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Plant Growth and Development Notes

The document discusses plant growth and development. It covers topics like the phases of growth, types of growth, plant hormones, and how they regulate growth and development processes. The document provides detailed information on growth processes and the role of different plant hormones.

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57 views8 pages

Plant Growth and Development Notes

The document discusses plant growth and development. It covers topics like the phases of growth, types of growth, plant hormones, and how they regulate growth and development processes. The document provides detailed information on growth processes and the role of different plant hormones.

Uploaded by

rajputlokesh791
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Plant Growth

and Development

Notes
GROWTH
an irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ or its parts
or even of an individual cell, accompanied by metabolic processes.

Plant Growth Generally is Indeterminate


plants retain the capacity for unlimited growth throughout
their life due to the presence of meristems at certain
locations in their body

Open Form of Growth


new cells are always being added to the plant body by the
activity of the meristem

 Root Apical Meristem and Shoot Apical Meristem is


responsible for the primary growth of the plant and the
elongation of the root and the stem

Phases of Growth
The growth curve of a plant follows a sigmoid pattern
,which can be divideed into three phases:-
1. Lag Phase: a period of slow growth when the cells prepare
themselves for rapid division and enlargement
2. Log Phase: a period of maximum growth when the cells
divide and enlarge at an exponential rate
3. Senescence Phase : a period of decline in growth when the
cells lose their ability to divide and enlarge, and eventually
die

 Growth Rate: the increased growth per unit time,


which can be arithmetic or geometric
 Arithmetic Growth: a linear pattern of growth where the
growth is constant and independent of the previous growth

 Geometric Growth: an exponential pattern of growth where


the growth is proportional to the previous growth

 Differentiation: the process by which cells derived from the


root apical and shoot apical meristems and cambium
differentiate and mature to perform specific functions

 Development: the sum total of growth and differentiation,


which leads to the formation of organs, tissues, and cells with
specific structures and functions

 De-differentiation: the process by which mature cells


regain the capacity to divide under certain conditions, such as
wound healing or callus formation
 Re-differentiation: the process by which de-differentiated
cells differentiate again and give rise to new structures, such
as roots or shoots from a callus.

 Types of Plant Growth Regulators: There are five


major groups of plant growth regulators: auxins, gibberellins,
cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid1. They have diverse
chemical structures and functions, and can act as per moters
or inhibitors of plant growth and development.

 Discovery of Plant Growth Regulators: The


discovery of each of the plant growth regulators was
accidental, and involved observations of various phenomena
such as phototropism, bakane disease, callus formation, fruit
ripening, and abscission.

 Physiological Effects of Plant Growth Regulators:


Plant growth regulators regulate various aspects of plant
growth and development, such as cell division, cell
elongation, cell differentiation, apical dominance,
phototropism, geotropism, photoperiodism, vernalization,
flowering, fruit ripening, senescence, dormancy, abscission,
and stress response. They can also have synergistic or
antagonistic effects on each other2.

 Efficiency index: A measure of the ability of the plant to


produce new plant material, which depends on the initial size
and the growth.
Types of plant harmones

1. Auxins : They are produced by the growing apices of stems and


roots, and have various roles in plant growth and development,
such as initiating rooting, promoting flowering, preventing fruit
and leaf drop, and maintaining apical dominance.

2. Gibberellins : They are produced by young tissues of the root


and shoot, and are involved in stem elongation, seed germination,
flowering, and fruit development. They can also overcome the
effects of some growth inhibitors and environmental stress
factors.
3. Cytokinins : They are produced in regions where rapid cell
division occurs, such as root apices, embryos, and fruits. They
promote cell division, delay leaf senescence, enhance nutrient
mobilisation, and stimulate shoot differentiation and growth.

4. Abscisic acid (ABA): It is produced in mature leaves, fruits,


and seeds, and acts as a stress hormone that helps plants cope
with adverse conditions, such as drought, cold, and salinity. It also
induces seed dormancy, stomatal closure, and leaf and fruit
abscission.
5. Ethylene: It is a gaseous PGR that is produced by ripening
fruits, senescing flowers, and wounded tissues. It regulates
various aspects of plant growth and development, such as fruit
ripening, flower fading, leaf abscission, and response to biotic and
abiotic stress.

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