THEOLOGY 103 CHURCH HISTORY

The brief History of the Church

In Bible terms, the church is made up of every person who has a personal relationship with Jesus Christ.
The word “church”comes from a Greek word, “ekklesia”, which means “an assembly,” “gathering”

There are many instances in Scripture where Jesus is referred to as the head of the church, and the

church is referred to as the ‘body of Christ.’

The New Testament has many names for the church: it is spoken of as God’s building, his planting, his vineyard,
his temple, his household, his olive tree, his city, and his people.

The Early years of the Church

Christ and the Apostles lived as a community

Jesus was put to death by the Roman authorities at the tribunal of the Jews on a fabricated charge

of sedition in the year 33.

He was laid in a tomb and which was indeed made secure as per instructions of the scribe and the

Pharisees by orders from Pilate (Mt 27:62-66) but on the third day, rumors spread that he came back to life to
stop the spreading of the news, the Jewish authorities “decided to give the soldiers a good sum of money” to tell
that it was all a lie (Mt 28 12-15) but then, there was that gaping empty tomb

as primary evidence, not to say any more of the other tombs that “were opened” and several holy people who
have died were raised to life. They came out of the tombs after the resurrection of Jesus, entered the Holy City
and appeared to many” (Mt 27:52-53).

Meanwhile, Jesus showed Himself to his friends and acquaintances and even mildly reprimanded “doubting
Thomas and companions their unbelief” (Mk 15:9-14; Jn 20:24-29). After forty days, he ascended to heaven,
leaving the Apostles to “preach the Good News to all creation.” (Mk 16:15).

After Christ’s death……. The apostles feared for their lives…….. Their hopes crumpled all around them

Through Christ’s resurrection….the apostles found new hope

The resurrection of Christ is the starting point of Christian faith

The Ascension of Jesus- Before he ascended into heaven, Jesus commanded his disciples to make more disciples,
baptize them, and instruct them in the

He also promised that he will be with us until the end of time and that he will be back “and you shall be my
witness in Jerusalem and in Judea and Samaria and to the ends of the earth”

Apostolic Institution

The Apostles were chosen by the Lord Himself. They received the orders from Him. The choosing of the twelve to
do the work of spreading the Gospel could not be doubted.

The synoptic Gospel is one of these. “Then Jesus went up into the hill country and called those He

wanted and they came to Him. So He appointed twelve disciples to Him and gave them.

Peter or Simon the chosen head of the twelve- The Twelve Apostles were a close-knit organized group with
peter as the recognized leader.

It was to him only: (PETER)

1. that the Father revealed the real identity of Jesus (Mt 16: 17)
2. that Christ promised to found His Church (Mt. 16:18)
3. that Christ promised the power of the “Keys” of the kingdom (Mt 18:19)

And so after His resurrection, Christ commissioned Peter to feed His sheep as well as His lambs (leaders and
followers in the flock). (Jn 21: 15-17).
Jesus knows the weakness of Peter as a man and so, him as the leader of the group, He promised a special prayer
that his “faith fail not, and when converted to strength the brethren” (Lk 22:31-32).

The Apostles, all the disciples recognizing the will of the Master in this matter could not do otherwise but
follow.

*The notification of the resurrection was given to Peter first. (Mk 16: 7, Jn 20:1-2)

*As good and trusted leader, peter verified the truth of the resurrection (Lk 24:12)

*At the Pentecost, Peter acted as the spokesman (Acts 2:14-47)

*His decision was followed when admitting the first gentiles into the Christian fold (Acts 10:1-18)

9 days of waiting

The apostles cannot begin such a difficult mission before they have received the Holy Spirit. They have

done everything that depended on them and cannot but put themselves into the hands of God and

wait perseveringly in prayer for the time He has fixed.

The Holy Spirit Comes

Pentecost is the story of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit upon the waiting disciples.

Such was the force of that experiences that the structures of the synagogue and temple were made obsolete. But
equally, the coming of the Spirit not only renewed the personal lives of individuals, but it also recreated a new
community of shared life and work, new fellowship in the mission of the Gospel to be proclaimed.

And this new community was to be of strategic importance. For called into being by the Spirit, it was also His
witness and agent into the world. Life in the Apostolic Church consisted of the interplay of Spirit, community, and
witness.

As promised by Christ, the Holy Spirit descended on his Apostles after his ascension into heaven.

