Практично-семінарське заняття

THEME: Phraseology. Classifications of phraseological units

Recommended Reading
1. Авксентьєв Л.Г. (1983). Сучасна українська мова. Фразеологія. Харків: Вища
школа. 137 с.
2. Бережняк В. М. Загальне мовознавство : хрестоматія; Ніжин. держ. ун-т ім. М.
Гоголя. - Ніжин : Вид-во НДУ ім. М. Гоголя, 2011. – 361 с.
3. Колесник О.С., Гаращук Л. А., Гаращук К. В. Теоретична фонетика англійської
мови : навчальний посібник для студентів факультетів іноземних мов. – Житомир : Вид-во
ЖДУ імені Івана Франка, 2015. – 226 с.
4. Соловйова Л. Ф. Сніховська, І. Е. Теорія сучасної англійської мови. Навчально-
методичний посібник. – Житомир: Вид-во ЖДУ ім. Івана Франка, 2014. – 232 с.
Optional
1. Довідник словотвірних елементів англійської мови / уклад. О. В. Вознюк. –
Житомир : ЖВІРЕ, 2003. – 96 с.
2. Ильиш Б. Строй современного английского языка. – Л.. 1971. – 234 с.
3. Сучасна українська літературна мова: За редакцією Грищенка А. П. – Київ: "Вища
школа", 2002.– 327 с.
4. Crystal D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of The English Language. – Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2005. – 499 p.

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS

Phraseological units, or idioms, represent what can be described as the most picturesque,
colourful and expressive part of the language's vocabulary.

If synonyms can be figuratively described as the tints and colours of the vocabulary, then
phraseology is a kind of picture gallery.

And what a variety of strange and grotesque images, figures and personalities one finds in this
amazing picture gallery:

dark horse,
white elephant,
bull in china shops,
green-eyed monsters
dogs barking up the wrong tree.
dog barks but the caravan keeps moving

Sometimes this parade of funny animals and strange human beings looks more like a fancy dress
ball (маскарад) than a peaceful picture gallery.

So, a dark horse mentioned above is actually not a horse but a person about whom no one
knows anything definite, and so one is not sure what can be expected from him.

A bull in a china shop describes a clumsy person.

A white elephant, however, is not even a person but a valuable object which makes a lot of
troubles for its owner and which is also difficult to dispose of.
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The green-eyed monster is jealousy, the image being drawn from Othello (Iago's words from
Act III, Scene 3).

To let the cat out of the bag has actually nothing to do with cats, but means simply "to let some
secret become known".

To bark up the wrong tree creates a picture of a foolish dog barking at the tree while the cat or
the squirrel has long since escaped. But the actual meaning of the idiom is "to look for somebody
in vain.

red tape - a phraseological unit не червона стрічка а бюрократизм, тяганина

red tapes - a free word-group червоні стрічки

to go to bed - a phraseological unit; лягати спати

to go to the bed - a free word-group. лягати у конкретне ліжко

to kick the bucket – вмирати,

at sixes and sevens – в безпорядку,
to see the elephant – пізнати життя,
to go for a song – продати за безцінь,
ball and chain – законна дружина,
a mare's nest – нісенітниця,
to talk through one's hat – говорити нісенітницю,
white elephant – обуза.
to turn over a new leaf – почати нове життя,
to be in smb's shoes – бути на чийомусь місці,
as busy as a bee – дуже зайнятий,
as cool as a cucumber – холоднокровний,
green light – зелена вулиця.
Baker's dosen – чертова дюжина,
a thorn in the flesh – більмо на оці,
skeleton in the cupboard – сімейна таємниця;

