3
COURSE
LESSON
COURSE
LESSON
1
LESSON
The Explorer’s Guide:
EARTH
SCIENCE
ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE
OF
EARTH
Part 1
OBJECTIVE
Describe the historical development
of theories that explain the origin of
the universe.
THEORIES OF THE
UNIVERSE
Divine Creation Theory/
Creationism
The belief that the universe and the various forms of life were created by
God out of nothing (ex nihilo). Although the idea of God as creator is as old
as religion itself, modern creationism is largely a response to evolutionary
theory, which can explain the diversity of life without recourse to the
doctrine of God or any other divine power. It may also reject the big-bang
model of the emergence of the universe. Mainstream scientists generally
reject creationism. Creationism is largely associated with conservative
branches of Protestant Christianity, though there are proponents of Jewish
and Islamic creationism as well as adherents in other branches of
Christianity.
The Steady State Theory
It states that the counting of the galaxies in our
Universe is constant and new galaxies which are
forming continuously are filling the empty spaces
which are created by those heavenly bodies
which have crossed the boundary lines of
observable Universe.
The Steady State Theory
The theory was first put forward in 1948 by
British scientists Sir Hermann Bondi, Thomas
Gold, and Sir Fred Hoyle. It was further
developed by Hoyle to deal with problems that
had arisen in connection with the alternative big-
bang hypothesis.
The Steady State Theory
Pulsating Theory
In this theory it is assumed that there is
continuous expansion and contraction in
universe. A word which can replace the above
definition is ‘Pulsating’.
Pulsating Theory
Pulsating theory states that it is the possibility that
after some passage of time the expansion in the
universe may stop. Then their may be the possibility
of contraction. When this contraction will approaches
to a particular size. Again the explosion will take place.
Pulsating Theory
The Oscillating Universe Theory, also referred to as
the Pulsating Theory, discusses that the universe is
expanding and will contract once all the energy after
the Big Bang is used up. This theory, proposed by
Richard Tolman, can be described as the combination
of the Big Bang and the Big Crunch.
Richard Tolman
U.S. physical chemist and
physicist who demonstrated the
electron to be the charge-
carrying particle in the flow of
electricity in metals and
determined its mass.
Pulsating Theory
The Big Bang Theory
It states that all the matter of universe was present at a
single place in the form of hot and dense fire ball, having a
high temperature of nearly 1012K. After the passage of
nearly 20 billion years an enormous explosion took place.
All the matter which was concentrated at one place
scattered into space with rapid speed. This scattering was
along all directions. Then this scattered matter took the
shapes of galaxies and stars.
The Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang is the event about 13.7 billion years
ago when time, space, matter, and energy came into
existence.
The Big Bang Theory
The idea of big bang started in
1927 when Georges Lemaître, a
Belgian cosmologist and priest
deduced if Einstein’s General
Theory of Relativity was true.
Georges Lemaître
The Big Bang Theory
When Edwin Hubble
discovered that the galaxies
are moving away from each
other at high speeds,
Lemaître used Hubble’s
discovery to support his Edwin Hubble
theory.
The Big Bang Theory
Hubble’s journey led him to Mount Wilson
Observatory in California and the 100-
inch Hooker Telescope, the world’s largest
at the time. Hubble used the 100-inch
telescope to observe faint, fuzzy, cloud-
like patches of light broadly labeled
nebulae. His observations brought these
fuzzy patches into focus, and in the
process transformed the field of
cosmology.
The Big Bang Theory
In the late 1940s, Dr. Gamow, along with a
student of his, published a paper
explaining how the current levels of
hydrogen and helium in the universe
support the Big Bang theory. This theory
proposed that before anything physically
existed, there was an enormous explosion
that brought time and space into
existence.
Cosmic Microwave
Background Radiation
Cosmic Microwave
Background Radiation
Arno Penzias - On the
right
Robert WIlson - On the
left
Basics of the Big Bang
TRUE
or
FALSE
TRUE
or
FALSE
The Big Bang
was an
explosion.
END OF THE
UNIVERSE
END OF THE UNIVERSE
1. Big Rip
2. Big Freeze/ Heath Death
3. Big Crunch
“Heat death” of the universe or the ‘Big Chill’ hypothesis, the ‘Big Freeze’
hypothesis refers to a particular state of the universe with no free thermodynamic
energy. It is often called the ultimate destination of the universe. In physical terms,
when the entire universe reaches thermodynamic equilibrium, the Big Chill sets into
motion. Despite the name, the phenomena is not related to a certain temperature.
Next
stop!
