Cambridge Assessment International Education

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

BIOLOGY 0610/41
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2019
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 80

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

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Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2019 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and
some Cambridge O Level components.

This syllabus is regulated for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 14 printed pages.

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Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the
specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the
scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the
question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be
limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen).
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GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade
descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

1(a) (group of) organisms that can reproduce ; 2

to produce fertile offspring ;

1(b) pinna(e) / external ears ; 2

mammary glands / milk glands / production of milk / lactating /
suckling / breast feeding / nipples / AW ;
diaphragm ;
(three) bones in the middle ear ;
(four) different types of teeth / two sets of teeth ;
sweat glands ;
enucleated red blood cells ;
uterus / placenta / navel / AW ;
AVP ;

1(c) select, parent(s) / sheep / AW, with, fine / thin, hairs (in wool) 5 max 4 if no reference to quality of wool
OR
use Merino sheep from South Africa and NZ sheep ;

cross them together / use artificial insemination / IVF / AW ;

measure / AW, the hairs in the wool of all the offspring ;
select offspring with, fine / thin, hairs (in wool) ;
cross / AW, offspring together ;
continue / repeat, selection and/or breeding ;
over many generations ;
AVP ;

1(d) features are, adaptive / adaptations (for environment) ; 3

caused by / AW, the, environment / surroundings ;
competition between individuals for (named) resource(s) ;
reference to named selective agent(s) ;
slow(er) ;
increase in fitness ;
explained: ability to survive AND reproduce (in natural environment) ;
maintains (genetic) variation / less (genetic) variation in
selective breeding ;
random mating ;

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

2(a) carbon dioxide is, raw material / substrate / reactant / AW ; 2

concentration of carbon dioxide is higher outside leaf than inside (so
carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaf) ;

2(b) subtract the concentration of carbon dioxide at the end from the 2
concentration at the start / AW ;
divide by the time (taken) / per unit time ;
ref. to taking (rate of) respiration into account ;

2(c)(i) light intensity ; 1

water (supply) ;
humidity ;

2(c)(ii) increases and, reaches a plateau / remains constant / ‘levels off’ ; 3

increases (between 10 °C) to 30 °C / levels off at 30 °C ;
any comparative use of figures for rate with units at least once ;

2(c)(iii) 36 ;; 2

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

2(c)(iv) temperature is the limiting factor (over whole range) ; 3

increased temperature increases, kinetic energy / KE, (of molecules) ;
increases rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide (into leaf) ;
temperature, influences / affects, (activity of) enzymes ;
idea of more (effective) collisions between substrate molecules and
enzymes (in plant) / more enzyme-substrate complexes formed ;
more carbon dioxide is, fixed / used in photosynthesis / converted into
sugar / AW ;
carbon dioxide (concentration) is not limiting ;

2(c)(v) B shows that: 1

rate of photosynthesis is, higher / continues to increase, if carbon
dioxide is increased (at all temperatures / AW) ;

2(d) prediction: 2
rate of photosynthesis, remains constant / decreases / slows ;

any explanation one from:

enzymes / active sites, are denatured (at high temperatures) ;
stomata close, so, little / no, carbon dioxide can enter leaves ;
plant is adapted to survive at high temperatures ;

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

3(a) accommodation ; 5
antagonistic ;
peripheral ;
optic ;
brain ;

3(b) involves, proteins / carriers / pumps (in neurone membrane) ; 3

(named) ion(s) bind to, proteins / carriers / pumps, to move ions / AW ;
move ions, against concentration gradient / from low to high
concentration ;
using energy ;
AVP ; e.g. change in shape of carrier (protein)

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

3(c) general marking point 6

neurotransmitters move across, synapse / gap / junction / AW ;

atropine
neurotransmitter cannot, bind to / enter / reach, receptors ;
therefore no impulses (along, next / postsynaptic, neurone) /
no impulses reach the CNS ;
no sensitivity to stimuli / feels no pain / painkiller ;
no, contraction of muscle / response ; A reaction time is longer / no reflex
depressant ;

eserine
neurotransmitter stays in, synapse / synaptic gap ;
neurotransmitter can bind to receptor (rather than stay in synapse) ;
continuously stimulates the, next / postsynaptic, neurone ;
(more) impulses are sent (in, next / postsynaptic, neurone) ;
repeated, contraction of muscle / response ;
stimulant ;

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

3(d) anabolic steroids increase, muscle mass / AW ; 3

gives athletes unfair advantage / ref. to cheating / unethical / immoral ;
(named), side effect / effect on health ;
can be banned from taking part in sport if found using them ;
ref. to illegality ;
AVP ; e.g. can lose sponsorship / loss of reputation / AW

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

4(a) tissue ; 4
cell structure ;
cell ;
organ ;

4(b) 5 one mark per row

name of structure function letter on Fig. 4.1

production of
testis sperm / produces or C;
releases testosterone

transports sperm but not

sperm duct D;
urine

passage for urine and

urethra seminal fluid through the A;
penis

secretes / produces,
prostate gland seminal fluid / nutrient-rich E;
fluid / alkaline fluid / AW

scrotum
contains testes B;
/ scrotal sac

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

4(c) 1
X on testis / label line on testis with X ;

4(d)(i) one set of chromosomes ; 1

4(d)(ii) 23 ; 1

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

5(a)(i) liquid / fluid / watery, part of blood ; 1

5(a)(ii) amino acid(s) ; 1

5(b)(i) plasmid ; 1

5(b)(ii) restriction (enzyme) ; 1

5(b)(iii) cutting / opening, A / the plasmid, with same (restriction) enzyme(s) ; 3

forming, sticky ends ;
idea that (sticky) ends of human DNA and plasmid DNA are
complementary ;
reference to, bases / base sequences (of sticky ends) ;
correct reference to (DNA) ligase ; e.g. inserting gene / sticky ends
joining / splicing
AVP ; e.g. B is a recombinant (plasmid / DNA)

5(b)(iv) reliable / constant, supply ; 1

produce, large(er) quantities / in a fermenter / bacteria reproduce
quickly (to make more genetically engineered bacteria) ;
not dependent on blood donations ;
idea that no (named) health risk(s) ;
higher quality of product ;
AVP ;

5(b)(v) mRNA moves through the cytoplasm ; 2

mRNA molecules, move to / through, ribosomes ;
sequence of bases in mRNA determines order of amino acids (in
TPA) ;
for protein synthesis / to make proteins ;
AVP ;

6(a)(i) cell wall ; 1

cells are a regular shape / described ;
vacuole(s) ;
AVP ;

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

6(a)(ii) growth ; 1
producing cells ;
increase length of shoot / elongation of shoot ;

6(b) dividing cell / cell division / mitosis, needs (lot of) energy ; 3
carry out aerobic respiration ;
provide / release, energy ;
(for) a named function in dividing cells ;
e.g. movement of chromosomes
making cell wall
making new (named) molecules (e.g. protein / DNA)
making (named) organelle(s)

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Question Answer Marks Guidance

6(c)(i) auxin ; 1

6(c)(ii) auxin / hormone: 4

made in the, shoot / stem, tip ;
moves away from the tip ;
moves to / collects on, lower side of stem ;
stimulates cell elongation ;
stem, bends / grows, upwards ;
AVP ;

6(d) plants have different, structures / parts / specialised cells ; 3

idea that different parts / specialised cells, have different,
functions / roles / features ;
idea that specific proteins are required in, parts / specialised cells ;
genes code for proteins ;
therefore some genes, are required / are not required ;
AVP ; e.g. idea that waste of (named) resource(s) if all genes
expressed

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