Classification of phraseological units

Taking into consideration mainly the degree of idiomaticity phraseological units may be
classified into three big groups. This general classification was first suggested by Acad. V. V.
Vinogradov. These groups are:
– phraseological fusions (зрощення),
– phraseological unities (єдності),
– phraseological collocations (словосполучення), or habitual collocations.
Phraseological fusions are completely non-motivated wordgroups. The meaning of the
components has no connection at least synchronically with the meaning of the whole group.
Idiomaticity is combined with complete stability of the lexical components and the grammatical
structure of the fusion,
E.g.:to kick the bucket – вмирати,
at sixes and sevens – в беспорядку,
to see the elephant – пізнати життя,
to go for a song – продати за безцінь,
ball and chain – законна дружина,
a mare's nest – нісенітниця,
to talk through one's hat – говорити нісенітницю,
white elephant – обуза.
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Phraseological unities are partially non-motivated word-groups as their meaning can usually be
understood through (deduced from) the metaphoric meaning of the whole phraseological unit,
e.g.to skate on thin ice – ризикувати,
to turn over a new leaf – почати нове життя,
to be in smb's shoes – бути на чийомусь місці,
as busy as a bee – дуже зайнятий,
as cool as a cucumber – холоднокровний,
green light – зелена вулиця.
Phraseological unities are usually marked by a comparatively high degree of stability of the
lexical components and grammatical structure. Phraseological unities can have homonymous
free phrases, used in direct meanings.
E.g.:to skate on thin ice – to skate on thin ice (to risk);
to wash one's hands off dirt – to wash one's hands off (to withdraw from participance);
to play the first role in the theatre – to play the first role (to dominate).
There must be not less than two notional wordsin metaphorical meanings.
Phraseological collocations are partially motivated but they are made up of words having special
lexical valency which is marked by a certain degree of stability in such word-groups. In
phraseological collocations variability of components is strictly limited. They differ from
phraseological unities by the fact that one of the components in them is used in its direct
meaning, the other – in indirect meaning, and the meaning of the whole group dominates over
the meaning of its components. As figurativeness is expressed only in one component of the
phrase it is hardly felt.
E.g.:to pay a visit, tribute, attention, respect;
to break a promise, a rule, news, silence;
to meet demands, requirement, necessity;
to set free; to set at liberty;
to make money, journey;
to fall ill.
The structure V + N (дополнение) is the largest group of phraseological collocations.

Structural classification of phraseological units.

Phraseological units may be defined as specific word-groups functioning as word-equivalents;
they are equivalent to definite classes of words. The part-of-speech meaning of phraseological
units is felt as belonging to the word-group as a whole irrespective of the part-ofspeech meaning
of component words. Comparing a free word-group,
e.g. a long day and a phraseological unit, e.g. in the long run, we observe that in the free word-
group the noun day and the adjective long preserve the part-of-speech meaning proper to these
words taken in isolation. The whole group is viewed as composed of two independent units (A +
N). In the phraseological unit in the long run the part-of speech meaning belongs to the group as
a single whole. In the long run is grammatically equivalent to single adverbs, e.g. finally, firstly,
etc. So we distinguish set-expressions that are nominal phrases, functioning like nouns,
e.g.:Jack-of-all-trades – майстер на всі руки,
ways and means – способи, засоби,
Baker's dosen – чертова дюжина,
a thorn in the flesh – більмо на оці,
skeleton in the cupboard – сімейна таємниця;
verbal phrases, functioning like verbs:
to take the bull by the horn – діяти рішуче,
to know the ropes – знати всі ходи и виходи,
to flog a dead horse – витрачати час впусту,
to put a finger into every pie – соватись у всі справи,
to have a finger in the pie – рильце у пушку
adjectival phrases, functioning like adjectives:
(as) cool as a cucumber – холоднокровний,

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(as) poor as a church mouse – дуже бідний,
(as) good as gold – золотий (про дитину);
adverbial phrases, functioning like adverbs;
in a trice – вмить,
before you can say «Jack Robinson» – вмить,
by hook or by crook – будь-якими засобами,
prepositional and conjunctional phrases:
as long as;
as well as;
in spite of; (spite – злість, досада)
as soon as;
interjectional phrases:
well, I never! – хто б міг подумати (ну і ну!),
by George! – (подив),
like hell! – черта з два,
my foot – тримай карман ширше,
my aunt! – боже мій! Здрастуйте, я ваша тітка!
my eye and Betty Martin! – ось так так!

