Statistical Tests and

MS Excel
April 2, 2024 - Tuesday
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
DEFINITION
Hypothesis testing is an objective
method of making decisions or
inferences from sample data (evidence).
 NULL VS ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS
NULL HYPOTHESIS (H0) – an assertion we
hold as true unless we have sufficient statistical
evidence to conclude otherwise.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (Ha) – is the
negation of the null hypothesis.
 SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL
• The probability of rejecting the null
hypothesis when it is true, also
known as the type I error.
 SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL
• This is decided by the researcher but
is normally set at 5% which means
that there is a 1 in 20 chance of
rejecting the null when it is true.
 TEST STATISTIC
• It is a value calculated from a
sample to decide whether to accept
or reject the null (H0) and varies
between tests.
HOW TO INTERPRET
RESULTS?
 DECISION RULE
If the computed value is greater than or
beyond the
t – tabular / critical value, reject Ho.
computed > tabulated Ho=Reject VI=S
computed < tabulated Ho=Fail to Reject VI=NS
 DECISION RULE
If the p value is less than the level of
significance (0.05), reject Ho.

P value ≤ 0.05 Ho = Reject VI=S

P value > 0.05 Ho = Fail to Reject VI=NS
HOW TO INTERPRET RESULTS?
Example. Scores of 10 male and 10 female AB
students in spelling. Test the null hypothesis that there
is no significant difference between the performance of
male and female AB students in the test.

Sources of t- t-
Mean SD df Ho VI
Data comp tab
Male 13.1 19.43
18 2.88 2.101 R S
Female 7.8 14.4
HOW TO INTERPRET RESULTS?
Sources of
Mean SD df t-comp t- tab Ho VI
Data
Male 13.1 19.43
18 2.88 2.101 R S
Female 7.8 14.4
_____________________________________________________
(Interpretation)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
________.
(Implication)
_____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
____________________.
HOW TO INTERPRET RESULTS?
Sources of
Mean SD df t-comp t- tab Ho VI
Data
Male 13.1 19.43
18 2.88 2.101 R S
Female 7.8 14.4
(Summary of Findings)
_____________________________________________________
(Interpretation)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
________.
(Implication) (Conclusions)
_____________________________________________________
(Recommendations)
__________________________________________________________
____________________.
Test Statistics ≤ Critical Value “Fail to Reject Ho”
Test Statistics > Critical Value “Reject Ho”
 P-value ≤ Level of Significance (0.05) “Reject Ho”
P-value > Level of Significance (0.05) “Fail to Reject Ho”

Alpha at
0.05
HOW TO INTERPRET RESULTS?
Source of F
SS df MS F crit Ho VI
Variation comp
Sample 151.25 1 151.3 5.02 4.49
Columns 0.2 1 0.2 0.007 4.49
Interaction 320 1 320 10.63 4.49
Within 481.76 16 30.11

Total 953.21 19
HOW TO INTERPRET RESULTS?
Source of F F
SS df MS Ho VI
Variation comp crit
Sample 151.25 1 151.3 5.02 4.49 R S
Columns 0.2 1 0.2 0.007 4.49 FR NS
Interaction 320 1 320 10.63 4.49 R S
Within 481.76 16 30.11

