Aerobic Testing Lab Report

Bri Rehborg

College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Grand Canyon University

EXS-340L: Exercise Physiology Lab

Dr. Acevado

3/27/2023

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Maximal Exercise Testing Questions:

Cycling Protocol:

Stage HR BP VO2 RPE RER

Baseline 84 120/80

1 91 130/80 Very light

2 115 135/80 Somewhat hard

3 126 140/80 Very hard

4 136 135/75 33.6 Very hard/ended

What was your V̇ O2 max and in which category did it place you according to ACSM guidelines?

VO2 max is a test that is performed to assess fitness based on the outcome.

Measurements of VO2 include oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and true heart

rate max. During the V̇ O2 max max test my max reached 33.5ml/kg/min. This placed me on the

border of the “poor- fair” category of according to the ACSM guidelines.

Using Cotes regression equation (shown below), estimate your cardiac output (Q̇ ) for the end of

the VOmax test (maximal exertion).

Q̇ (L/min) = 6.12 x V̇ O2 (L/min) + 3.4

Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped through the heart per minute (Nordin,

2017). Finding and estimated cardiac output can be done by knowing VO2. This can be done by

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using the Cotes regression equation (Q̇ (L/min) = 6.12 x V̇ O2 (L/min) + 3.4). First VO2 needs to

be converted from relative (mL/kg/min) to absolute (L/min). This is done by taking VO2 of 33.6

ml.kg/min and dividing it by 1000 then multiplied by the subject’s mass of 81.7 kg. This

33.5
equation is demonstrated: ( x 81.7) = 2.79 L/min. Then VO2 can be inserted to the Cotes
1000

equation as followed: (Q̇ (L/min) = (6.12 x 2.79 L/min) + 3.4), this puts cardiac output being

20.17 L/min.

Total peripheral resistance (TPR) is the resistance produced by the peripheral vasculature that

affects blood flow through the vessels of the body. TPR can be calculated by the following

equation:

MAP(mmHg)
TPR ( mmHg ∙min ∙ L−1 )=
Q̇ ¿ ¿

Total peripheral resistance represents the resistance produced by all the arteries besides

pulmonary vascular resistance. This is the effect and outcome of overall blood flow and

decreases with exercise or power. This is due to blood pressure and cardiac output increase, so

peripheral resistance decreases. Due to limited data, TPR could only be found in the fourth stage

because that was the only assess to VO2 that we had. Without VO2 for the prior stages the Cotes

equations cannot be completed. Due to this we cannot have an accurate graph of TPR vs power.

The following graph will show a normal response during exercise regarding TRP, which is

shown by blood flow and power, which is shown by “conductance”. Using the equation my

94.8(mmHg)
TPR, was 4.7 mmHg/min/L ( ).
˙ ¿¿
20.17

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Submaximal Testing Questions:

Present all of the data for V̇ O2 max. that were assessed during the submaximal exercise testing as

well as the percentile ranking based on the ASCM guidelines text (table and graphs should be

included).

The data shown below demonstrates 3 different individuals doing the submaximal tests. The

Astrand cycle test was done by subject 1, the YMCA cycle test was done by subject 2 then the

Astrand step test and the YMCA step test were done by subject 3. Because of the different data,

the estimates and percentiles are different and the predicted VO2 maxes were different. They all

were in a similar range, and I think this is because we are all around the same age and are healthy

and active.

The predicted VO2 for the astrand rhyming cycling test was 2.0 L/min, for the YMCA cycle

test was 1.7 and the astrand step test was 2.9 L min. According to the estimates the percentile

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rankings subject 1 and 2 are in the poor category and subject 3 is in the fair category. Since these

tests were done by different people it is difficult to compare factors upcoming to the test, these

tests should be done again to confirm percentiles and VO2.