Genetic (etymological) classification.

Phraseological units are created from free word-groups. But in the course of time some words –
constituents of phraseological units may drop out of the language; the situation in which the
phraseological unit was formed can be forgotten, motivation can be lost and these phrases
become phraseological fusions. The sources of phraseological units are different spheres of life:
sea life:
tell that to the marines – бреши більше!
in deep waters – в біді,
in low waters (сесть на мель) – бути без грошей,
to see land (видеть сушу) – бути близько до мети,
to run into difficult waters – потрапити в важку ситуацію;
fish and fishing:
to fish in troubled water – ловити рибу в мутній воді,
to drink like a fish – випивати сильно,
to feed the fishes – потонути, страждати на морську хворобу;
sport :
to have the ball at one's feet – бути хазяїном становища,
to hit below the belt – обрати заборонений прийом,
to back the wrong horse – зробити неправильний вибір,
the ball is with you! – слово за вами!
army :
to stick to one's guns – не сдавати позицій,
to mask one's batteries – маскувати свій ворожий настрій,
to mark time (маршировать на месте – воен.) – бездіяльність;
hunting :
to turn tail – пуститись навтьоки;
(as) hungry as a wolf;
Zoo life (animal life):
crocodile tears;
lion's share;
white elephant;
it rains cats and dogs;
theatre :
to play to the gallery – шукати дешевої популярності,
to pull the ropes – керувати;

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to play the first role – відігравати першу роль
medicine:
to sweeten the draught – підсластити ліки;
technical:
to get up steam – розвести пару, дати волю почуттям;
with full steam on – на всіх парах, поспіхом;
to grease the wheels – дати хабара;
agriculture:
to put the plough before the oxen – починати не з того кінця;
to get somebody's goat – розізлити;
historical events, customs:
by hook or by crook – у шинкарів старої Англії було в звичаї тягти до себе клієнтів,
хапаючи їх гаками. Жінок – за сукню гострими гачками, чоловіків – за ногу великими
гаками;
peeping Tom – надто цікавий чоловік. Джерело походження цього виразу – легенда про
леді Годиві в Ковентрі. Чоловік її, граф, обклав місто великими податками. Годива
заступилася за жителів. Граф поставив умову, що скасує податок, якщо Годива
наважиться проїхати опівдні оголеною через усе місто. Вона прийняла умова. Дізнавшись
про це, жителі змовилися в призначену годину закрити наглухо віконниці всіх будинків.
Годива проїхала по порожніх вулицях. Тільки кравець Том підглядав у шпарину і осліп. У
Ковентрі досі є міський годинник, на яких о 12 годині відкриваються Ставенко і з них
виглядає голова цікавого Тома;
trade :
to talk shop – говорити по ділу,
to make the best of the bargain – отримати дохід,
into the bargain – впридачу, best seller – ходкий товар.

Proverbs, sayings, aphorisms.

Besides phraseological units – word-equivalents, the language has set-phrases which are
equivalents of sentences. They are proverbs, sayings, aphorisms,
e.g.: custom is the second nature – звичка друга натура;
every man has a fool in his sleeve – на всякого мудреця вдосталь простоти;
too many cooks spoil the broth – у семи нянек дитя без глазу.
Proverb is a short saying, usually well-known and handed down from ancient times, containing
words of advice, warning or wisdom. Proverbs are reffered to phraseological units as they are
usually metaphors and are coloured stylistically. Proverbs are set-phrases because they also are
not created in the process of speech; they are part of the vocabulary which is created by folk. If
we compare Ukrainian and English proverbs and phraseological fusions we'll discover some
interesting phenomena. First of all, both languages have analogous proverbs,
e.g.:there is no smoke without fire – немає диму без вогню;
strike iron while it is hot – куй залізо, поки горяче;
don't look a gift horse into the mouth – подареному коню в зуби не заглядають.
Sometimes the meanings are analogous, but the semantic centre of the phrases is different in
Ukrainian and in English. It may be explained by different historical conditions at the same time
when the parallel phrases appeared,
e.g.:Rome was not built in a day. – Москва не відразу побудувалась.
Life is not a bed of roses. – Життя прожити – не поле перейти.
Do in Rome as the Romans do. – З вовками жити, по-вовчому вити. У чужий монастир зі
своїм уставом.
As you make your bed so you must lie on it. – Сам заварив кашу, сам в їж.
As they sow, so let them reap. – Що посієшь, те і пожнеш.