Total 953.21 19
INDEPENDENT
T-TEST
MS Excel
•Click the File tab, click
Options, and then click
the Add-Ins category. If
you're using Excel
2007, click the
Microsoft Office
Button, and then click
Excel Options
MS Excel
•In the Manage box,
select Excel Add-ins
and then click Go.
•In the Add-Ins box,
check the Analysis
ToolPak check box,
and then click OK.
Independent t-test
•Independent t-test is used to determine if
there is a significant difference between two
independent or two different groups in terms
of means for small sample size, 𝒏≤𝟑𝟎 and
population variance is unknown.
• For independent t-test, determine if the
variances are equal or unequal before
choosing the t-test analysis tool.
Independent t-test
Independent t-test
• The Two-Sample assuming Equal Variances test is
used when you know (either through the question or you
have analyzed the variance in the data) that the
variances are the same.
• The Two-Sample assuming Unequal Variances test is
used when either:
• You know the variances are not the same.
• You do not know if the variances are the same or not.
Steps:
1. On the Data tab, in the Analysis group, click on Data Analysis.
2. On the Data Analysis Tab, choose from t-test options
appropriate to your research study.
3. Choose t-test: Two Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
4. Enter Variable 1 Range and Variable 2 Range.
5. Enter "0" for Hypothesized Mean Difference.
6. Uncheck Labels if you will not include the column headings in
our Variable 1 and 2 Ranges. Check if otherwise.
7. Keep the Alpha = 0.05.
8. For the Output Range, click on the cell where the table will
appear.
9. Click OK.
Example 1:
Group 1 Group 2 • Is there significant
1 50
20 57
difference in the level of
14 50 performance of Group
33 53 1 and Group 2 with
51 42 Group 2 as exposed to
2 32
a learning intervention
8 45
58 56 in Science for the 3rd
45 40 quarter competencies?
4 41
32 40
25 35
 DECISION RULE
If the computed value is greater than or
beyond the
t – tabular / critical value, reject Ho.
computed > tabulated Ho=Reject VI=S
computed < tabulated Ho=Fail to Reject VI=NS
 DECISION RULE
If the p value is less than the level of
significance (0.05), reject Ho.

P value ≤ 0.05 Ho = Reject VI=S

P value > 0.05 Ho = Fail to Reject VI=NS
Example:
Group 1 Group 2 • t-stat = 3.3654
1 50
20 57 • t-crit = 1.75305
14 50
33 53
51 42 • Reject
2
8
32
45
• Significant
58 56
45 40
4 41
32 40
25 35
Statistical Tests and
MS Excel
April 8, 2024 – MDL Monday
DEPENDENT
T-TEST
Dependent t-test
•Dependent t-test or Paired Test is used to
determine if there is a significant difference
between two sets or groups of related or
correlated observations for small sample
size, 𝒏≤𝟑𝟎 and population variance is
unknown
Dependent t-test
• Paired Two Sample For Means is used when
your sample observations are naturally paired.
The usual reason for performing this test is when
you are testing the same group twice. For
example, if you are testing a new drug, you’ll
want to compare the sample before and after they
take the drug to see if the results are different.
Dependent t-test
Steps:
1. On the Data tab, in the Analysis group, click on Data Analysis.
2. On the Data Analysis Tab, choose from t-test options
appropriate to your research study.
3. Choose t-test: Paired Two Sample for Means
4. Enter Variable 1 Range and Variable 2 Range.
5. Enter "0" for Hypothesized Mean Difference.
6. Uncheck Labels if you will not include the column headings in
our Variable 1 and 2 Ranges. Check if otherwise.
7. Keep the Alpha = 0.05.
8. For the Output Range, click on the cell where the table will
appear.
9. Click OK.
Example 1:
Before After
44 51
49 42
56 37
51 45
65 65
39 47
40 65
44 49
51 69
42 38
37 33
60 45
40 51
43 50
45 49
 Activity
Before Storage After Storage • In a study conducted by the
224 116 Bureau of Food and Drugs,
270 96
the following data were
400 239
recorded on sorbic acid
residuals, in parts per million,
444 329
in ham immediately after
590 437
dipping in a sorbate solution
660 597
and after 60 days of storage:
1400 689
680 576

Sources of Data Mean SD df t-comp t- tab Ho VI

Before
After
 Activity
Before Storage After Storage • Perform in MS Excel and
224 116 upload the file in the
270 96 Google Classroom.
400 239
• Complete the table below.
444 329
590 437 • Include the interpretation
660 597 and implication of the
1400 689 results.
680 576

Sources of Data Mean SD df t-comp t- tab Ho VI

Before
After