Åstrand Rhyming Cycling Test

Subject: Rianna Age: 19 Ht: 162.65 cm Wt: 82 kg

Protocol: see methods above Gender: F Resting BP: 130/80

Resistance: 1.5 Resting HR: 85

Minute Heart Rate Blood Pressure

2 158

3 163 160/70

4 163

5 168

6 168 180/70

Recovery – 2 minutes post 130 160/70

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VO2 predicted: 2.0 L/min, 24.39 ml/kg/min

Predicted percentile: poor

YMCA Cycle Test

Subject: Annie Age: 20 Ht: 163.4 cm Wt: 64.95kg

Protocol: see methods Step Ht: - Resting BP: 115/70

above Cadence: - Resting HR: 69

Stage Heart Rate (w/n last 30sec Resistance Blood

of the stage) Pressure

1 80 0.5kp 120/70

2 117 2.0kp 140/70

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 3 143 2.5kp 160/70

Recovery – 2 minutes post 104 1.kp 130/70

VO2 predicted: 1.7 L/min, 26.17ml.kg/min

Predicted percentile: poor

Åstrand Rhyming Step Test

Subject: Bri Age: 19 Ht: 167.2 cm Wt: 81.7 kg

Protocol: see methods above Step Ht: 13” Resting BP: 120/80

Cadence: 90 Resting HR: 84

Minute Heart Rate Blood Pressure

2 140

3 151 140/80

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 4 152

5 158

6 160 150/80

Recovery – 2 minutes post 106 130/75

VO2 predicted: 2.9 L/min, 35.8ml/kg/min

Predicted percentile: fair

YMCA Step Test

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 Subject: Bri Age: 19 Ht: 167.2 cm Wt: 81.7kg

Protocol: see methods Step Ht: 13” Resting BP: 120/80

above Cadence: 96 Resting HR: 84

Pulse in 15 sec. (PC15s) = 161 Comments:

Recovery data: HRrec = PC15s x 4 = 644

Recovery BP = 145/70

2–Minute Step Test

Subject: Bri Age: 19 Ht: 167.2 cm Wt: 81.7kg

Protocol: see methods Index Ht: 28” Resting BP: 120/80

above Resting HR: 84

Number of Comments:

Protocol data: successful steps: 95

Recovery data: Recovery HR: 103 Recovery BP: 130/80

Compare your submax values to the measured V̇ O2 max. How do they compare? What factors

contribute to differences in the estimated versus measured V̇ O2 max values?

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 Due to time, the only submax tests that were completes by the subject that completed the

VO2 max test were the YMCA step test and the astrand cycle test. The astrand cycle test and

YMCA cycle test was performed by different people. The subject that completed the VO2 max

test only completed the astrand step test which compared values. The max VO2 was

33.6ml/kg/min, while the submax test was 35.8ml/kg/min. These values compared well and were

similar to each other, the submax test was slightly higher. I think fators that contributed to the

was the tests were done a few weeks apart at different times with different factors upcoming to

the tests.

Your estimate for V̇ O2 max from the YMCA cycle test is presented in L/min (absolute V̇ O2). What

would your relative V̇ O2 (mL∙ k g−1 ∙ mi n−1) be? What is the difference between absolute and

relative V̇ O2?

The estimate for V̇ O2 max from the YMCA cycle test is . Converting from absolute(L/min)

to relative (mL/kg/min) is done by multiplying 1.7 L/min by 1000 then dividing it by the

1.7 x 1000
subject’s mass: = 26.17mL/kg/min. Absolute VO2 is the total amount of oxygen used
64.95

by the body during exercise, typically measured in liters per minute (L/min). It is a measure of

how much oxygen the body is consuming, regardless of the individual's body weight or size.

Relative VO2, on the other hand, considers an individual's body weight and expresses the

amount of oxygen used during exercise relative to their body weight. It is measured in milliliters

of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute (ml/kg/min). Because relative VO2 considers

an individual's body weight, it is a more accurate measure of aerobic fitness and can be used to

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compare individuals of different sizes.