The Holy Spirit builds, animates, and sanctifies Christ’s mystical body, the Church

As the Spirit descended on the Apostles, they went out from hiding and began to undertake the

evangelizing mission Christ left them with – so was the Church birthed on the Pentecost Sunday.

At the coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, the Apostles were transformed from being fearful disciples into
courageous preachers of the good news.

The Holy Spirit empowered the Apostles to carry out their mission of ……

Evangelization- The initial proclamation of the Gospel to non-believers for the purpose of converting them to
faith in the Lord Jesus.

The 12 and their Mission

In spite of some hesitancy on the part of Peter and the other Apostles, they were able to travel far and wide to
spread the Good News of salvation.

The leadership of Peter was well recognized by the early believers. Thus he was the spokesman on the day of
the Pentecost and was privileged to perform the first miracle. (Acts 2: 14-47, 3: 1-9)

He acted as a judge on the conduct of Ananias and Sapphira (Acts 11). Peter presided over the assembly of the
Apostle in choosing Matthias “to replace Judas in this apostolic ministry which he deserted” (Acts 1:15-26),

He decided on the admission of the first Gentiles into the Church (Acts 10:1-48, 11: 1-18). In making the list of
the Apostles, the Evangelist saw to it that the name of Peter comes first while that of

Judas ends it up. In the Council at Jerusalem, Peter had the last say. (Acts 15:7-11)

The first crisis of the early Church

Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15)

-Set the stage for opening Christianity’s doors to those of any nationality or culture
Paul argued that Christian converts need not pass to circumcision and the strict obedience of the

Jewish law because it is Christ who is the essence of the church.

Mandate of Christ

“To Preach the Good news of the Kingdom of God to all the ends of the Earth”

PERSECUTION OF THE EARLY CHURCH

PERIOD OF PERSECUTIONS

St. Stephen’s Martyrdom Acts 6:54-60

Stephen- a deacon, a man filled with grace and power who was working great wonders and signs among the
people (Acts 6:8)

- Became the first martyrs of Christianity

- His death was the signal for increase persecution against the church at Jerusalem.

Sporadic persecution was experience by the early Christians

REASON OF THE PERSECUTIONS OF THE CHRISTIANS BY THE ROMANS:

Their doctrines based on Christ’s teachings were designated to conquer the minds and the hearts of the humanity
and this became a threat to the might and power of the Roman Empire

The beliefs and practices of the Christians were in conflict with the worldview of the pagan Rome:

-They worship only one God and do not recognize the Roman gods and goddesses. They also refuse to worship
the emperor.

-Christians are believed to be engaged in some form of cannibalism in their Eucharistic

Rite which is celebrated in secret.

-Public spectacles of bloody games, like gladiatorial contest, were condemned by the Christians as inhuman.

-Christians refused to serve in the army and protested against wars.

-Christians showed disloyalty to the state by not paying the imposed temple tax.

Year 64

Under the reign of emperor Nero

General persecution of the early Church started

Great fire in ROME

Death of the Apostle

St. Peter- Preached in Rome where he was crucified upside-down in 64 AD

St. James the Great- Preach in Spain and was beheaded in Jerusalem in 44 AD.

St. John- Preach in Asia Minor, and died a natural death in Ephesus in 100 AD.

St. Andrew -Preached in Russia, and was crucified an X-shaped cross in Greece in 70

St. Philip- Preached in Syria, and was crucified in 54 AD.

St. Bartholomew- Preached in Ethiopia, and was skinned alive and then beheaded in the Caspian Sea in 70 AD.

St. Matthew- Preached to the Hebrews, and was axed to death in 60 AD.

St. Thomas- Preached in India, and was killed by a spear in Madras in 72 AD.

St. James -the Less Preached in Egypt, where he was stoned and clubbed to death in 63 AD

St. Jude Thaddeus- Preached in Edessa, and was crucified in Syria in 64 AD.

St. Simon the Zealot -Preached in Egypt, and was crucified in Persia in 74 AD.
Judas Iscariot- In the Book of Acts (written by the same author as the Gospel of Luke), Judas didn't kill himself
after betraying Jesus. Instead, he went into a field, where “falling headlong, he burst asunder in the midst, and all
his bowels gushed out” (Acts 1:18)

St. Matthias- Preached in Ethiopia and was stoned and beheaded in Georgia in 80 AD.

