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Effects on emissions of a diesel engine with

premixed HHO
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Cite this: RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 23383

S. Liu,* Z. Wang, X. X. Li, Y. Zhao and R. N. Li

Most parts of China suffer often from haze pollution, which has a huge impact on human health. Road traffic
has made the largest contribution to the haze. Of all the kinds of vehicular systems, the diesel engine
produces the most PM; therefore, to reduce haze pollution, it is necessary research methods to reduce
the PM produced by diesel engines. HHO (Brown's gas, Rhode's gas and HRG) is formed from H2
(60.79%) and O2 (30.39%) as well as a small amount of water vapour and active substances, such as
oxygen radicals (O) and hydroxyl radicals (OH), which have quite strong oxidizing properties in the
engine process, stimulating the C–H chain reaction during the combustion period and accelerating the
oxidation of HC, CO and PM emissions as a result. The influence of blending HHO with diesel on diesel
engine emission characteristics is well-researched, based on an 186FA single-cylinder diesel engine. The
HHO was combined with air in the intake pipe. The influence of HHO on the amount of CO, HC, NO
and PM emissions was analysed by collecting data under various speeds and loads. Through MOUDI,
particles of various diameters under the highest torque working conditions and declared working
conditions were collected to analyse how HHO affected the particle mass distribution in different
diameter ranges. The analysis showed that when the speed was stable, the quantities of CO, HC and PM
created were decreased by adding HHO; in addition, HHO had the greatest effect on PM. As the load
increased, the amount of CO, HC and smoke declined gradually, but the decline of NO was smaller
comparatively. Moreover, after blending with HHO, the quantity of NO created increased by 9.52% when
the diesel engine operated according to external characteristics, and the quantity of HC, CO and PM
Received 26th December 2015
Accepted 24th February 2016
created decreased by 31.6%, 11.3% and 20.71%, respectively. Finally, the gross mass of the particles
dropped 67.48% and 42.53% under the highest torque working conditions and declared working
DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27761b
conditions, respectively, with the distribution of diameters moving to smaller sizes. Introducing HHO into
www.rsc.org/advances diesel can effectively reduce the generation of PM, which plays a positive role in reducing haze pollution.

research to study how HHO inuences the quantity and volume

1 Introduction of PM emissions produced by a diesel engine and to analyse the
The diesel engine is widely used around the world as a power change in NO, HC and CO and other conventional pollutants of
unit. Compared with other kinds of engines, it has good power diesel engines with the addition of HHO.
performance and fuel economy to meet the needs of various Researchers around the world have focused on the diesel
machines. However, PM (particulate matter) is a big problem for engine with premixed HHO for many years. In the 1970s, an
the diesel engine.1–3 There are many ways to reduce PM. Intro- Australian professor named Yull Brown proposed an HHO
ducing HHO (Brown's gas, Rhode's gas and HRG) as an additive generator. HHO7 is essentially oxygen O2 and hydrogen H2 with
into the diesel engine can change the combustion progress and the molar ratio 2 : 1, which can be produced by electrolyzing
has a signicant effect on the emissions of CO, HC and PM.4–6 alkaline solutions in an electrolytic tank. There are some
As is well-known, most parts of China suffer from haze pollu- hydroxyl free radicals included in HHO, which catalyse
tion, and some individual regions have suffered from haze combustion and increase combustion efficiency. Aer that,
pollution for a long time. A hazy environment causes respiratory scholars abroad started researching how to apply HHO to
disease and even leads to lung cancer. Studies have shown that engines. Ammar A.7,8 studied the Honda G200 single cylinder
road traffic makes the largest contribution to the haze in China. gasoline engine to analyse the impact of HHO on its emission
Of all the kinds of traffic tools, the diesel engine produced the performance. The results showed that NOx was reduced
most PM. HHO can reduce the emission of PM. We conducted approximately 50% and CO was reduced approximately 80% by
introducing HHO gas into the engine. S. Bari9 studied
a 4-cylinder diesel engine. The results showed that, with HHO,
School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road No. 301, the engine's absolute effective efficiency increased 2.9% and the
Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China