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Complete the following sentences, using the words from the list. Translate the sentences
into Ukrainian.

Ice, Beetroot, Mule, Feather, Sheet, Toast, Clockwork, Bee, Rail, Peacock.

1. She was so embarrassed that she went as red as a ______.

2. I can carry the suitcase easily; it's as light as a ____.
3. The room is as warm as ____.
4. My sister does so many things that she's always as busy as a _____.
5. He is as proud as a ______ of his new car.
6. It's as cold as _____ in that office.
7. Once he's made up his mind, he'll never change it, he's as stubborn as a ______.
8. She was so frightened that her face went as white as a ______.
9. The postman always calls at 8 o'clock; he's as regular as _______.
10. However much he eats, he's always as thin as a ______.

Translate the sentences (idioms/phraseological units) into Ukrainian.

the grass grows under your feet

nip it in the bud
the top of the tree
the pick of the bunch (stock)
a bed of roses
beat about the bush
put down roots
bear fruit
get to the root of the matter
up the garden path

PROVERBS AND SAYINGS

A proverb is a collection of words (phrase or sentence) that states a general truth or gives
advice:

Idleness is the root of all evil. Бездіяльність – корінь усього лихого.

A penny saved is a penny gained. Заощаджена копійка – це зароблена копійка.
The pen is mightier than the sword. Перо сильніше меча.
Ask no questions, hear no lies. Не задавайте питань, не чуйте брехні
Silence is something an answer. Мовчання – це щось на кшталт відповіді.
Strike iron while it is hot (Strike while the iron is hot) – Куй залізо, поки горяче;
Don't look a gift horse into the mouth – Подареному коню в зуби не заглядають.
Life is not a bed of roses. – Життя прожити – не поле перейти.
Do in Rome as the Romans do. – З вовками жити, по-вовчому вити.
As you make your bed so you must lie on it. – Сам заварив кашу, сам в їж.
As they sow, so let them reap (As you sow, you shall mow). – Що посієшь, те і пожнеш.

Proverbs could be best compared with minute fables for, like the latter, they sum up the
collective experience of the community.

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Translate the proverbs:
1. moralize: Hell is paved with good intentions.
2. give advice: Don’t judge a tree by its bark.
3. give warning: If you sing/laugh before breakfast, you will cry before night.
4. admonish: Liars should have good memories.
5. criticize: Everyone calls his own geese swans.
Translate the sayings and proverbs presented in a rhymed way

Great spenders
are bad lenders.
A cracked bell
can never sound well.
A hungry man
is an angry man.

A hedge between
keeps friendship green.

A man of words and not of deeds

is like a garden full of weeds.

If things were to be done twice –

all would be wise.

After dinner sit a while,

after supper walk a mile.

Good words without deeds

are rushes and reeds.

Haste makes waste.

Beauty lies
in lover's eyes.

Better one-eyed
than stone-blind.

Children and fools

must not play with edged tools.

Christmas comes but once a year,

but when it comes it brings good cheer.

Don't trouble trouble

until trouble troubles you.

Drunkenness reveals
what soberness conceals.

Early to bed and early to rise

makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

Every bullet
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has its billet.

Money spent on brain

is never spent in vain.

No joy
without alloy.

No living man
all things can.

No man is wise
at all times.

Rain at seven,
fine at eleven.

Velvet paws
hide sharp claws.

Well begun
is half done.

