Growth

Dr.
kabir’s
Biology

Dr.
kabir’s
Biology

❑ Growth !“Irreversible increase in size

❑ Accompanied by an increase in dry weight and the amount of protoplasm”.
❑ In growth ! anabolic processes > catabolic processes
❑ Growth is the outcome of cell division, cell enlargement and cell differentiation.
❑ Plant growth is measured by Auxanometer.
Characteristics of Growth

Dr.
kabir’s
Biology

❑ Unlimited growth
❑ Localized growth
❑ 2 types
❑ Primary
❑ Secondary
Measurement of Growth

Dr.
kabir’s
Biology

❑ Growth in plants can be measured in terms of,

• Increase in length or girth (roots and stems)
• Increase in fresh or dry weight
• Increase in area or volume (fruits and leaves)
• Increase in number of cells produced.
Phase of Growth

Dr.
kabir’s
Biology

❑ There are three phases of growth,

1. Formative phase: occurs in meristematic cells of shoot and root tips.
2. Elongation Phase: Increases the volume, Requires auxin and food
supply, Addition of protoplasm and development of central vacuole
take place.
3. Maturation Phase: cells attain mature form and size.
Phase of Growth

❑ Arithmetic growth ❑ Geometric growth

Phase (kinetics) of growth

O
❑ The total period from initial to the final stage of growth is called the grand
period of growth.
❑ Total growth is plotted against time gives ‘S’ shaped sigmoid curve.
❑ It consists of four phases :
1. Lag phase
2. Log phase
3. Decelerating phase
4. Maturation phase
Phase (kinetics) of growth

I
External factors
 Factor affecting Growth
❑ Water ! enlargement as well as growth in the size of the cell.
❑ Nutrition ! plays an important role in the formation of protoplasm, sources of energy.
❑ Temperature
❑ Oxygen ! Oxygen has a vital role in the growth , e.g., respiration.
❑ Light ! Absence of light may lead etiolation.

II. Internal Factors

❑ Genes are intracellular factors for growth.
❑ Phytohormones are intracellular factors for growth
❑ C/N ratio.
 External factors

❑ Differentiation

❑ Dedifferentiation

❑ Redifferentiation
Plant Growth Regulators

1. Discovery

2. is
Shes
so Precursor

40
Bioegy re

so fxm:

A Shea
-

1. Growth -
Characteristics of phytohormones
❑ Production ! in tips of roots, stems and leaves.
20 flower ❑ transport ! through conductive systems.
fruit so send ❑ Ammount ! trace quantities.
3
❑ Nature ! organic in nature.
4 Benescence." ❑ Function ! influencing physiological activities ! promotion,
agine, inhibition and modification of growth.
Dr. Kabir Pokhrel
Plant Growth Regulators

Dr. Kabir Pokhrel

8
 Growth Promoters ❑ Discovery: F. W. Went by Avena curvature coleoptile test.
Auxin [BPKIHS, NEET 2016
⑧ acurance:

Exx
vi
--

-
 Growth Promoters

i
Auxin
Auxin ❑ Free auxin !IAA. - *

❑ Bound Auxin ! IAA-Aspartic acid ox

P 80.
❑ Precursor ! amino acid Tryptophan (of IAA ) and zinc is

lef:
required for its synthesis. ( polar]
❑ Transport in Plants ! basipetal and acropetal transport
❑ Bioassay (Avena Curvature Test / Went Experiment)
T
*
I
O
a

Cl Elongation
-

A
Nowth. vocoty
 Growth Promoters
I
Auxin Auxin
F
Physiological effects of auxin:
1. ->
Cell enlargement Elongation
*He
2. Apical dominance *
R
--
-
(apex)

Light
-
-

growth
- -
+

& A

*Ot longating
-
 Growth Promoters

*
❑ Control of abscission: [NEET 2017]
Auxin ❑ Weed control: Dichloroacetic and (1,u-0)
❑ Root differentiation on stem cuttings:
Physiological effects of auxin: ❑ Parthenocarpy: of tomatoes

& I

B.
leaf young
fruit young
↳
↳delays
Ripenings
senescence
absoirion.
cause sen
v

.
 Growth Promoters
Physiological effects of auxin:
Auxin ❑ Agricultural role
Physiological effects of auxin:
• Eradicate weeds !2,4-D
- -
- - C
Oand 2,4,5-T.
• Parthenocarpy ! Seedless fruit
- - - -

• Break the dormancy in seeds. t

-------
·

• Induce flowering ! Pineapple

. . . ----

• Increase the number of female

Cocur -
flowers and fruits ! cucurbits.
-
- . .