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effective fuel consumption rate reduced 8.1%. HC, CO2 and CO OH is a kind of nonselective oxide, and its oxidability is only
were reduced as the rate of HHO increased, but the NOx was less than F2. Of all the reactive oxygen free radicals, OH is
increased a little. Adrian Birtas10 and his collaborators studied regarded as the one with the strongest activity, playing the main
diesel engines to research the impact of HHO on diesel engines' role.16 It can easily oxidize almost all of the organic and inorganic
economic efficiency and emission performance. Their results pollutants with high oxidation efficiency and reaction speed.
showed that the absolute effective efficiency of diesel engines Although its lifetime is short, its reaction is so powerful that the
decreased approximately 0.8%. Under low load conditions, by action radius is approximately 5–10 times its molecular diam-
introducing a small proportion of HHO, the emission of NOx eter, even having great inuence on the adjacent molecules.17
decreased. As the proportion of HHO increased, CO and CO2 Introduce HHO into a diesel engine and kindling it to cause
continuously decreased, and the PM decreased 30% at most. Ali an implosion forms a vacuum and negative pressure with the
Can Yilmaz11 and his collaborators also studied the impact of ratio of 1860 : 1, thereby improving the disturbance inside the
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HHO on the performance and emissions of diesel engines. The cylinder of the diesel engine.18 The trace amounts of OH free
result showed that, aer introducing HHO, the emission of CO radicals included in HHO have strong oxidizing properties,
decreased 13.5% and HC decreased 5%. which is catalytic combustion, to promote the reaction of the
This paper studies the 186F single-cylinder diesel engine and C–H chain during combustion and increase the quantity of OH
introduces HHO into the diesel engine to research the impact of free radicals inside the cylinder, thereby improving the
HHO on the emissions of CO, HC, NO, and FSN under different combustion of mixed ammable gas and the oxidization of the
rotation speeds or loads and to study the impact on PM with unburned HC, CO and PM.19
a MOUDI particle classication sampling device.
3 Test device and procedure
2 The impact of HHO on combustion This paper studies the 186F single-cylinder diesel engine. The
important technical parameters of this engine are shown in
HHO is colourless and tasteless. The results of a study by the Table 1, and the schematic diagram of the test device is shown
Dublin Adsorption Laboratory showed that the molar mass of in Fig. 2. The main test devices are a G5020 ve-gas analysis
HHO is 12.3 g mol 1. HHO is mainly made up of H2 and O2, metre, anFBY-201 fully automatic lter-type smoke metre, and
with H2 accounting for 60.79%, O2 accounting for 30.39%, and a Model 100 MOUDI particle classication sampling device.
a small amount of water vapour, O, OH and some other active The generating means is the core component of the cell
substances accounting for the rest.12 The energy stored in 1 Lof electrode material having a greater impact on energy
HHO is approximately 600 J (34 J). HHO is unstable, and its consumption during electrolysis. The electrode plate material
lifetime is approximately 11 minutes.13 Aer the active must be metal because H has good catalytic properties, a high
substances of HHO disappear, what remains is the combination melting point, and the number of outer electron atoms is 10.
gas of common H2 and O2, with a volumetric proportion of 2 : 1. The H2O to HHO generation process of the main raw mate-
According to Eckman,13 the common water molecule rial, at the point of the solution process, the cathode, H2,
includes two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The requires an anode to produce O2. H2O is a very weak electrolyte;
hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom connect to each other by at 25  C it's theoretical conductivity is 5.5  10 6 s m 1. A strong
bonding electrons; meanwhile, the molecule interacts with electrolyte is needed to improve the conductivity of the electro-
another pair of electrons, forming a tetrahedral structure in lyte. Acid is a highly corrosive electrode, suitable as an electro-
space as showed in Fig. 1. A Rydberg cluster can be formed by lyte, in general, in a solution of NaOH or KOH as an electrolyte.
electrolyzing water, whose main ingredients are H2 and O2 and The results show that, for the free radicals in HHO, the
also includes linear water molecules, which stay in a state of survival time is short. The shale gas engine, in the course of its
high energy with a trigonal bipyramidal shape, hydrogen atoms, work, to maintain the activity of HHO connects the device into
free electrons, and several kinds of free radicals. As research on the trachea. Online means work occurs, and the resulting HHO
free radicals continues, the conclusion that OH can be gener- occurs in the inlet with the page rock gas mixed with the mass
ated by electrolyzing water also conrms that HHO includes ow through the control valve to adjust the shale gas blending
a small quantity of free radicals.14,15 ratio of HHO.