What can't be cured

must be endured.

When the cat is away

the mice will play.

See a pin and let it lie –

you'll need a pin before you die.

He that fights and runs away

will live to fight another day.

For duty duty must be done -

the rule applied to everyone.

A little pot
is soon hot.

A fault confessed
is half redressed.

A friend in need
is a friend indeed.

He that goes a-borrowing,

goes a-sorrowing.

He that will thrive,

must rise at five.

A stitch in time

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saves nine.

An apple a day
keeps the doctor away.

As you sow –
you shall mow.

As snug as the bug in a rug.

Great boast, small roast.

Little strokes
fell great oaks.

It is enough
to make a cat laugh.

In the end
things will mend.

Best defence is offence.

Birds of a feather
flock together.

Burn not your house

to rid it of the mouse.

By hook or by crook.

Cleanliness
is next to godliness.

Company in distress
makes trouble less.

East or West -
home is best.

Eat at pleasure,
drink with measure.

Every day
is not a Sunday.

Good health
is above wealth.

No pain - no gain.

Out of sight,
out of mind.

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Shallow streams
make most din.

What is done
cannot be undone.

Advice when most needed

is least heeded.

Friends may meet

but mountains never greet.

Fast bind – fast find.

He that would his daughter win

must with the mother first begin.

It needs more skill than I can tell

to play the second fiddle well.

A house you call a house in vain

If not a man it does contain.

A light purse
Is a heavy curse

A man convinced against his will

Is of the same opinion still

A man who will the honey take,

The sting must suffer for its sake

Better one small fish

Than an empty dish

Fame is last
When life is

Good advice
Is beyond price

Give a child his will

And he'll turn ill

He needs no screen
Whose hands are clean

Keen eyes are small gain

In the head without brain

Though riches may perish

Good name you may cherish

Man proposes

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But God disposes
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Read the following proverbs and their explanations

1. A bad workman always blames his tools.

This proverb is used when someone blames the quality of their equipment or other external
factors when they perform a task poorly.

Example: X: The turkey isn’t cooked well because the oven is not functioning well. Y: Well, it’s
the case of a bad workman blaming his tools.

2. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.

Things we already have are more valuable than what we hope to get.

Example: X: Why did you turn down that job offer when you don’t have anything concrete in
hand at the moment? Y: Well, I’m confident I’ll land one of the two jobs I interviewed for last
week. And they’re better than this one. X: In my opinion, you should’ve taken it. A bird in hand
is worth two in the bush.

3. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.

When people we love are not with us, we love them even more.

Example: When I was with her she always fought with me but now she cries for me on phone. I
think distance made her heart grow fonder.

4. A cat has nine lives.

Cat can survive seemingly fatal events.

Example: I haven’t seen him for several weeks, but I wouldn’t really worry about him. Everyone
knows a cat has nine lives.

5. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link.

One weak part will render the whole weak.

Example: No matter how confident the team is, it is as strong as its weakest link – its defence.

6. Actions speak louder than words.

Actions are a better reflection of one’s character because it’s easy to say things, but difficult to
act on them and follow through.

Example: Julie always says she’ll donate to the school, and she never does, so I doubt she will
this year. Actions speak louder than words, after all.

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7. A drowning man will clutch at a straw.

When someone is in a difficult situation, s/he will take any available opportunity to improve it.

Example: After trying all reliable medicines, he is now visiting quacks to get a cure for his
baldness. A drowning man will clutch at a straw.

8. Adversity and loss make a man wise.

We gain wisdom faster in difficult times than in prosperous times.

Example: After losing money in my investments, I know which investments to avoid. It is

rightly said adversity and loss make a man wise.

9. A fool and his money are soon parted.

Foolish people do not know how to hold on to their money.

Example: She gave up her entire estate on the basis of a verbal promise. A fool and his money
are indeed easily parted.

10. A journey of thousand miles begins with a single step.

Howsoever big a task is, it starts with a small step.