t Seed
is
exual ④ Generally, ACCOU -
-

On
↳ powering enhibit
D
Mo
m-
-

Partheno
-
-
 Growth Promoters
Agent Orange
Auxin
--
00
❑ Mixture of two phenoxy herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T is given the name ‘Agent
orange’ which was used by USA in Vietnam war for defoliation of forest
·
Apex of shoot (chemical warfare).
·
Polar ❑ In botanical gardens and tea gardens, gardeners trim the plants regularly so that
they remain bushy. Does this practice have any scientific explanation?
·
IAA ❑ Yes, trimming of plants removes apical buds and hence apical dominance. The
lateral buds sprout and make the plants bushy.
·

: argen
Apical
dominas

Bioevar
·

↑
un

test
Arena Graco
↓
Ive, shoot-oth
 Growth Promoters
Gibberellin

a Japan I

❑ Discovery: In Japan (in tall diseased rice plants)

❑ Japanese called this the bakane (foolish seedling) disease.
❑ It is caused by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi
❑ T. Yabuta and Hayashi ! isolated an active compound from the
fungus! gibberellins [IOM 2002, Ind. Emb]
❑ Mostly widely used gibberellins! is GA3 (Gibberellic Acid)
❑ Bioassay of GA:
❑ 1. Shoot elongation in dwarf mutants
❑ 2. Barley endosperm test
 Growth Promoters
Gibberellin
❑ Discovery: Dr.
kabir’s Dr.
Biology kabir’s
Biology
S tall
-
pelacant
8
w

#
-

E
-
I

Dr.
kabir’s
Biology
 Growth Promoters
Gibberellin
❑ Function: 8 ·0

* tn o

Got Eanogore
+
▪ Bolting effect:
▪ Removal of genetic
dwarfism:. [IOM
1999]

Growth
-T
-

Gibbenvile's -

·
 Growth Promoters
Gibberellin
❑ Function:
▪Breaking of Dormancy:
0. WVT
-
-

▪Induction of flowering:
▪Seed germination: Dr.
kabir’s
▪Parthenocarpy:
- . . .

.. Biology
▪Sex expression
▪Senescence:
-
- . . .
ent
- Dr.
kabir’s
⑧GAs] Anxie -> seed darm. Biology

⑪ GAs) Auxin -> Parthenou

- -

Dr.
kabir’s
Biology
Growth Promoters
Cytokinin o ❑ Isolated from old DNA by Miller and Skoog.
❑ Chemically ! 6 – furfuryl amino-purine and is basic in natur
Axons o ❑ Synthesized in endodermis, root tips, shoot tips.
L

tiron
❑ Natural cytokinin: Zeatin, Coconut milk factor etc. [IOM 2011
O

4,00ab
is of J8
& jj
cen88
no
-
Auxin

I
↳ aibberises
Goop
-

0
c

q
-

- -

- -
Growth Promoters ❑ Isolated from old DNA by Miller and Skoog.
Cytokinin ❑ Chemically ! 6 – furfuryl amino-purine and is basic in
nature.
❑ Synthesized in endodermis, root tips, shoot tips.
❑ Natural cytokinin: Zeatin, Coconut milk factor etc. [IOM 2011]
-

-m +f00

*
Living
No
90000th.

* t> Cytokinin.
 Growth Promoters
Cytokinin
❑ Bioassay of cytokinin:
❑ Physiological effect on
plant:
❑ Cell division:. [IOM
-

2006, 2005]
❑ Morphogenesis:

Nonet
- carrot

5 -
0
morpt. O
Hit o
00
000 ->
⑰
Gr9aD

8088
- -

0 10 Morphogeneric
 -V p Shoot
o

-8
⑳

07
80
f 1000
M1
-

Cell ⑰ -
aux
50
Cus
⑭
1.Co**-> tight -> shoot diff
-comg

An --
⑥-
220m.
x
Elong
20
I shoot quart

11.
Cytog - I co
-
-

-
-> Root diff.
au
Plant growth
Growth inhibitors
Promoters
ABSCISIC ACID
Cytokinin CABA)
(stres Hormone (
leaf mainly
N
O
↓
Dorm in
->
inhibit
-
old plastid
I-amylase Older
I synthorizes
I
·
I -

obo
↑
. . .

t
O *
obscissions
leaf -
-

senes

❑ Production ! Plastids of mature leaves apparently from carotenoid

formancy O pigment
❑ Transported ! through phloem and movement is non-polar.
main ❑ Growth inhibitor.
❑ Also called stress hormone as it prevents plants from unsuitable
conditions. [IOM/MOE]
Plant growth
Growth inhibitors
Promoters
ABSCISIC ACID
Cytokinin
-
-

inhibit

Amiain
& inhibitgrowin.GA3-Break
Hpromotional
&

growth
❑
❑
❑
❑
Abscission of leaves and flowers
Dormancy of buds and seeds
Senescence: ABA promotes senescence. -
-

Flowering: ABA delays flowering of long day plants.