St. Stephen is the first martyr of Christianity

He is a Fisherman chosen to be the head of the twelve apostles. Simon
Evangelization is the proclamation of the Gospel to non-believers True
Jesus commanded his disciples to baptize more disciples before his Ascension.
True
The first martyrs of Christianity His death were the signal for increased persecution
against the church at Jerusalem. Stephen
The term Church in the bible is a person who has a personal relationship with Christ
True
It is the story of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit upon the waiting disciples.
Pentecost
He argued that Christian converts need not pass to circumcision and the strict
obedience of the Jewish law Paul
The first crisis of the early church is diversity? True
In year 64 is the year when Rome suffered from a great fire. True
It is the Time when Christianity’s doors open to those of any nationality or culture
Council of Jerusalem

The Medieval Period of the Church (lesson 2)

Impact of the Medieval Church
The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance after Roman authority declined. It became the unifying
force in western Europe
Medieval Church
-During the medieval period, the Catholic Church proved to be very powerful
-The Catholic Church became the Center of life for nearly all western Europeans
-The Primary Job of the Church was spiritual
-The Church became involved in politics and social issues
The Pope became the most powerful figure in Europe nearly all of Europe fell under the Pope’s control.
All the people were Catholic, giving the Pope control over peasants, nobles, and kings. The Church
taught that all people were sinners.
Growth during the Middle Ages- The Pope anointed the Holy Roman Emperors. Missionaries carried
Christianity to the Germanic tribes. The Church served the social, political, and religious needs of the
people.
The only way to reach salvation was by gaining the Grace of God. (receiving salvation)
To gain God’s grace, one had to participate in the sacraments namely: Baptism, Penance,
Eucharist, Confirmation, Matrimony, Anointing of the sick, Holy Orders
There were 2 types of Catholic Clergy
1.) Secular Clergy- Pope, Bishops, Priests
2.) Regular Clergy -Monks and nuns
(The church became the most powerful ___RELIGIOUS__, or worldly, force in
medieval Europe.)

St. Benedict

*Created a monastery in Italy

*He issued very strict rules for monks to follow

*Monks could never marry

*Monks could not own property

*Monks had to be obedient

Foundations of early Medieval Society Influenced by the classical heritage of Rome Influenced by Christian
beliefs, and by the customs of Germanic tribes.

Monastic Life

-Monks were very simple people

-Clothing's was simple- a long, loose robe made from dark, coarse material

-Ate 1 to 2 meals a day

-Most monks had to take vows of silence

-Lived in monasteries

The Medieval people had the most contact with which member or members of the
church? (MONKS)

-Women also participated in a life devoted to religion

-These women were nuns

-Nuns lived in convents

- Nuns are known for their gown and veil

Monks and nuns lived isolated from the rest of the people. Yet, they played a large part in the peoples’

lives. The monks preserved classical Roman and Greek texts by hand copying the works.

Monasteries and convents provided schools for the young. There were hospitals for the sick. There were

hotels for the travelers. Monks and nuns taught the people new skills in carpentry, farming, and weaving

Power of the Church

The Catholic Church was powerful both spiritually and politically. The rich gave money to the Church. The Church
was becoming very corrupt because of the $ and power it had. Church leader cared less about salvation and more
about money.

Church Reform

People began to call for reform because the Church was becoming too secular. Monasteries led the reform. A
College of Cardinals would choose the popes. 1073: The Pope outlawed the Practice of Lay Investiture—when
secular rulers appointed Church officials.

1215: Pope Innocent III tried to reform the clergy. He condemned drunkenness, feasting, hawking, and dancing
among the clergy. Pope Innocent III issued Church laws to stop heresy—the denial of the Church’s teachings.
Heretics could be killed or excommunicated

Pope Innocent also started the Inquisition—a Church court designed to find, arrest, judge, and sentence heretics
The Inquisition punished heretics in several ways