Example: I’m feeling overwhelmed by the prospect of completing 4,000-word paper by next
week, but I guess I’ll start by writing 500 words every day. After all, a journey of a thousand
miles begins with a single step.

11. A leopard can’t/ doesn’t change its spots.

A person can’t change its innate character, especially bad.

Example: X: Do you think he’ll stop copying after being caught and penalized? Y: I don’t think
so. A leopard can’t change its spots.

12. All good things come to an end.

Good experiences eventually come to an end.

Example: I was so sad to graduate from college and separate from my friends, but I’ve to realize
that all good things come to an end.

13. All’s well that ends well.

As long as the outcome is good, problems on the way don’t matter.

Example: I’m glad you finally got here, even though your car had a flat tire on the way. Oh well,
all’s well that ends well.

14. All that glitters is not gold.

Things that look good outwardly may not be as valuable or good.

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Example: X: I want to be a movie star when I grow up. Y: Film industry looks good from the
distance, but it has its own problems. Remember, all that glitters is not gold.

15. All’s fair in love and war.

One can break the rules of fair play under extenuating circumstances.

Example: X: How can you pitch my idea to the boss to look good? Y: Come on, all is fair in
love and war.

16. Always put your best foot forward.

Try as hard as you can or give your best.

Example: You need to put your best foot forward in the interview if you want to land that job.

17. Among the blind the one-eyed man is king.

An incapable person can gain powerful position if others in the fray are even more incapable.

Example: Despite his obvious lack of exposure and skills, he became head of the department
because he is one-eyed among the blind.

18. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Eating an apple a day will keep you healthy.

Example: Switch from chips to apples for your snack. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

19. An empty vessel makes much noise.

Foolish or stupid people are the most talkative.

Example: The spokesperson of the ruling political party yesterday was shouting at the top of his
voice on a TV debate, trying to defend the indefensible. Empty vessel makes much noise.

20. An idle brain is the devil’s workshop.

If you’ve nothing to do, you’ll likely think of mischief.

Example: The kids should be kept busy during the summer break. Otherwise, you know an idle
brain is devil’s workshop.

21. An ounce of protection is worth a pound of cure.

A little precaution before a crisis hits is better than lot of firefighting afterwards.

Example: Get the vaccination on priority. An ounce of protection is worth a pound of cure.

22. A picture is worth a thousand words.

It is easier to show or explain something through a picture than through words.

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Example: A picture is worth a thousand words. It is easier to learn biology through pictures than
through reams of text.

23. Appearances can be deceptive.

Outward appearance may not be what you believe them to be.

Example: X: He was well-mannered, suave, and good to talk to, but he turned out to be a
cheater. Y: Well, appearances can be deceptive.

24. A rolling stone gathers no moss.

A person who is always changing jobs and places has the advantage of less responsibilities, but
also the disadvantage of no fixed place to live.

Example: He was a bit of rolling stone before he got the job and settled down.

25. A ship in the harbor is safe, but that is not what a ship is for.

Get out of your comfort zone to grow and fulfill your potential.

Example: I think your fears are unfounded. You should travel to Italy for the Model UN. I’m
sure you’ll learn a lot. Remember, a ship in the harbor is safe, but that is not what a ship is for.

26. A stitch in time saves nine.

It’s better to deal with problems immediately rather than wait by when they worsen and become
much bigger.

Example: Because we anticipated and responded to the possible change in Facebook algorithm,
the referral traffic to our website dropped much less than what happened to some of our
competitors. A stitch in time saves nine.

27. As you sow, so you shall reap.

Your actions – good or bad – determine what you get.

Example: You’ve got entangled in few cases of fraud. That’s a result of your illegal get-rich-
quick methods. You should have known as you sow, so you shall reap.

28. A thing begun is half done.

A good beginning makes it easier to accomplish the rest of the project.

Example: He has already won first set in the match. I think he is on course to take this match.
Well begun is half done, after all.

29. Barking dogs seldom bite.

People who appear threatening rarely do harm.