Table 1 Main technical parameters of the 186F diesel engine

Item Parameter

Diesel engine type 186F

Cylinder bore  Stroke/mm  86  70
mm
Compression ratio 19
Displacement/L 0.406
Fig. 1 A water molecule gaining two electrons and turning into a linear Rated power/kW 5.7
water molecule. Rated speed/rpm 3000

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Fig. 3a shows the effect of HHO on CO emission under

different loads at different speeds. It can be seen that CO is
decreased in any working condition with HHO and that as the
load increases, the falling range increases. The main reason for
this is that HHO includes O2. Under high load conditions, the
average temperature inside the cylinder is higher, and the O2
provides the vector for CO to be oxidized CO2.21
Fig. 3b shows the effect of HHO on CO emission at different
speeds at 100% load. It can be seen that as the speed increases,
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the test device. (1) Dynamometer control the decrease of CO rst decreases and then increases. At the
speed of 1800 rpm, the decrease is the biggest, reaching 31.6%.
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system; (2) HHO gas generator; (3) diesel engine; (4) MOUDI particle
classification sampling device; (5) dynamometer. The main inuencing factor is the ratio of HHO in the total inlet
during each circulation work. When the production speed of the
HHO generator is set at 2 L min 1, the HHO will take approxi-
The Japanese Seiko JSM-7001F-type Scanning Electron mately 0.53% (volume ratio) of the total circulation inlet air at
Microscope and the JEM-2100-Type Transmission Electron the speed of 1800 rpm, and it will take 0.4% and 0.32% when
Microscope are employed to record the particles' morphology the speed is 2400 rpm and 3000 rpm, reducing by 24.5% and
and the structure of the particle samples before and aer the 39.6% compared with 1800 rpm. The decreasing ratio of HHO
blending and combustion with HHO. The scanning electron causes its catalysis for mixed ammable gas to become lower.
microscope has a resolution of 1.2 nm/3.0 nm, a minimum According to Fig. 3b, when HHO is introduced, CO emission
resolution of 1 nm and magnication of 10 to 800 000 times. decreases 22.2% and 11.6% at the speeds of 2400 rpm and
The transmission electron microscope has a magnication of 3000 rpm, respectively, compared with the condition without
2000 to 1 500 000 times, a point resolution of 0.23 nm and HHO. The effect of HHO on reducing CO emission at the speed
a lattice resolution of 0.14 nm. When observing, 20 visual elds of 3000 rpm is better that at 2400 rpm. The main reason for this
are arbitrarily selected to obtain many particle projection effect is that, with 100% load, the exhaust temperature is 456  C
pictures. and 541  C at 2400 rpm and 3000 rpm. Therefore, the average
This study adopts two proposals for comparison. One is to combustion temperature inside the cylinder at 3000 rpm is
introduce HHO into the cylinder at the speed of 2 L min 1 from higher, more OH free radicals emerge during combustion, and
the intake tube, and the other one is without HHO. Then, the the oxidization of CO increases accordingly. This effect is why the
emissions of HC, CO, NO and PM with different loads of 10%, decrease of CO emission at 3000 rpm is greater than at 2400 rpm.
25%, 50%, 75% and 100% at different speeds of 1800 rpm,
2400 rpm and 3000 rpm are tested to analyse the effect of HHO 4.2 HC emission
on the diesel engine's emission under the conditions of
S. Bari9 studied the inuence of premixed HHO on four-cylinder
different speeds and loads.
diesel engines. The results showed that, with the premixed
To check the effect of HHO on reducing PM, the exhaust will
be introduced into the MOUDI particle classication sampling
device with a vacuum pump. The PM will hit against a strike
plate because of the inuence of inertial airow. The deeper the
strike plate's position is, the smaller the strike plate's hole is.
The speed of the airow through the hole will be faster, while
the diameter of the PM caught will be smaller. Different PM
particles will be caught by different strike plates because of the
different diameters of the particles. Under the condition of
100% load, the PM will be sampled before and aer using HHO
at different speeds of 1800 rpm and 3000 rpm, with a sample
time of 20 min. We will measure the weight of PM caught by the
different strike plates, perform the statistical calculations, and
analyse the PM diameter distribution with and without HHO.

4 Test results and analysis

4.1 CO emission
Ammar20 studied the impact of premixed HHO on the Honda
G200's emissions performance. The results showed that, by
introducing a small amount of air into the engine aer the
HHO, HHO had a greater impact on CO emissions, which were
reduced by approximately 80%. Fig. 3 Variation of CO with load and speed with and without HHO.