1.)imprisonment

2.)excommunication
 3.)taking of property

4.)execution

Friars—wandering preachers—also attempted to make reforms in the Church

There were two groups of friars

Franciscans, Dominicans

Another Lesson

The Church provided...education for some and helped the poor and sick.
What does lay enthronement mean? The power of the church to appoint kings and officials
Medieval Catholics believed that if they didn't receive the holy rites of the church
(sacraments), they would... be excommunicated.
Which sacrament makes you an official member of the Catholic Church? Baptism
After the fall of Rome, the Church was one of the last institutions which stood for...
power and control
Which sacrament is taken only by priests, monks, and nuns? Holy Orders
The Laws followed by the church and its members canon law
Monks lived in... monasteries or abbeys
The word "Catholic" means...Universal
The most powerful figure in the medieval period Pope
Which church dominated life in the Middle Ages? The Roman Catholic Church
The correct social hierarchy of the church from highest to lowest is...Pope, cardinal,
archbishop, bishop, priest, monk.
The Monk’s daily lives consisted of.... work, church service and prayer
Who were often the most educated people in society? monks
What is the main role of the Papacy? claimed the only held power over religious officials and
church matters
Which sacrament earns forgiveness of sins? Penance
Which sacrament washes away your original sin? Baptism

LESSON THREE

The Reformation and Counter Reformation

The Protestant Reformation

What was the Reformation?

Key words : Christian / protest / reform

 The reformation was a split in the Christian church. It happened because people were unhappy about the church;
they protested and wanted to reform Christianity
 They are called Protestants because they protested and started a new religion.
 It is called the Reformation because they set out to reform the church.

It was protestant movement begun at first to correct practices which many people felt were wrong for the Church
to do, but later split off from the Catholic Church

Abuses in the church (faults / wrong-doing)

 Ignorant priests who didn’t even understand the mass.

 Wealthy bishops who had more interest in money than religion.
 Immoral popes like Alexander VI who had mistresses and 7 children and Sixtus who planned to assassinate
Lorenzo de Medici
 Also, simony, nepotism, pluralism and absenteeism

Different abuses in the Church

To neglect your parish or dioceses because you don’t live there- Absenteeism

To have charge of more than one dioceses or parish - Pluralism

To give important jobs in the church to your relatives - Nepotism

To bribe people to elect you to high position in the church – Simony

The beginning Renaissance

 People were thinking for themselves and questioning things.

 They were not afraid to criticize the church
 The Patrons of the arts, the Popes were spending huge money on art.
 This was being paid for by tithes from the poor which made people angry

The Printing Press

 The printing press spread Luther’s ideas all over Europe. It was impossible to destroy all the books now, because
so many were printed

Who was the Reformer?

Martin Luther, John Calvin , King Henry VIII

Martin Luther

 Born in Saxony
 He was studying to be a lawyer
 He got caught in a thunderstorm and promised God he’s become a priest, if he survived
 He became a hardworking Augustinian Monk
 He was not a happy monk , because He believed in ‘ salvation by faith alone ’ and the church did not
 He visited Rome and was shocked by the sinful lives of the cardinals and the Pope.
 He is known to be the Father of the Protestant Reformation
 Believed in Justification by Faith or that a person could be made good by God’s mercy & love
 Brought into conflict with Pope Leo X over Indulgences, buying off people's sins by “donations”
 Preached against Catholic practices he felt were wrong Luther was excommunicate, condemned as a
 heretic, outlaw and he went into hiding.
 While in hiding, Luther translate the bible into German and laid the foundation of the 1 st protestant
faith

Lutheranism

 Salvation was by faith alone (not good works)

 The only source of religious truth was the bible (not priest)
 Church services were held in the vernacular
 Priest could marry

Luther was working as a professor at the University of Wittenberg. Pope Leo X sent John Tetzel to Wittenberg
to sell indulgences to pay for the building of St Peter’s Basilica in Rome. Luther was furious. It sounded like the
Pope was selling places in Heaven. Luther nailed his 95 theses (arguments) to the church door at Wittenberg.
His friends printed his ideas and they spread throughout Germany. Luther became a best seller. His book was
called Confessions of Augsburg.

The Pope & Luther

The Pope issued a papal bull (a papal bull is an official document from the pope). He warned Luther to give up
his ideas. Luther burned the bull in public. The Pope responded by excommunicating Luther and declaring him
a heretic.

Luther and the Princes

Some princes liked Luther’s ideas because Luther said princes should rule the church. German states were run
by princes but were part of the Holy Roman Empire . Emperor Charles V called a meeting of the princes called
the Diet of Worms. Luther was summoned . Charles V warned him to give up his ideas . He refused to give up
his ideas. Charles V issued the Edict of Worms which said Luther was an outlaw and anybody could legally kill
him. Fredrick of Saxony saved Luther by kidnapping him and protecting him in his castle at Wartburg. While at
Wartburg, Luther translated the Bible into German.

