SECTION -A ! ©. Tonic bonding 16 the compiete tnanshen G vaiencé. electnon(s) beeen atoms. Lt 1s a type of chemical bond that generates two opposttely Change TONS -In ionté bonds, the metal loses electons +o become a posttvely chaniqed catton, whereas +e those electors +o 4+ne non-metal acteP become oa negetvely changed anton. Examp le ° a4 +o Na tcl: —— Na 2 e1E In nts exam pb l@, the Sodtum atom % donating THs a valence electron tO 4ne chierttne apm. Thrs cneateS o% SodTum cation ana @ chiantne anton. Notlee that, +he net chang? te the mesulting compound 6 O- covalen+ Bonding — 16 the shasttng of clectsons vetween atoms: “this pe & bondmge occu S between two atoms the Same. clement an ok elementS clese -e each othen in the pentod ic rob |e This bonding occurs pevtinessT1/ betueen 10" metals ; howeven , i¢ cor abo cbsanved behnveen non metals and metalé. Example 4 “ - 2) °Pe ect is Pn this example, @ pbhosphosious atom ig shamtng its ee Unpaned clectronS wtth tinee chlane TO Nos hate enc! faoduct ;all four of these vel the. ater ale ence elections and Satay@ w = —2:-03ner 109 Ve US = —-2BOZBXRXO'IWS & BBY X 300NOg 2 We —2°303 X O15 X BBY X 300 KX 0-22 w = — 441-133 “ik & Yoru o = 4 - 9471-133 \% = 547-783 | Pq a- "y s @a Symmetay of a molecule. iS detenmtned by ~the exXTS+ante of Symme-tny opena-Hon penfonmed wat Sy mme-tmny Element - A Symmetny element is a Vine , Plane an a4 poTn +t =m an though an Okject » about which a stOtaHon at sefiection leaves the object in a Onientaton is a to-Intiden AtemS on Me Sid@ of the plane wrth | Castesponclin atom On the othen arde as though meflected in a momast a Center om bomb of- Syrmm! is labelasl and the tTnventton ehenaton! demonsinate camcedena & each atom WH an TdenHeal destqnated Gr, Whene the, A ees st mottHsn +4ot siestones the Object 260° by n- > Examples of Symmetny elements \) Cis - .2—Tichlancethene Eke structune hat too extthogenah plane. $simmetoy] YD Amans -1,2-Drchlancethene. > Symmetry elements ) Symmetry AXxTg: An oxts astound witha moeHon by 360° by nmesults in a molewie in Aistnguisable 10m the asrg7not-Thrs is totiod as a bold s1etatonal acs and abla ividtad Cn Plane. et Symmetry Tr is 8 plane ection thranugqh which 4n yolenHeaat Lop y ety th € antTginat moles A Jenerated 4476 Ts colle momadn plane. and abineviates ao. WD Cen1© of: Syramebay + Pe moteie had ow cen-+me et Symmety When fan eny eters TH the Melecuie an rdentcal atom extst dmatrically @ppostte 4hrs cenien an eqrol JTS tance fiom at -Pay | aa ARenmophttc ast thermo softening plastic is Plaske pSlymen materntal -that bevomes PiTable SA moldable at a Ccertatn elevatecl tem penatune and SottdrfTes Upon oe rae Exarpte at Thermoplastic paymetS ane = 1) Potypmopyiene a) Polyethylene wi) Polyvinyl chlonide w) Poly styrene V) Paty can bonate - a el 4 > ae won ape ult ny 7 “a ae reen el ee es endl} n Eoltaujroati yp 4 Steetune A ame ae HoH ie a ad Structunt& chemical Stnuchme of Polycas bona te -gs (©). aT botlens, waten @vapaniates contin vously and the concentnaton of the dtcsolved Salts incmeases pragnesstvely- When then concentmaHors leach Satunation potnt, they Mme thrown ovr of Waten in the form ok prectprtates On +he inne walls a the Lorie - af the pre Cihitaton takes place in the form of leoS® and sitmy bxrectbitate) T+ 16 Called S\wdge- On the other fiand) te the pstect pated marten fons a hand, ad hestng es0s+ /toa-Hn On -+the innen walls of the borler) it if & | Scalefy 6 ©..hene cthene is a cuntinvous change Tm the Mtenatomte drs+tance odpng the axts % the bend between 2 atoms pthis proces 7s Known as Stmetehtng vibna-Hon A change m—-he angie eceuntn bonds Wwnowun ac Stmply th Ts, Stmetchtn There an 4 behueen two barcl tng Vibs1a-H on - VIbmiatHons change bonel length 2 PES of Stmetching Vrbmations On symmeinte Stnetehtn J »-twWO at mane bonds Vrbsa+e. Ta and Cot tregethen - yer asymmetnte sineichtng 1 some bends ane Getting Mhasyen at +he me