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HHO, the absolute maximum effective efficiency of the diesel Fig. 5a shows the effect of HHO on NO emission under
increased by 2.9% and the highest fuel consumption was different loads at different speeds. It can be seen that HHO has
reduced by 8.1%. When a higher proportion of HHO was added, no evident inuence on NO emission under low load condi-
HC and CO were reduced. tions. This is because under low load conditions, fuel delivery is
Fig. 4a shows the effect of HHO on HC emission under less and the excess air coefficient is larger; therefore, the
different loads at different speeds. It can be seen that HC is introduced HHO has less effect on the combustion of the mixed
decreased in any working condition with HHO. The main reason inammable gas inside the cylinder.
is that the main component of HHO is H2, which does not When the load of the diesel engine is higher than 50%, aer
consume extra O2 in the air during combustion. Additionally, H2 introducing HHO, the NO emission will be higher than for the
has the characteristics of a large diffusion coefficient, wide working condition without HHO. The reason is that, as the load
ignition limits, small ignition energy and fast ame propagation increases, fuel delivery also increases and the excess air coeffi-
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speed when burned.22 The introduced HHO increases ignition cient inside the cylinder decreases. Aer HHO is introduced,
quantity and accelerates diffusive combustion. Moreover, with the ignition quantity becomes greater, the diffusive combustion
HHO, the fuel generates more OH free radicals during combus- moves faster, and the maximum explosion pressure and
tion, whose strong oxidizing properties promote the reaction temperature are higher. Moreover, HHO itself contains O2,
with the C–H chain and continuously oxidize unburned HC aer which promotes the combustion of mixed inammable gas
the main combustion period. Thus, HC emission is reduced. more fully; therefore the temperature and pressure inside the
Fig. 4b shows the effect of HHO on HC emission at different cylinder are both a little higher than the condition without
speeds under 100% load. It can be seen that the two curves of HC HHO, causing the increase in NO emissions.24
emission are almost parallel before and aer HHO is intro- Fig. 5b shows the effect of HHO on NO emission at different
duced, so the effect of HHO on reducing HC emission is not speeds under 100% load. It can be seen that aer HHO is
inuenced much by rotation speed. At the speed of 1800 rpm, introduced, as the speed increases, NO emission increases
the decrease of HC emission reaches its greatest, approximately 9.52%, 7.50%, 5.13%, 5.15% and 2.48%, respectively; i.e., the
11.3%. At the speed of 3000 rpm, the decrease is the smallest, effect of HHO on NO emission becomes lower. The reason is
approximately 8.8%. The reason is that at the speed of 1800 rpm, that, as the speed increases, the proportion of HHO decreases
HHO accounts for a larger proportion of the inlet air. gradually, so the effect of HHO on combustion becomes weaker.

4.3 NO emission
4.4 PM emission
Samuel23 studied the inuence of HHO on the NOx emission
performance of diesel engines. The results showed that when Fig. 6a shows the effect of HHO on PM emission under different
fed 1.5 L min 1 HHO, NOx emission concentrations decreased loads at different speeds. It can be seen that HHO has no
17.9%. When fed 2.8 L min 1 premixed HHO, NOx emission evident inuence on PM emission under low load conditions.
concentrations rose. This is because, under low load conditions, the fuel delivery is

Fig. 4 Variation of HC with load and speed with and without HHO. Fig. 5 Variation of NO with load and speed with and without HHO.

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less and the excess air coefficient is larger, so less PM is average temperature inside the cylinder becomes higher,
generated. Therefore, PM changes little aer HHO is making the combustion more complete, so PM decreases. In
introduced.25 addition, at high speed, the temperature of combustion inside
When HHO is introduced, as the load increases, the decrease the cylinder and at the exhaust are higher; during the aer-
in PM also increases. Under 100% load, the PM emission rea- combustion and exhaust period, the ratio of PM that is
ches its maximum value at any speed, and the effect of HHO on oxidized increases, larger particle sizes are oxidized into smaller
PM emission is also the most obvious. The possible reasons are ones, and smaller particle sizes are oxidized completely,
as follows. Under 100% load, the fuel delivery reaches its causing the PM diameter distribution to move towards the
maximum, and therefore the generated PM reaches its smaller sizes. Because of the combined effect described above,
maximum. Aer HHO is introduced, the implosion effect of the total weight of PM decreases.
HHO promotes the disturbance and combustion inside the Preliminary studies suggest that this is mainly because the
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cylinder. During the PM oxidation phase, under high load the active radicals in HHO promote the oxidation of dissolved
temperature inside the cylinder is higher, the speed of OH free organic matter on particle surfaces, so that the viscosity on the
radicals increases, and the high temperature environment is particle surface decreases, reducing the probability of particle
maintained longer, promoting the oxidation of PM. Therefore, collision and agglomeration.26
under the high load condition, HHO has a more obvious effect
on PM. Fig. 6b shows the effect of HHO on PM emission at
different speeds under 100% load. Compared to high speed, PM 4.6 PM appearance
decreases more signicantly at the speed of 1800 rpm; the Fig. 8 shows the morphology and structure of the particles
reduction rate is 20.71%. The main reason is that, at 1800 rpm before and aer blending combustion with HHO. It is observed
HHO accounts for the largest proportion of the inlet air and the that the particles are approximately spherical, and through
OH free radical included is the highest; therefore the effect on processes of collisions and coagulation, the particles intersect
promoting combustion is the most obvious. The same is true for together to form distribution patterns of occulence, bulk and
inhibiting and oxidizing PM. chain. Compared with biodiesel particles, aer blending
combustion with HHO, particles in the forms of bulk and
occulence are fewer but are mainly distributed in the forms of
4.5 PM diameter distribution
chain and branch. Meshing is conducted by scanning electron
According to Fig. 7a and b, with HHO, as the speed increases, microscopy images of each sample to obtain the number of
the PM diameter distribution becomes smaller. At the speeds of particles per square centimetre; combined with the measure-
1800 rpm and 3000 rpm, the decrease is 67.48% and 42.53, ment capabilities in Digital Micrograph soware, the number of
respectively, and the PM diameter distribution moves towards
smaller sizes. The reason is that, as the speed increases, the