Anaerobic Testing Questions:

Wingate Test:

Leg resistance setting: 6kp Subject: bri

Resting Vitals HR: 117 BP:160/80

Split times Pedal Work (kpm) Power (W)

Revolutions

0 – 5sec 10 3.53kJ 706.32W

5 – 10sec 19(9) 3.18kJ 635.69W

10 – 15sec 27(8) 2.83kJ 565.06W

15 – 20sec 34(7) 2.47kJ 494.42W

20 – 25sec 40(6) 2.12kJ 423.79W

25 – 30sec 45 (5) 1.77kJ 353.16W

Recovery Vitals (5 HR: 163 BP: 190/90

min)

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 Power (W) throughout the Wingate
800

700

600

500
Power (W)

400

300

200

100

0
0-5 sec 5-10 sec 10-15 sec 15-20 sec 20-25 sec 25-30 sec
Time

Power (w)

Graph power (W) for the entire Wingate cycle test in the intervals in which data was collected

(every 5 seconds). Be sure to show calculations.

To find work (kpm):

Start by finding the load in newtons, by taking the kp (6) x 9.81 = 58.86, this is the force

in newtons. Then I used the work equation, total work= force (N) x peak # revolutions x 6m,

then divided by 1000. This was done for each stage:

kpm1= 58.86(N) x 10rev x 6m / 1000

kpm2= 58.86(N) x 9 rev x 6m / 1000

kpm3= 58.86(N) x 8 rev x 6m / 1000

kpm4= 58.86(N) x 7 rev x 6m / 1000

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 kpm5= 58.86(N) x 6 rev x 6m / 1000

kpm6= 58.86(N) x 5rev x 6m / 1000

To find power (W):

Start similarly to finding work, we find the load in newtons, by taking the kp (6) x 9.81 =

58.86, this is the force in newtons. Then I used the work equation again, total work= force (N) x

peak # revolutions x 6m, then different from finding work divide by 5 seconds. This was done

for each stage:

W1= 58.86(N) x 11rev x 6m / 5sec

W2= 58.86(N) x 9 rev x 6m / 5sec

W3= 58.86(N) x 7 rev x 6m / 5sec

W4= 58.86(N) x 6 rev x 6m / 5sec

W5= 58.86(N) x 5rev x 6m / 5sec

W6= 58.86(N) x 5rev x 6m / 5sec

The fatigue index is a measure of how quickly a muscle loses its ability to generate force

during repeated contractions. It is calculated by dividing the difference between the peak force

(highest power−lowest power )

and the steady-state force by the peak force ( (% )= x 100 ). In
highest power

other words, the fatigue index represents the percentage decline in force production from the

peak force to the steady-state force during a sustained period of muscular activity. A lower

fatigue index indicates better endurance, while a higher fatigue index indicates greater fatigue

(706.32−351.16)
and reduced endurance. My fatigue index was calculated at 50.28% ( x 100).
706.32

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The power response decreased during the duration of the Wingate protocol.

Throughout the Wingate cycle test, the energy required to power the cycling comes from

three different energy systems: the phosphagen system, the glycolytic system, and the oxidative

system. The phosphagen system is the primary energy system used during the initial phase of the

Wingate test, which lasts approximately 10 seconds. This system relies on stored

phosphocreatine in the muscles to rapidly produce energy without the need for oxygen. The

glycolytic system becomes the primary energy source after 10 seconds as the demand for energy

increases. This system relies on the breakdown of stored glucose to produce energy. The

oxidative system is briefly used as the body requires energy for longer periods of time. This

system relies on the breakdown of carbohydrates and fats in the presence of oxygen to produce

energy. The primary energy contribution is phosphocreatine and glycolytic because of the

anaerobic testing needs.

Present your vertical jump test data. Which condition (no warmup or with warm up) yielded the

highest jump? What factor is contributing to the difference, if present? If there are no

differences, be sure to address the muscle physiology condition that could contribute to

differences muscular power during the different conditions of this test.

Vertical Jump:

Standing No Warm-Up Jumps Warm-Up/Stretched Jumps

Reach:

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 Highest point Vertical jump Highest point Vertical jump

achieved distance achieved distance

1 100 13.5 101.5 14.5

2 103 17 103.5 17.5

3 103.5 17.5 104 18

Best Vertical 103.5 104

Jump

When completing the vertical jump, warmed up yielded the highest jump. Warming up

enhances flexibility while decreasing muscle tone, increases body temperature, and increases

muscular post activation potential (PAP). Increasing PAP enhances the nervous system and

muscular communication/ function. Also, muscle spindles were recruited inhibiting contraction

creating a greater power output. The vertical jump primarily uses the phosphocreatine system for

muscular power; the system uses the substrate creatine. This is stored in the skeletal muscles and

lasts around 10 seconds.