time ads otheu ane getting lengen Benaing vThnactons change. the angle. between | 2 kondg Thane ane 4 types ob bending ViemaHens ® sess anig — TS +he movement & 2 atoms toruancl “ancl quay fom each othes. @ reeling — IS [ree moHan & pendulum en a cle) but an a-tom TQ a p&ndulum and +heu one 2 Tastet a one. @ wagging - iG a Vsran back, lrke. the motHoan whTch you make WT+th youn rgens and bend +hem and post fem Youn warTat. @ Tests-Hng — WOTsHing 1S 0 motion as Hh the atoms Were walkrag a beadmi|/SECTION B "9 q Dremprany Yandness 3 zp Ts dekined by breanbonated SaltS 4 Magnestum and Present in the Warten - eaten Permanent Handness 2 Er is cleftned by sulphenated ana Chlantde& salts of Maqnestun ano atum present~ tn the Oaten . Compound = amoun-+ Mult lica-Hon (a lOs ton wwalen+ . Mg CH COs), 13 ie on 10° x73 approx & te mq Je CA(HL03) 9 tea yoo Xe DW approx 10 mq fe Mg Cla. Vs leo x 4.5 appsiox lo a wg /e cA. lb 1 . Dy ie x 1366 appstox (Oo “gle [Trem = teng/ 1) etal Handness = S+ jo+!1O+I10 = BS PPm Teamanent Hance = 2° PPm Temponany = |IS5.rpm Handness' 4 @ Morewrar onwr-ral TwEor) FoR DionyG en 60a)? y The = electnonte con quieton off omygan 4" “the. Frovnd State i¢ jot 26% 2p" Each oxygen atm has ®& electrons) hente ™ On MOlewie -+hene ane |b Bleitnionh’ aa ages ane Qectnonte congTg unaHon fy 02 Ts ah 2 KK (e728), 26); (o2P.)%s Grape Grapyy.(n*2p,) ~(12hy), (o* 22)” Bend anden BO =Léne-ne) whee Ng = Bonding adornTe 2 onbt rod NA = AnH — bondtng 4 Ce “) Ptomt. oxbhT , < w fu sBX mm > k “> fs onbitalsty 4 Heneé,-tne \ast elections in T* 2px and wary oslbTta IS wrt} memata unpained- Thene€bome , O27 mroleussa Has panamognelHc chanacten du +o the presene ed 2 unpdineck electsionsfg 10 @ Anodte atahrbttans LoTs Tb] ok caxmoston inhTbrteng acts by fenestng a ProtecHve oOxtde tlm on the sunlace ofthe Metal- Er causes? a lange anodtc ShT gtr that Ices the. metallic Senface in +t the Passivation sieqTan pWhTeh meduceg the Carns PorenHal of “he matental Some examples ane chnomates , nitrates, molybdates and ctung state . Sathed io Inhthttansg . Wese Thhtkttoms Slews down he. cadmodie aeqetten +o Wott the drkguston meductn SPeeTes +e the metal s ace -Cathodie PeTson “and oxygen Savenjeis ane examble of thts WR te mntettang | NelatHtle. Casnoston MhTbTtasg CVCL) ‘Vex ane compound ¢ betng cknanspestted Th a closed i@nvStienmen+ +e. -+he Stt+e of ComnosTen by -+he “precwsc ef NO IaH ITza-Hen 470M & Sounce- Bri example TH hotiengs 5 vo laHle compondg such as | MonpholTne oe hydnaztne ; ane. tans banted WH, Steam +o bmevent Gomnogtn 7A cendensen tuber .Pg it rT, Ts on in dical mechanism Ts most comm | Addttion eS ‘polymentzation -It+ TS qiso Called a2 cnatn meacton whTtch involveg thnee dtetHnctr | Steps . Thenze ane as follows iy Stepi: chain jnttiaton: |A° ThE Chatn meacton ©The iS MtHated by ee sadica \ Which js fenmed fen an mtHaton ceaaly s+) Such QS benzoyl penoxide, acety | penoxTde» tert - boryl peroxide » etc. & fem example , a | oxicle genenates metoy! sadizs( as shou Lossy | Pen a _— Goaa 2? na 2 MW EO O-E- cH, dS 26H + UG ss CH; Acety) Penoxide men Matoy| CThe nee mad~al (Say R*) so fonmecl attaches Hse) pe to +he oletin cvmy monomen) and pseduces ad new madica\ yomede- ub the attached mada | SN AT; . @ YT tHe =cry 5 R—cH2—LHy of Tue pant$ ynamely 7 and -+he- monomen unt+. free Radtea\ Vinyf Morpven New sactcat %) Step 2: chain PrrokagacHon o ThE new madTcal | eCaActS WwTth fanmed 1 ~the intHaton Step ancthen Molecle viny | monomer, | byger steed madtcal, wnich anothen monomen Malewle, foaming anethen Hf] in hsin -teactg With b- The iehetiHon Sh AHTS Sequene ales piace Veny maptdiy. r+ TS coed cham Prop aga ten. Rr cHa-—CHy + Ache = cHy > Ran - CHYIa CH ~Zny < This Step is Veny Ra bra IGadS +o HTgh molewiet mass “ngdreal@- Nats +a | PelOcernres - TW Steps: cham -renmimaton: e)tenmtinatHon 4- Saori Peed + So s 6 me tag piace. tent butyl penexide > Stynene to polysimene -