Later Life of Luther- Luther married an ex-nun called Catherine von Bora. They had children. Luther’s religion
was called Protestant or Lutheran.

The Differences: Beliefs

Lutheran Catholic

 Only faith in Jesus saves your soul  Faith in God and good works saves your
(Justification soul.
 by faith alone)
 Religious truth is in the Bible and church
 Religious truth is in the Bible  teaching

 2 sacraments exist: baptism and  7 sacraments exist

communion.
 The head of the church is the Pope in Rome
 The local prince rules the church
 Priests must not marry
 Priests can marry
 The communion is the body and blood of
 The communion is the body and blood of Christ
Christ and the bread and wine
 Churches were richly decorated
 Protestant churches were plain and simple
No statues or art  Catholic Lots of statues and art work
 Priests wore plain garments
 The service was in the vernacular language,  Priests wore rich garments
not Latin
 They said mass in Latin

John Calvin

Teaching of Calvin

 You are predestined to go to heaven or hell before you are born

 The Elect go to heaven
 The damned go to hell
 There is only 1 sacrament: baptism
 Ordinary people run the church , not princes or popes

Life in Geneva

 Geneva was run by the Consistory made up of Presbyters, Elders, Doctor and deacons
 Life was strict and dull
 No card games, dancing or funny songs
 No silly dress
 Theatres show only religious plays
 Pubs can not open during services
 You are fined if you get drunk and jailed if you repeat it
 No work or fun on Sabbath (Sunday)
 Severe punishments

Henry VIII (Tudor)

 He was king when Luther began the reformation

 King of England. At first he condemned Luther
  He defended the church from Luther and the Pope gave him the title ‘Defender of the Faith’ However,
Henry had a problem. He had no male heir (son)
 He ask Pope Leo X for an annulment from His wife Catherine of Aragon (with whom he had 6 children
only 1 surviving) a daughter Mary
 He wanted to marry Anne Boleyn to produce a male heir.
 Then he fell in love with Anne Boleyn. He wanted the pope to give him a divorce to marry her and
have a son.
 He sent Cardinal Wolsey to Rome to get it but the pope refused, Henry split with the church and
began Church of England. (Anglican) Allowed him to divorce Catherine and marry Anne who had a
daughter, Elizabeth.
 Henry VIII brought the reformation to England

Henry’s Reformation

 Henry sacked Wolsey and appointed Thomas Cromwell as his chief minister
 Cromwell was secretly a Protestant.
 He encouraged Henry to declare himself head of the Church of England and get his divorce. Henry did
it. Henry did not change the mass to English and did not introduce Protestant beliefs like 2 sacraments
and ‘justification by faith alone’.
 He wasn’t really a Protestant. He just broke away from Rome
 What he did do was dissolve the monasteries and appoint himself ‘ Supreme Head of the Church of
England’ His children Edward and Elizabeth introduced Protestant ideas.

Henry’s Wives

Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Kathryn Howard ,Katherine Parr

Elizabeth and Mary Tudor

 Henry married 4 more times, and finally a son, name Edward VI

 Became king at age 9 and died at 16
 1556 Mary became Queen, very Catholic and determined to make England Catholic again
 Many Protestant were put to death, given the nickname, “bloody Mary”
 Succeeded by Elizabeth, who ruled as a Protestant queen from 1558-16-3 and never married and had
no children; know as the “Virgin Queen”
 Henry VIII is known as the “Protestant Reformer of England.

Counter Reformation- Counter means oppose / resist or fight . The counter-reformation set out to fix the
Catholic Church by getting rid of abuses. The counter-reformation set out to stop the spread of Protestantism.

What are the Features of the Counter Reformation?

 St Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits

 The Council of Trent
 The Inquisition

The Catholic’s Response

 Spreading Catholicism
 stem the spread of Protestantism, strengthen Catholicism

Ignatius Loyola

 He founded the Society of Jesus , also called the Jesuits

 It played an important role in the Counter-reformation
 Loyola had been a knight and became religious while recovering from wounds and reading the lives of
the saints
 He organized like an army ; run by a general and the priests were ‘soldiers of Christ’
 Preached, helped the poor, established schools
 As missionaries, strengthen Catholicism in Eastern Europe and rest of the world.
 They were trained for 15 years and were experts on Catholic beliefs.
 They specialized in educating the sons of the ruling classes.
 They combated heresy and played a big role in stamping out Protestantism in France, Spain and Italy.
  The most famous Jesuit was Francis Xavier.