Example: X: I’m really scared to report delay in the project to the boss. His temper is so over the
top. Y: I don’t think you should worry too much about it. Barking dogs seldom bite.

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30. Be slow in choosing, but slower in changing.

Choose things or people after proper diligence, but once you choose, stick for long.

Example: Don’t be hasty in picking friends, but once you make friends with someone, don’t
change him/ her fast. You should be slow in choosing, but slower in changing.

31. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

What may seem beautiful to one person may not seem to another.

Example: You may not like the curves of my new car, but then beauty is in the eye of the
beholder.

32. Beauty is only skin deep.

A person’s character, intellect, and other inner qualities are more important than his/ her physical
beauty.

Example: That gorgeous actress behaved so rudely with the driver – beauty is skin deep, after
all.

33. Beggars can’t be choosers.

People who depend on the generosity of others can’t pick & choose things as per their liking.
They’ve to accept what is given to them.

Example: X: I borrowed this jacket from my friend, but it’s not one of his nice ones. Y: Well,
but, beggars can’t be choosers.

34. Best things in life are free.

The most valuable things are often free.

Example: I feel so rejuvenated in clean air, sparkling water, and beautiful nature of the
mountains. Often times, the best things in life are free.

35. Better late than never.

It is better to get something (you desire) late than get it never.

Example: I’m sorry I’m late to the party, but better late than never, right?

36. Better to be poor and healthy rather than rich and sick.

Good health is more important than money.

Example: The pharma tycoon has been in and out of hospital for the last two months because of
kidney ailments. It’s better to be poor and healthy than rich and sick.

37. Better to wear out than to rust out.

It is better to remain active than to be idle (used mainly for old people)

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Example: X: Seeing your age, I wouldn’t recommend you to work so hard. Y: It’s better to wear
out than to rust out.

38. Blood is thicker than water.

Relationships with family (or blood relatives) is stronger than other relationships.

Example: My friends invited me for the picnic on Sunday, but I have to go to my cousin’s
birthday instead. Blood is thicker than water, isn’t it?

39. Cleanliness is next to Godliness.

Cleanliness is a sign of goodness, a great virtue.

Example: Keep yourself clean, after all cleanliness is next to Godliness.

40. Clothes do not make the man.

A person’s character can’t be judged by his/ her clothing and outward appearance.

Example: X: I can’t believe he has been charged for insider trading. He always seemed so
professional and impeccable. Y: Well, clothes don’t make the man.

41. Cowards die many times before their deaths.

Cowards suffer the feared effects of death many times over in their lives.

Example: X: He is constantly worried about the security of his job, and I don’t think he’ll pursue
his true interests. Y: He exemplifies the saying ‘cowards die many times before their deaths’.

42. Cross the stream where it is shallowest.

To do things in the easiest possible way.

Example: Let’s just cross the stream where it is shallowest and find a spot that you can pull right
in to—don’t worry about parallel parking.

43. Curiosity killed the cat.

Enquiring into others’ work can be dangerous. One should mind own business.

Example: I know curiosity killed the cat, but I can’t stop the investigation until I know where
the donations are really going.

44. Curses, like chickens, come home to roost.

The consequences of doing wrong always catch up with the wrongdoer.

Example: Politicians can fool some people some of the time, but in the end, chickens come
home to roost.

45. Discretion is the better part of valor.

It is wise to be careful and not show unnecessary bravery.

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Example: Son: Can I go hand gliding with my friends? Father: No. Son: But they’ll say I’m a
chicken if I don’t go! Father: Discretion is the better part of valor, and I’d rather have them call
you chicken than risk your life.

46. Don’t bite off more than you can chew.

Don’t take more responsibility than you can handle.

Example: I bit off more than I can chew when I said ‘yes’ to my boss for another project.

47. Don’t bite the hand that feeds you.

Don’t act badly toward the person who has helped you or from whom you derive some benefits,
for you may lose those benefits in future.

Example: Don’t bite the hand that feeds you by talking ill of your mentor for such a small thing.
If he distances himself from you or talk bad about you, it can hurt you bad.