Fig. 7 PM diameter distribution with and without HHO at different

Fig. 6 Variation of PM with load and speed with and without HHO. speeds.

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structure, showing different density levels at the junction, of

which the darker area is the result of the superposition of
a plurality of elementary particles. Further amplied by particle
agglomerates, it is observed that the basic carbon particles are
composed of a core and a shell, and the carbon layer structure
of the shell is strongly similar to the microcrystalline structure
of multilayer graphite with high stability; the closer to the core,
the more obvious the torsion and translation phenomena
between carbon layers will be, showing a highly disordered
topography. Compared with the particles of biodiesel, aer
blending combustion with HHO, the stacking between the basic
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carbon particles is decreased, there is a larger gap between the

various basic carbon particles, and the aggregate structure is
looser. This is mainly because, in the combustion process with
HHO, on the one hand the active radicals, such as OH, play the
role in oxidizing the soluble organic matter on the particle
surface, thereby reducing the stickiness of the particle surface
and the probability of particle collision agglomeration; on the
other hand, OH active radicals have the lowest reaction activa-
tion energy with particle precursors (benzene) with fast reaction
Fig. 8 Appearance of PM with and without HHO by SEM.
speed, which has played a role in suppressing particle nucle-
ation, reducing the generation of particles.

particles nally obtained is the average of 20 elds of view for 5 Conclusions

each sample. Calculations show that before and aer blending
In this paper, the inuence of blending HHO with diesel on
combustion with HHO, the number of particles per unit area is
diesel engine emission characteristics based on an 186FA single
17.5 and 13.8, respectively, and compared with biodiesel, the
cylinder diesel engine was studied. HHO was combined with air
number of particles is decreased by approximately 21.1%.
in the intake pipe, and the inuence of HHO on the amount of
Fig. 9 is a microcosmic structure chart of particles before and
CO, HC, NO and PM emissions was analysed by collecting data
aer blending combustion with HHO. It is observed that under
under various speeds and loads. Through MOUDI, particles of
the action of liquid bridges and solid bridges between the
various diameters under the largest torque working condition
particles, the particle granules (i.e., secondary particles) are
and declared working condition were collected to analyse how
prepared by mutual bond and accumulation of the elementary
HHO affected the particle mass distribution in different diam-
particles in different sizes to form micelles having a fractal
eter ranges. The main conclusions are as follows:
Aer introducing HHO into the engine at the same speed but
under low load with premixed HHO, the effect on emissions
from the diesel engine is less. As the load increases, the increase
of NO emission increases at an average rate of 5%. The decrease
of CO, HC and PM emissions increases approximately 15%,
8.5% and 7.5%, respectively.
Under 100% load with HHO, as the speed increases, the
increase of NO emission decreases at an average rate of 6%, the
decrease of CO, HC and PM emissions decreases approximately
17.5%, 10%, 12%, respectively, and the weight of PM decreases
6.672 mg on average.
Under the conditions of 1800 rpm and 100% load, the effect
of HHO on the emissions is the most obvious, with NO
increasing 9.52%, and CO, HC, PM decreasing 31.6%, 11.3%,
20.71%, respectively, PM weight decreasing 11.766 mg, and the
PM diameter distribution moving towards smaller particle sizes.
When the diesel engine is working, the surface morphology
of the particles is predominantly distributed in lump, chain and
arborescence and so on, and aer the blending combustion
with HHO, the lump structure is reduced and the particles are
mostly distributed in chain and arborescence, and the number
Fig. 9 Appearance of PM with and without HHO by TEM. of particles per unit area is reduced.

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