Sandra is a 75-year-old woman who was just hospitalized for a wrist fracture. Post-operative

physical therapy was part of her recovery, and her therapist decided to ask Sandra to perform

the 10m walk test. Her best walking time was 15 seconds. Calculate her velocity during the best

performance. According to the norms chart (in PowerPoint), how would you summarize her

current status?

The 10m walk test is a test used in hospitals by PTs and is associated with the ability to

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perform daily tasks; this test is assessing gait speed (m/s). To calculate gait speed, you take total

distance/ time; this put Sandra’s speed at .67m/s (10m/15sec). Based on the 10m walk graph,

Sandra is below average walking speed for her age, normal velocity should be 1.13-1.26m/s.

Sandra is unable to perform daily tasks to her ability because her muscular system is weakened.

Muscle power decreases with age and this matters because fall rusk gets higher and reactions

time is closely related to muscular power.

Graded Exercise Testing Questions:

What is the GXT, and what is it used for. Provide details. Please provide references.

Graded exercise tests (GXT) are used to determine the dynamic relationship between

exercise and integrated physiological systems (Balady, 2010). A graded exercise test is a well-

established tool for assessing cardiovascular and metabolic function during exercise. The

purpose of the test is to measure an individual's maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) or

their aerobic capacity, which is the maximum amount of oxygen the body can use during

exercise. A GXT typically involves the individual performing physical activities such as running,

cycling, or walking on a treadmill or stationary bike, while their heart rate, blood pressure,

oxygen consumption, and other physiological parameters are monitored (ACSM, 2018). The

intensity of the exercise is increased gradually over time, using predetermined increments, until

the individual reaches their maximum exertion level or a predetermined endpoint. There are

different protocols for conducting a GXT each with their own specific parameters for increasing

the exercise intensity. The Bruce protocol, for example, is one of the most used protocols and

involves increasing the treadmill speed and incline at specific intervals (Bruce, 1993). GXTs are

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used for a variety of purposes, including assessing an individual's overall fitness level,

diagnosing cardiovascular disease, and monitoring the progress of a rehabilitation program. The

test results can provide important information about an individual's cardiovascular health and can

help healthcare professionals develop individualized exercise programs to improve health

outcomes.

The heart rate and mean arterial pressure response to the graded exercise test varies

among individuals and can depend on factors such as age, gender, fitness level, and the specific

protocol used for the test. However, there are some general patterns that have been observed.

During the initial stages of the graded exercise test, there is typically a gradual increase in heart

rate and mean arterial pressure as the exercise intensity is increased (Hansen, 2013). As the

exercise intensity continues to increase, there is a more rapid increase in heart rate and mean

arterial pressure. At maximal exertion, the heart rate response to exercise typically reaches its

maximum level, which can range from 160 to 220 beats per minute, depending on the individual.

Mean arterial pressure also typically increases at maximal exertion, with a peak value ranging

from 200 to 250 mmHg (Gibbons, 2002). During the recovery period following the graded

exercise test, both heart rate and mean arterial pressure decrease gradually to their pre-exercise

levels. The rate and extent of this decrease can depend on the individual's fitness level and other

factors.

What is the difference between absolute and relative contraindications to exercise testing?

Please list three absolute and three relative contraindications. (Hint: See the ACSM guidelines.)

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 Absolute and relative contraindications are used to describe conditions that may affect an

individual's ability to safely participate in exercise testing. The difference between absolute and

relative contraindications is primarily related to the severity and potential risk of harm associated

with the condition or situation. Absolute contraindications refer to medical conditions or

situations in which exercise testing is not recommended due to the potential risk of serious harm

to the individual. Examples of absolute contraindications may include a recent myocardial

infarction, unstable angina, or an acute respiratory infection. These conditions require urgent

medical attention and should be addressed before considering exercise testing. Relative

contraindications, on the other hand, refer to conditions or situations in which exercise testing

may be safe, but with caution and careful monitoring. Examples of relative contraindications

may include controlled hypertension, mild or stable heart failure, or certain medications that

affect heart rate or blood pressure. In these cases, exercise testing can be performed with careful

monitoring and adjustment of the testing protocol, if necessary.

