
10
Let Us Reflect Let Us Enhance
Answers may vary
1. a. 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 ) + ⬚* + 𝑐
𝑏. cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 + + 𝑥 , + 𝑐
Let Us Practice More c. ln 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 */) ⬚ + 𝑐
To find the velocity:
2. a. / 𝑥 0 + * 𝑥 ) + 2𝑥 1 + 𝑐
0 )
𝑣(𝑡) = 4 𝑎(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 4 −9.8𝑑𝑡 = −9.8𝑡 + 𝑣+
/ /⬚
= -9.8 t + 45 b. * 𝑥 * − 2𝑥 − + + c
To find the distance:
𝑠(𝑡) = 4 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 4 −9.8𝑡 + 45𝑑𝑡
−9.8𝑡 ' Let Us Assess Let Us Remember
= + 45 𝑡 + 𝑠+ Incorrect, since the
2 1. True
= -4.9 𝑡 ' + 45t + 180 derivative of cos x is sin 2. False
To find the highest point above the 3. True
ground when its upward velocity is 0: x, while the derivative
4. False
-9.8 t +45 = 0 of x is x2/2. Therefore,
t = -45/-9.8 = 4.5 5. True
To find how high it reaches:
∫ cos 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 +
s(4.5)= -4.9(4.5)2 +45(4.5)+180= 283 𝑥2 /2 + 𝐶
meters above the ground.
Solve the t, when the ball reaches the Let Us Practice Let Us Try
ground:
t = -4.9 𝑡 ' + 45t + 180 1. A
1. B
2. A
2. C
Using quadratic formula: 3. B
3. B
%,-±/,-!%,(,.2)("4+) 4. B
t= ≈ 12.2 4. D
'(%,.2) 5. C
5. A
After about 12 seconds, the ball will
hit the ground.
Answer Key
References
Asin, Ricardo. Differential Calculus Reviewer Revised Edition.
Merriam &Webster, Bookstore, INC. Manila, Philippines.
(1991)
Barnes, Mary. Introduction to Integration Part1: Anti-Derivative.
Mathematics Learning Centre. The University of
Sydney.(1999).
Boelkins Matt, Austin, D., Schlicker, S. 1.7 Limits, Continuity, and
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