Composite Morningness
Questionnaire 25
Purpose Finding the psychometric properties best represented those factors. The resulting scale
of alternative morningness questionnaires to be was found to have an internal consistency of .87.
inadequate, developers culled items from two of
these scales–the Horne Östberg Morningness- Obtaining a Copy A copy can be found in the
Eveningness Questionnaire [3] (Chap. 54)* and original article published by developers [2].
a diurnal type scale by Torsvall and Akerstedt [1] –
to create the Composite Morningness Questionnaire. Direct correspondence to:
Through factor analysis, 13 items were selected Carlla S. Smith, Department of Psychology
from the two original questionnaires. Among these Bowling Green State University
items, three factors were identified: morning activi- Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
ties, morning affect, and eveningness.
Scoring For questions regarding preferred sleep-
Population for Testing The scale has been vali- ing and waking times, respondents select the
dated in population of more than 500 undergrad- most suitable option from a list of time incre-
uate students. ments. Issues like ease of waking, alertness
throughout the day, and exercise are also queried.
Administration The scale is a self-report, Potential scores for the scale’s items range from
paper-and-pencil measure requiring between 3 and 1 to 4 or 5, with higher scores indicating a greater
5 min for completion. degree of morningness. Cutoffs for the scale were
chosen using the upper and lower percentiles of
Reliability and Validity When developing the the scale: A score of 22 or below indicates an
scale, Smith and colleagues [2] combined the two evening type, a score above 44 indicates a morn-
original questionnaires, analyzed out the three ing type, and scores in between receive a classifi-
most reliable factors, and selected the items that cation of intermediate.
*
Not included in this edition. Will be cited in the next ver- listed and analysed in a similar way on our website www.
sion. In the interim, this and new emerging scales are sleepontario.com under “Scales”.
A. Shahid et al. (eds.), STOP, THAT and One Hundred Other Sleep Scales, 137
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-9893-4_25, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
138 25 Composite Morningness Questionnaire
25 Composite Morningness Questionnaire 139
Copyright © 1989 by the American Psychological Association. Reproduced with permission. The official citation that
should be used in referencing this material is Smith et al. [2]. No further reproduction or distribution is permitted with-
out written permission from the American Psychological Association.
140 25 Composite Morningness Questionnaire
References Representative Studies Using Scale
1. Torsvall, L. & Akerstedt, T. (1980). A diurnal type Mitchell, R. J. & Williamson, A. M. (2000). Evaluation an
scale. Construction, consistency and validation in shift 8 hour versus a 12 hour shift roster on employees at a
work. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment power station. Applied Ergonomics, 31(1), 83–93.
Health, 6, 283–290. Waage, S., Moen, B. E., Pallesen, S., Eriksen, H. R.,
2. Smith, C. S., Reilly, C., & Midkiff, K. (1989). Evaluation Ursin, H., Akerstedt, T., & Bjorvatn, B. (2009). Shift
of three circadian rhythm questionnaires with sugges- work disorder among oil rig workers in the North Sea.
tions for an improved measure of morningness. Journal Sleep, 32(4), 558–565.
of Applied Psychology, 74(5), 728–738.
3. Home, J., & Ostberg, O. (1976). A self-assessment
questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness
in human circadian rhythms. International Journal of
Chronobiology,4, 97–110.