What is RPE and why do we use it? What is the association/relationship between HR and RPE?

RPE stands for Rating of Perceived Exertion, and it is a subjective measure of how hard

an individual feels they are working during exercise or physical activity. RPE is typically

measured using a numerical scale, such as the Borg Scale, which ranges from 6 to 20 or from 0

to 10 (Borg, 1982). The individual is asked to rate their level of exertion based on how they feel

during the activity, with higher numbers indicating a greater perceived exertion. RPE is a way to

monitor and adjust exercise intensity and is particularly useful in situations were objective

measures of exercise intensity, such as heart rate or oxygen consumption, may not be feasible or

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accurate. RPE is useful in situations where individuals have different fitness levels or health

conditions that affect their response to exercise. By using RPE, individuals can adjust the

intensity of their exercise to match their perceived exertion, rather than relying on a specific

heart rate or oxygen consumption target that may not be appropriate for their individual needs.

Heart rate (HR) and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) are both measures of exercise

intensity, but they are different types of measures. HR is an objective measure of how hard the

heart is working during exercise, while RPE is a subjective measure of how hard the individual

feels they are working during exercise. Research has shown that there is a moderate correlation

between HR and RPE during exercise (Foster, 2001). This means that as HR increases, so does

RPE, indicating that individuals tend to perceive greater exertion as their heart rate increases.

However, the relationship between HR and RPE is not perfect, and there can be significant

individual variability in how HR and RPE respond to exercise. By using both measures together,

individuals can better monitor and adjust their exercise intensity to achieve their goals and meet

their individual needs.

(Benchmark: Domain 2.1/5.4 & 2.3)

Background: Jason is a 50-year-old male in average health who has some cardiovascular risk

factors, such as hypertension (142/90mmHg) and his age (greater than 45 years of age). His

resting HR is 80 bpm and he does not have any signs of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease.

All factors considered he is at moderate risk for adverse events during exercise (see Figure 2.3

and Table 2.2, found on pp. 26–27 of the 9th edition of ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing

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Prescription). He has a goal to live a healthier lifestyle, which includes eating healthier and to

start working out/being active. Currently, Jason consumes fast food and microwavable meals 4

days a week because he works two jobs; he does try to cook food like pizza, pasta, and fried

chicken on the other days of the week. Additionally, the only activity he gets is walking his dog

and an occasional hike in the mountains.

Throughout this course, we discuss ways in which we can test and evaluate the aerobic

and anaerobic systems of the body. As a professional in exercise science, the endpoint

isn’t simply being able to perform a test and getting the results. Instead, we use that data

and then apply it to an exercise program or another big picture goal. Given the

information above on your client Jason, answer the following:

It is important to choose an aerobic and anerobic test for Jason. The aerobic test that will

be chosen for Jason will be the step test. This test will be the safest considering his hypertension

and cardiovascular risk factors. He would benefit from this test because it can measure his values

and we can compare them to ACSM norms. The anaerobic test that will be chosen for Jason will

be the handgrip test. This test is easy to calcite and safer for him to conduct compared to any

other anerobic test that would put too much pressure on the arteries; especially with Jason’s

hypertension, this needs to be considered. Th hand grip test is a reliable indicator and predictor

of comorbidity and higher risk for stroke or a heart attack. Poor grip is also associated with

greater mortality and can be linked to sarcopenia.

Based on Jason’s demographics and characteristics, 50 years old, hypertensive, and has a

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 high resting BP he is in a poor health category. I would estimate the results for the step test

would be around 113 which would put him in the poor health category according to the ACSM

norms. For Jason’s handgrip test I would predict his results to be around a 92 which again puts

him in the poor category for his age category according to the ACSM norms. Jason is predicted

to have poor health, so I am going to make an exercise program based off this data.

