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29 viewsLecture 4
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Variable Scope & Data Types in C+ in Hindi | C++ T...
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Variable Scope & Data Types in C++ in Hindi | C++ Tutorials for
Beginners #4
In this series of C++ tutorials, we will visualize the variable scope and data types in the
C++ language in this lecture. In our last lesson, we discussed the variable's role and
comments. In this C++ tutorial, we are going to cover two important concepts of C++:
» Variable Scope
» Data Types
Before explaining the concept of variable scope, | would like to clarify about variables
a little more. Variable can be defined as a container to hold data. Variables are of
different types, for example:
1. Int-> Int is used to store integer data eg (-1, 2, 5,-9, 3, 100).
2. Float-> Float is used to store decimal numbers eg (0.5, 1.05, 3.5, 10.5)
3. Char-> Char is used to store a single character e.g. (‘a’,'b', c’,'d')
4. Boolean-> Boolean is used to store "true" or "false." 5. Double-> Double is also used to store decimal numbers but has more precision than
float, e.g, (10.5895758440339..)
Here is an example to understand variables: int sum = 34; means that sum is an
integer variable that holds value ‘34’ in memory.
‘Syntax for Declaring Variables in C++
1. Data_type Variable_name = Value;
2. Ex: int a=4; char letter = ‘p’;
3. Ex: int a=4, b=6;
Variable Scope
The scope of a variable is the region in the program where the existence of that
variable is valid. For example, consider this analogy - if one person travels to another
country illegally, we will not consider that country as its scope because he doesn't
have the necessary documents to stay in that country.
Base on scope, variables can be classified into two types:
» Local variables
» Global variables
Local variables:
Local variables are declared inside the braces of any function and can be assessed
only from there.
Global variables:
Global variables are declared outside any function and can be accessed from
anywhere.
Data Types
Data types define the type of data that a variable can hold; for example, an integer
variable can hold integer data, a character can hold character data, etc.
Data types in C++ are categorized into three groups:
Built-in
User-defined
Derived
1. Built-in Data Types in C+#:
» Int
» Float Char
Double
Boolean
2. User-Defined Data Types in CH:
Struct
Union
Enum
Note: We will discuss the concepts of user-defined data types in another lecture. For
now, understanding that these are user-defined data types is enough.
3, Derived Data Types in C+:
Array
Pointer
Function
Note: We will discuss the concept of derived data types in another lecture. For now,
understanding that these are derived data types is enough.
Practical Explanation of Initializing Variables
We have discussed a lot in theory now; we will see the actual code and its working. The
code for initializing variables is shown in Figure 1.
CodeWithHarry Menuv
ft
In this code, we have initialized different types of variables and then printed them on
screen. At line no 6 and 7, we initialized two integer variables a, and b, but they are
commented out for compiler to ignore them. At line no 8, we have again initialized two
integer variables a, and b, but this time they both are on the same line separated by a comma. The main thing to note here is that variables can be initialized on separate
lines or in a single line. At line no 9, we have initialized a float variable pi and assigned
a decimal value 3.14 to it. At line no 10, we have initialized a character variable c and
assigned a character to it. At line no 11, we have printed the value of a, and b. The
main thing to note here is that "/n" is used to print a new line, At line no 12, we have
printed the value of pi. Similarly, in line no 13, the value of c is printed, The output for
this program is shown in figure 2.
Figure 2: Output of the Program
Practical Explanation of Variables Scope
We have discussed the variable scope in theory now; we will see its actual code and
working. So the code for variables scope is shown in figure 3.
sun(){
oneear CH
Rereeeee ter
Petes In this piece of code, we have initialized two "glo" variables. 1% variable is outside the
main function, and the 2" variable is inside the main function. The value assigned to
the "glo" variable outside the main function is 6, and the value assigned to the "glo"
variable inside the main function is 9. One thing to note here is that in the main
function, we have again assigned a value 78 to the variable "glo" which will update the
previous value 9.
After initializing the "glo" variables, we had output the "glo" variables at two places in
our program the 1° place is inside the main function, and the 2™ place is inside the
sum function. The main thing to note here is that:
When the “cout” will run inside the sum function, it will check for "glo" variable value
inside the sum function. As we can see that there is no "log" variable initialized inside
the sum function, it will check for the "glo" variable outside of the sum function scope,
which we call a global scope. As we can see, that "glo" function is initialized in the
global scope with the value 6, so the sum function will take that value.
When the "cout" will run inside the main function, it will check for "glo" variable value
inside the main function first, and as we can see that there is a "glo" variable
initialized inside the main function scope which is a local scope, it will use that value.
The output of this program is shown in figure 4.
Figure 4: Variable Scope Output
As we can see that the output is "6781". The output 6 is from the cout of "glo" in sum
function, the output 78 is from the cout of "glo" in the main function, and the output 1
is from the cout of "is_true" Boolean variable in the main function.
Rules to Declare Variables in CH
Variable names in C++ language can range from 1 to 255
Variable names must start with a letter of the alphabet or an underscore
After the first letter, variable names can contain letters and numbers
Variable names are case sensitive
No spaces and special characters are allowed » We cannot use reserved keywords as a variable name
Code as described/written in the video
# include
using namespace std;
int glo = 6;
void sum(){
int a;
cout<< glo;
}
int main(){
int glo=9;
glo=78;
// int a = 14;
// int b = 15;
int a=14, b=15;
float pi=3.14;
char c ='d';
bool is_true = false;
sum();
cout<
