Internal

combustion
engines
Alireza Mashayekh
Spring 2024
COURSE: Engineering analysis of internal combustion engines.
Thermodynamics, combustion, fluid mechanics and heat
transfer of idealized and real operating cycles are
considered. Primarily limited to spark-ignition and diesel
engines. Performance, fuel consumption, and emissions are
studied as functions of operating and design parameters.

INSTRUCTOR: Alireza Mashayekh

Room: #779

Office Hours: Monday 3-5 pm

Email: [email protected]

TEXTBOOK: Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, John Heywood

ASSIGNMENTS: Problems will be assigned frequently throughout the

semester. These problems will form an integral part of the
course. Solutions will be posted after class, and hence, no
credit can be given for any late submissions.
TERM PROJECT: A term project is part of the course. Details to follow.

EXAMINATIONS: Closed-book exams will be given. Mid-term exam: 1403/01/27. The final exam
is scheduled for 1403/03/23. Mark these dates on your calendar, and do not
schedule any conflicting activities. Unexcused absences will result in an
automatic grade of zero.

GRADING: Homeworks 20

Mid-Term Exam 30

Term Project 15

Final Exam 35

Total 100

SUBMITTED WORK: All submitted work should be presented in a clear, professional manner.
This work should include a restatement of the problem, appropriate diagrams
with all variables defined, a detailed step-by-step solution, and all final
answers clearly identified. discussions outside of class with other
students and with the instructor about the subject matter and problems are
highly encouraged.
Homework instructions
Note on homework submissions
1. Homework is due at the start of the class. Solutions will be posted
immediately after class, and therefore, there is no credit for late
homework. If you expect to miss a class, you may submit the homework
early.
2. Homework must be completed on one side of the paper with at least 2 cm
margins all around.
3. Submitted homework must be neat and legible. The instructor will not have
time to interpret work. If it is not clear, it will be marked incorrect.
4. Submitted homework should be stapled in the upper right corner. All plots
and other material should be included in proper order.
5. All plots should show axis labels and their units.
6. Be sure and express final answers using only significant digits. Power =
87.925456 MW is wrong.
7. Although your instructor attempts to find all the errors in submitted
work, he/she may not always be completely successful. It is the student’s
responsibility to review the posted solutions and to determine all items
that were in error.
topics
● Introduction; basic engine types, terminology, and cycles
● Introduction to the term project
● Operating characteristics
● Engine cycles
● Thermochemistry and fuels
● Air and fuel induction
● Fluid motion within the combustion chamber (brief)
● combustion
● Exhaust flow, turbocharging, EGR
● Emissions and air pollution
● Heat transfer in engines
● Friction and lubrication
● Engine modeling
● Engine design
● Experimental facilities
● Special topics
● review
Important Dates
ITEM DATE

Project topic 1402/12/05

Project statement 1402/12/26

Norooz break 1402/12/29-1402/01/17

Mid-term exam 1403/01/27

Project progress report 1403/02/10

Project final report due 1403/03/12

Last class 1403/03/12

Course final 1403/03/23

Four-stroke internal
combustion engine
cycle
Goals of engine design
● Performance
● Efficiency (fuel economy)
● Low initial cost
● Low emissions
● Reliability and low maintenance
● Fuel adaptability
Engine emissions
● Emission regulations for engines and
other combustion devices have been in
place since the mid-1960s
● London smog of 1952 – Killed as many as
12,000 people
● Los Angeles still has pollution issues
● Exhaust species regulated: NOx, UHC,
CO, and particulates (soot)
● Typically, emissions are controlled
by in-cylinder designs, fuel
modifications, and aftertreatment
● Engine development has been dominated
by emission concerns since at least
1970s
Engine Classifications
● Based on prime movers:
○ External combustion -> examples?
○ Internal combustion -> examples?
● Advantages of external combustion devices:
○ Wider range of fuels
○ Separation of the working fluid from the environment
● Advantages of internal combustion devices:
○ Higher thermal efficiencies
○ Higher power/weight ratios
○ Simpler mechanical design
○ Elimination of heat exchangers
Engine Classifications
● External combustion: ● Internal combustion:
Large range of engine sizes