The Council of Trent

 It was a meeting of Bishops and Cardinals who met every now and then for 18 years.
 It set out to counter the reformation by Defining the beliefs of the Catholic Church Improving the
discipline of the Catholic Church by laying down some new rules

Pope Paul met to reform the Church and reaffirm Catholic beliefs

 Rituals and Tradition will remain part of worship.

 Salvation through faith and good works
 Church tradition equal to bible as source of religious truth selling of indulgences and simony were
outlawed.
 Pope is the head of the Church on earth.
 Seminaries for proper training of priests
 Stricter rules for clergy (monasteries and convents)
 Reinstituted the inquisition to stamp out heresy.

Decisions of the Council of Trent

Beliefs.

 There are 7 sacraments.

 Religious truth comes from the Bible and church teaching.
 The pope is the head of the Church.
 The bread and wine becomes the body and blood of Christ during the mass.
 Discipline.
 No more simony and nepotism.
 No more pluralism and absenteeism.
 Seminaries must be set up to teach priests properly.
 And index of forbidden (Protestant) books must be drawn up.

The Inquisition

 It was a special court that put people on trial for heresy (being Protestant)
 Where? Mostly in Spain and Italy
 It stopped the spread of Protestantism in Spain and Italy
 Punishments
 Torture to get confessions
 Whipping
 Wear a yellow garment called a San Benito in public
 If you refused to confess, burning at the stake or with others at a big public event called an auto de fe.

Peace of Augsburg

 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V tried to stop the spread of Protestant ideas
 1555, after many wars, political battles and religious debates, signed treaty: Peace of Augsburg
 allowed each Ger. Prince to choose religion of his state
 Division of Europe into Protestant north and Catholic south.

Religious Persecution

 Protestants were persecuted in places where the ruler was Catholic (France for instance.
 The Bartholomew Day Massacre saw the murder of 25,000 Protestants)
 Catholics were persecuted in places where the ruler was Protestant (England and Ireland)

New Church Architecture

 Protestants built very simple plain churches with no statues or art work
 Catholics built ever-more ornate Gothic and later Baroque style churches

Education

 The Reformation led to a rise in education

 Protestants needed to be able to read to read the Bible in their own language
  Protestants began to open excellent schools such as in Geneva
 Jesuits believed Catholics must be educated to defend themselves from Protestant ideas
 The Jesuits set up excellent schools.

Result

 Encouragement of Education
 Bible in Vernacular encouraged people to learn to read
 Step toward Religious Tolerance
 People realized that intolerance threatened their own religion.

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe Martin Luther? he

was an English reformer who was studying to be a lawyer

To pay for Church projects, the clergy…. Raised fees and sold indulgences.

He became a king at the of 9 and was raised as a Protestant because of

this, had strong Protestant beliefs and he wanted to move English
churches even further away from Catholicism. Edward VI
Luther believed that souls could be saved only through.. Faith.
Well-known to fix the Catholic Church by getting rid of abuses and set out
to stop the spread of Protestantism. Counter-Reformation
It allowed the state princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism
as the religion of their domain. Peace in Augsburg
It was a meeting of Bishops and Cardinals that will set out to counter the
reformation by Defining the beliefs of the Catholic Church and Improving
the discipline of the Catholic Church by laying down some new rules
Council of Tren
It was a special court that put people on trial for spreading heresy and It
stopped the spread of Protestantism. Inquisition
Which of the following is correct about the Edict of Worms? Forbid anyone
favoring what Martin Luther said.
He founded the Society of Jesus, also called the Jesuits to strengthen
Catholicism and combated heresy and played a big role in stamping out
Protestantism. St. Ignatius Loyola
Which of the following was NOT reaffirmed at the Council of Trent? The
vending of indulgences is effective for the salvation of souls in purgatory
Which of the following beliefs were NOT part of Luther’s theology? that the
bread and the wine used for the sacrament of Communion only symbolically represented the flesh
and the blood of Christ
Which of the following does NOT describe the Anglican Church? . It was
founded as a result of the translation of the Bible into English
Which of the following does NOT describe John Calvin’s conception of
Predestination? An individual’s actions accord with God’s will
The Roman Catholic Church reacted to Luther’s ideas by Excommunicating him.