SHROFF S. R.
ROTARY INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY (SRICT)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
Chapter 8. Pump
Subject: Basic Mechanical Engineering (3110006)
Outline
Chapter 8. Pump
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Application
8.3 Classification of Pump
8.4 Reciprocating Pump
8.5 Bucket Pump
8.6 Centrifugal Pump
8.7 Vane Pump
8.8 Gear Pump
8.9 Lobe Pump
8.10 Screw Pump
8.11 Comparison between Reciprocating and Rotary
8.1 Introduction of Pump
Pump:-
It is device which transfer the input mechanical energy of a
motor or of an engine into pressure energy or kinetic energy
(Hydraulic energy of fluid).
The normal duty of pump is to lift a quantity of liquid form a
low level to higher level and/or transfer it from one place to
another place.
It provides energy:
To lift the liquid to required height against the force of gravity.
To overcome fluid resistance to flow of the liquid through the
pipe and the pump itself.
8.1 Introduction of Pump
Reciprocation Pumps the pressure energy of fluid increase due to positive
displacement of its piston or plunger. These are used to handle low
discharge rate at high pressure.
The Rotary Displacement pumps combine the advantages of reciprocating
and centrifugal pump. They are positive in action, compact, produce an
even flow, have no valves and run at high speeds. These pumps are suitable
for handling oils but they are unsuitable for gritty (sandy) liquid.
The Centrifugal pump is far the commonest type of dynamic pump also
called as velocity pump. These are classified as rotodynamic pumps since
the rotating impeller of pump impresses a centrifugal head or pressure on
the liquid which leaves the impeller at a high velocity. This pressure enables
the liquid to rise to a higher level.
8.2 Application
Application:
Agricultural and irrigation purposes.
Petroleum installation to pump oil
In steam and diesel power plant to circulate feed water and
cooling water respectively
Hydraulic control systems
Transfer of raw materials.
Pumping of water in building
Firefighting.
Automobile (Fuel Pump, Oil Pump)
8.3 Classification
PUMP
Positive Displacement Dynamic
Reciprocating Rotary
Centrifugal
Volute
Vortex
Single Acting Vane Diffuser ring
Double Acting Gear Axial flow
Bucket Screw Mixed flow
Root Blower (lobe)
8.3 Classification
• Impeller classification
Impeller
Closed Semi-closed Open
8.4 Reciprocating Pump
Reciprocating Pump:
A reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump in which the
liquid is actually sucked and then displaced by a piston-cylinder
arrangement which is driven to and fro by a crank and connecting
rod mechanism.
It results into lifting of liquid to a required height.
Low Discharge and High Head
Piston type developed pressure upto 25 bar and Plunger pumps
very high pressure upto 3500 bar.
Efficiency is 10-20% higher compared to centrifugal pump.
Capital and maintenance cost is higher.
Usually not used, when low pressure head is needed.
Uses:- Hydraulic jack, pneumatic pressure systems, Kerosene
pumps, small hand operated pumps, pressure washing in
service stations, fire fighting application.
8.4 Reciprocating Pump
8.4 Reciprocating Pump
Suction Pipe: It is the pipe which is connected to the suction of
the pump. Through this pipe, the liquid will be sucked from
sump. It is provided with a non-return valve called suction valve.
Delivery Pipe: It is connected to discharge end. It carries liquid at
high pressure at some height. It provided with a non-return valve
called delivery valve.
Sump:- It is the reservoir of liquid through which water will be
pumped.
Suction stroke:- Toward BDC moves of piston create vacuum and
it causes the opening of suction valve and simultaneously the
liquid will be forced from sump to the lift side of piston. At TDC
suction stroke is completed and cylinder is full of liquid from
sump.
Delivery stroke:- Toward TDC moves of piston pressurized liquid
and it caused the opening of delivery valve and simultaneously
the liquid will be forced form cylinder through delivery pipe.
8.4 Reciprocating Pump
Double acting pump
8.5 Bucket Pump
8.6 Centrifugal Pump
8.6 Centrifugal Pump
8.6 Centrifugal Pump
8.7 Vane Pump
Vanes are fitted to the rotor slots and follow the inner surface of the ring as
the rotor turns. Centrifugal force keep vanes pressed with the ring.
Pumping chambers are formed between vane, rotor and ring.
At the pump inlet, low pressure region is created as the space between the
rotor and ring increases.
Oil entering here is trapped in the pumping chambers and then is forced into
the outlet as the volume decreases.
8.7 Vane Pump
8.8 Gear Pump
A gear pump maintains the flow of fluid by carrying the fluid between
the teeth of two meshed gears.
One gear is connected to drive shaft and other is meshed with the first
gear. Both gears are enclosed by pump housing.
Fluid separation by gear reduces the pressure at inlet side while teeth
meshing create high pressure at outlet.
8.9 Lobe Pump
Construction is similar like gear pump but gears are replaced by lobe.
Three or two lobe as well as helical lobes could also be used.
Helical lobes are used for smooth operation.
Oil trapped in the space between the lobe and the casing is carried fluid to
the pressure side.
The Constant contact between the lobes makes a leak tight joint
preventing oil leakage from the pressure side.
It has higher capacity compared to gear pump
8.10 Screw Pump
Fig. Two-screw,
low pitch, screw
pump
The two-screw, low pitch, screw pump consists of two screws of right-
handed and left handed threads mesh with close clearances, mounted on
two parallel shafts.
The screws rotate in closely fitting duplex cylinders that have over lapping
bores.
Liquid is trapped at the outer end of each pair of screws.
As the screw continues to rotate, the entrapped spiral turns of liquid slide
along the cylinder toward the centre discharge space while the next slug is
being trapped.
8.10 Screw Pump
Three-screw, low pitch, screw pump
They rotate in a triple cylinder, the two outer bores of which overlap the
centre bore.
Power rotor is used to drive the two outer idler rotors directly without
external gears.
Fluid used for pumping is lubricating, hydraulic, fuel oil etc.
8.11 Comparison between Centrifugal and Reciprocating Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps Reciprocating Pumps
1. Work on the principle of rotodynamic 1. Work on the principle of positive
displacement
2. For large discharge, small heads 2. For small discharge, high heads.
3. The discharge is continuous and smooth 3. The discharge is fluctuating and
pulsating
4. Low initial cost 4. High initial cost.
5. Can run at high speed. Can be coupled 5. Low speed. Belt drive necessary.
directly to electric motor.
6. Efficiency is high 6. Efficiency is low
7. Smooth operation without noise 7. It produce much noise
8.11 Comparison between Centrifugal and Reciprocating Pumps
Advantages of Centrifugal Pumps over reciprocating pumps:
High discharge capacity.
Highly viscous fluid like oils, muddy and sewage water, chemicals,
paper pulpless can also used
Directly coupled with prime mover because it running at high
speed.
It is compact, smaller in size and has low weight for the same
discharge capacity.
It can operated at high speed without any danger of separation and
cavitation.
Maintenance cost is comparatively very low.
These are highly efficient.
Disadvantages:
Can’t use where very high pressure are needed to be developed at
moderate discharges.
Example:- Oil pumping from deep oil wells and certain hydraulic devices
like hydraulic jack.