Marine Engine Locomotive Engine Model Airplane Engine

Sulzer GE or EMD

~100,000 hp, ~100 rpm ~4000 hp, ~1000 rpm ~1 hp, ~50,000 rpm
IC engine characteristics
● Application (automotive, truck, utility, aircraft, etc.)
● Cylinder arrangement
○ Multiple cylinders (minimize inertia forces, better balance)
○ Reciprocating or rotary
○ In-line, “V” or “W” arrangement, radial, opposed, etc.
IC engine characteristics
● Working Cycle
○ 4-stroke cycle
○ 2-stroke cycle
● Valve Location or Port Arrangement
○ Valves: overhead, underhead, …
○ Ports: cross-scavenged, loop-scavenged, …
IC engine characteristics
● Valve Actuation
o Push-rod and cam in-block (OHV)
o Single overhead cam (SOHC)
o Dual overhead cam (DOHC)
o Camless – hydraulic, electromagnetic, etc.
o Variable valve timing (VVT)
o Variable valve duration (VVD)
● Fuel (gasoline, diesel, LPG, natural gas, ethanol, etc.)
● Mixture presentation
o Carburetion
o Fuel injection
▪ Into manifold or port
▪ Into cylinder
IC engine characteristics
● Combustion Chamber Design
○ Open (single) chamber
○ Divided (multiple) chamber
● Load Control
○ Throttling intake fluid
○ Fuel metering
● Cooling (water, other liquid, air, etc.)
● Ignition
○ Forced (spark, etc.)
○ Spontaneous (compression, etc.)
IC engine characteristics
Of all the engine attributes, ignition is the primary
distinction because it characterizes the combustion process
which in turn dictates the majority of other engine
parameters

Examples:

● Spark-Ignition (SI) Engines

● Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines
IC engine characteristics - Summary
1. Application
2. Cylinder arrangement
3. Working cycle
4. Valve/port arrangement
5. Valve actuation
6. Fuel
7. Mixture presentation
8. Combustion chamber design
9. Load control
10.Cooling
11.Ignition
Engine Geometry and Kinematics

rod
Engine Geometry and Kinematics
Example Results
Typical values:

● mean piston speeds are 8-15 m/s

● CR (Compression Ratio):
○ 7-12 SI engines
○ 15-25 CI engines
Typical Engine Values
● NA: naturally aspirated
● TC: turbocharged
Basic Engine Size-Performance Relationships for Commercial Engines
● Design point engine power (per cylinder)
as a function of design point engine
speed
● The larger the engine, the slower the
design speed due to inertia and friction
considerations
● Square symbols represent turbocharged
engines; circle symbols represent
naturally aspirated engines
● Honda, S2000, (1999-2009): for commercial
engines, one of the highest specific
power values
Basic Engine Size-Performance Relationships for Commercial Engines
● Design point engine power (per
cylinder) as a function of
cylinder bore
● Design point power may increase
for larger engines
● Square symbols represent
turbocharged engines; circle
symbols represent naturally
aspirated engines
Basic Engine Size-Performance Relationships for Commercial Engines
● Design point bmep as a function of
cylinder bore
● Square symbols represent
turbocharged engines; circle
symbols represent naturally
aspirated engines
Basic Engine Size-Performance Relationships for Commercial Engines
● Average piston speed at the design
point as a function of cylinder bore
● The average piston speed does not
vary too much for most engines due
to limits imposed by resistance to
gas flow and stresses from the
inertia of the moving parts
● Square symbols represent
turbocharged engines; circle symbols
represent naturally aspirated
engines
Basic Engine Size-Performance Relationships for Commercial Engines
● Bore-to-stroke ratio as a function
of cylinder bore
● Except for the large marine
engines (bore of 840 mm), most
engines are designed with a bore-
to-stroke ratio of about 1
● Square symbols represent
turbocharged engines; circle
symbols represent naturally
aspirated engines
Design of Honda’s DOHC, VTEC 2.0 Liter, SI Engine
Conclusions
● As engine size increases, the design point engine speed must
decrease
● Design point power may increase as engine size increases
● BMEP at the design point is similar for a large number of
engines:
○ For naturally aspirated engines, bmep ranges from about 500 to 1100 kPa
○ For turbocharged engines, bmep ranges from about 900 to 2000 kPa
● BMEP at peak torque is about 10-15% higher than the above
● The average piston speed is similar for a large number of
engines:
○ For naturally aspirated engines, the average piston speed ranges from about
10 to 15 m/s
○ For turbocharged engines, the average piston speed ranges from about 6 to
10 m/s
Some examples
History of Vehicle Performance and Fuel Economy
History of Vehicle Performance and Fuel Economy
History of engine technology developments since 1975
Changes in Estimated Real-World Fuel Economy and CO2 Emissions for Large Manufacturers
Technology Share for Large Manufacturers, Model Year 2022
 End:
Introduction