-
III photo
Nuter"

❑ Tuberization of potato
. . .
..

❑ Cell division and cell elongation: ABA delays cell division and cell
elongation.
Plant growth
Growth inhibitors
Promoters
Ethylene
ETHYLENE

- Gas hormone

Transport Diffusion
->

->

- 1°-> fruit ripening

there's:
o
-
. .
v
x
Fyrg
- Methion,one v
I

a.coanovotion
*
x
↓
·
024 # in
 -
Growth Promoters
Cytokinin
t
ETHYLENE

2-
X x tx
stress
-
-

4 -
stem elongation -> stop
EHyle Internodal swelling.
->
v - decease gravity effect
❑⑳Triple response:
❑ Flowerings: retards flowering in the most plants but
increases flowering in pineapple like O
auxins.
❑ Sex modification ! ncreases the number of female
- . . .

flowers in cannabis, cucurbits.

. . .
-
 Growth Promoters

Hodiointer
Cytokinin
ETHYLENE

8
start to

-> Ripening
x to
Physiological effects
of Ethylene Grapes
-.
- ..
.
↑
demant of
↓
in cellular respe
No
charg Respn

S
during ripen
❑ Flowerings: retards flowering in the most plants but
increases flowering in pineapple like auxins. v
v
v❑ Fruit ripening: romotes ripening of to
- . - ---
climacteric fruits 2022
❑ Abscission: auses faster abscission of leaves and flowers.
. . . - -
22E.
❑ Senescence: hastens the senescence of leaves and flowers.
 Growth Promoters
Ethylene
ETHYLENE

Abcirion
ABASS Ethylene
Physiological effects of Ethylene
❑ Sex modification ! ncreases the number of female flowers in cannabis,
cucurbits.
- ❑ Apical dominance: it promotes apical dominance
w ❑ Gravity: it decreases the sensitivity to gravity.
~
❑ Growth: it decreases longitudinal growth but stimulates transverse growth.
- - -

❑ Root: In low concentration, it helps in growth of lateral roots and root

hairs. 9
❑ Breaking of dormancy (potato, seeds)
*A maintain
v v
GA3 & Ethyle
Growth Promoters
Cytokinin

-
Growth

9
x-

r
prom X v r

Growth
inhib
I vo

v
 Plant Movement
factie
-
Tropisc
1
-

Xy whole ·

p art
=
-

B B c Tropic?
whole body only part
taxix.

) TombC
man

E. **

-
me

to
internal ext Growth
due
fact t
CD
↓

movement
 Vital Movement

A. Movement of locomotions
▪ Movement of protoplasm inside
the cell or movement of whole
▪ Example: Chlamydomonas,
gametes and zoospores.

Nastic
..

Tropism ↓

Taxis -
Certion part organism
-
&CO
plant ->
tex posed to stipules
-
-
Autonomic movements of locomotion
• Movements arising from internal changes or internal stimuli of plant body
• due to the presence of cilia or flagella and movement of cytoplasm (Cyclosis).

Paratonic or Tactic (induced) movements of locomotion

• The movements due to external factors or stimuli like light, temperature and
chemicals are called paratonic movement of locomotion.
 Vital Movement

A. Autonomic Movement
 Movement of curvature
Autonomic movement of curvature:
• In higher plants *
• Restricted only to bending or

jacto int
curvature of some of their I
parts.
• They are
1. Autonomic movement
of curvature
1

normal
-
. . .

2. Paratonic movement of - . -

Nastic
-8
Mov
curvature.
Cell -
opposite
side
B I
Tendr'l

·
coiling
around the support
Sten ?
- ↓organ
coiling h

↑winner
Hap to tropis ne v

v
. . . . .

Beau, Diosovea
& G Cucumber, pea etc
Movement of curvature Paratonic movement of curvature:

...
x! ⑰

z
⑳
Nastic
movent
a
↑wa or Pren
Tropic Movement Or
Nastic Movement
Stimulus O
Unidirectional C
Diffuse
Stimulus acts on Protoplasm in one direction On protoplasm on all sides
Response Related to direction of stimulus No relation to direction of stimulus
Movents is due to Unilateral growth Turgor change
Types Phototropic, geotropic, Seismonastic, photonastic,
thigmotropic, chemotropic, thermonastic etc.
thermotropic etc.
Some nastic movements ⑳
movement
nastic

i
8. SoiesmoO ↓ +4
change
-
-

torgaroes
↑ venously trap
kt t
↳M

)
↑ lead
10
palvinous base

mimosacae
whole
dica -

Mimosapu
fam:-
Examples of Tropic
movement:

-
x