Exercise program: 4 weeks

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

30-minute 30-minute 30-minute 30-minute 30-minute 30-minute 30-minute walk

walk walk walk walk walk walk (throughout the

(throughout (throughout (throughout (throughout (throughout (throughout day)

the day) the day) the day) the day) the day) the day)

Resistance Resistance Resistance

training- training- training-

1-2 sets, 10- 1-2 sets, 10-

15 reps: 15 reps: bosu 1-2 sets, 10-

ankle ball prone 15 reps:

banded leg lying military Elevated

abductions press goblet

1-2 sets, 10- 1-2 sets, 10- squats

15 reps: 15 reps: 1-2 sets, 10-

RDLs to Squat to 15 reps:

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 rows press Bosu wall

squats

If the intervention is successful, I would expect Jason to ultimately feel better. Along with

this his blood pressure should shower along with his resting heart rate. This will not be fixed

overnight but if Jason is consistent and progresses his exercise program slowly he will begin to

increase his aerobic and anerobic capacity making him overall healthier.

Jasons current dietary habits are not the greatest so I would advise Jason to see a

nutritionist for specific recommendations as it is out of my scope of practice. Based on his

current dietary habits the general recommendation that I would give him would be to implement

more protein, vegetables, and fruit into his diet. By increasing fruits and vegetables he will also

increase his fiber, but he should be targeting to revive 29g/ day. I would suggest he could meal

prep on the weekend to prepare for his busy week. I also would tell him to opt for a salad at least

one day a week when getting fats food.

Treating our body well is shaped by the Christian worldview because food and exercise

plays a major role in maintaining good health, which was a loving gift from God to improve the

enjoyment and quality of life in someone's life, spiritually, physically, and mentally. The Bible

says that your body is a temple, in which it is not your own, so glorify God with and through

your body (1 Corinthians 6:19-20). We were given this glorious body, so why hurt it and treat it

poorly? I think it is important to emphasize to Jason the importance of physical activity and

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functional foods to take care of our bodies and feed our souls. I think it is fascinating how our

body and each of its systems work so intricately and with that, we should treat it as the Creator

would treat it. Ultimately, our body is a temple, and we should treat it like that, in the shape of

the Lord to honor His creation.

References

American College of Sports Medicine. (2018). ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing

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and Prescription (10th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Balady, G. J., Ades, P. A., Comoss, P., Limacher, M., Pina, I. L., Southard, D., &

Williams, M. A. (2010). Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention

programs: 2007 update. Circulation, 121(21), 2461-2468. doi:

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192700

Borg, G. A. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in

Sports and Exercise, 14(5), 377-381. doi: 10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012

Bruce, R. A., Kusumi, F., & Hosmer, D. (1973). Maximal oxygen intake and

nomographic assessment of functional aerobic impairment in cardiovascular disease. American

Heart Journal, 85(4), 546-562. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(73)90502-4

Foster, C., Florhaug, J. A., Franklin, J., Gottschall, L., Hrovatin, L. A., Parker, S., ... &

Dodge, C. (2001). A new approach to monitoring exercise training. Journal of Strength and

Conditioning Research, 15(1), 109-115. doi: 10.1519/00124278-200102000-00019

Gibbons, R. J., Balady, G. J., Bricker, J. T., Chaitman, B. R., Fletcher, G. F., Froelicher,

V. F., ... & Winters Jr, W. L. (2002). ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing:

summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association

Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines).

Circulation, 106(14), 1883-1892. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000034670.06526.15

Grand Canyon University (Ed.). (2017). Laboratory manual for physiology of exercise.

Retrieved from http://lc.gcumedia.com/exs340l/laboratory-manual-for-physiology-of-exercise/

v1.1/index.php#/chapter/1

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 Hansen, D., Jacobs, L., Dahmen, N., Thijs, H., & Dendale, P. (2013). Reference values

for maximal exercise echocardiography: a systematic review. European Journal of Preventive

Cardiology, 20(3), 347-355. doi: 10.1177/2047487312437973

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