48. Don’t blow your own trumpet.

You should avoid proudly talking of your achievements and success in front of others.

Example: Don’t blow your own trumpet by talking of who your clients are and how much
money you make every month.

49. Don’t cast pearls before swine.

Don’t offer something valuable to someone who doesn’t value it.

Example: To serve them French cuisine is like casting pearls before swine.

50. Don’t count your chickens before they hatch.

Don’t make plans based on future events that may not happen at all.

Example: X: I’ve to prepare for my campaign. Y: But you haven’t been nominated yet. Don’t
count your chickens before they hatch.

51. Don’t cross a bridge until you come to it.

Deal with a situation when it happens and not unnecessarily worry about it in advance.

Example: I know you’re worried about the mortgage payment in January, but don’t cross the
bridge till you come to it.

52. Don’t judge a book by its cover.

Just like you can’t form an opinion of a book just by looking at its cover, you can’t form an
opinion about someone (or something) from their outward appearance.

Example: He seems a bit jerk to me, but, hey, you never know. He may be good. You shouldn’t
judge a book by its cover.

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53. Don’t kill the goose that lays the golden eggs.

If you kill a goose that lays golden eggs, you destroy something that makes lot of money for you.

Example: Tourists come to this city mainly to see this monument. By opening it to commercial
use, the city council may kill the goose that lays golden eggs.

54. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.

Don’t put all your effort into a single course of action, venture, investment, goal, or the like,
because if it doesn’t work, you lose everything.

Example: Almost entire revenue of the Company comes from the Facebook platform. If
Facebook tweaks its policies in future, the Company may sink. They shouldn’t put all their eggs
in the same basket.

55. Don’t put the cart before the horse.

Do things in proper order. ‘Horse before the cart’ is the proper order, and not ‘cart before the
horse’.

Example: Don’t put the cart before the horse by finalizing the house you want to buy before you
arrange the funds for down payment.

56. Don’t throw the baby with the bathwater.

Don’t discard something valuable while getting rid of something worthless.

Example: We shouldn’t scrap the entire project for a subpart not planned well. Let’s not throw
the baby with the bathwater.

57. Early bird catches the worm.

One who starts early on the work has higher chance of success.

Example: X: Why have you come so early for the season-ending sale? Y: So that I can choose
from a wider selection and get a better piece. Early bird catches the worm, after all.

58. Easy come, easy go.

You say this when you get something easily and then lose it as easily.

Example: I found fifty dollars while on my morning walk, but I frittered it away foolishly by the
afternoon – easy come, easy go.

59. Empty bags cannot stand upright.

A poor or hungry person cannot discharge his duties well.

Example: You cannot expect poor people to fight for climate change, because empty bags
cannot stand upright. They need to first fulfill their basic needs.

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60. Every cloud has a silver lining.

Every bad or negative situation can result in some benefit to you. (The presence of silver lining
means that the sun is behind the cloud and will eventually emerge.)

Example: I know your business has suffered few setbacks this season. But remember, every
cloud has a silver lining.

61. Every dog has his day.

Even the unluckiest or the most unfortunate will taste success at some point.

Example: Are you surprised that John, the laggard, has got 92 percent marks in math? Well,
every dog has his day.

62. Every man is the architect of his destiny.

Your own actions and decisions decide what you achieve (or don’t) in life.

Example: Don’t blame others for your current state of affairs. Every man is the architect of his
destiny. You too are.

63. Every man has his price.

Anyone can be swayed to do something. It’s just that some may demand high price, some low.
This proverb is also used in the sense of bribing people.

Example: X: He has declined our offer to join the company. Y: Sweeten the offer. Raise the
compensation. Every man has his price.

64. Fall seven times. Stand up eight.

Be resilient and try despite failures. That’s how you succeed.

Example: Abraham Lincoln lost so many elections, but he kept trying. Eventually he became the
President of United States. It’s rightly said: Fall seven times. Stand up eight.

65. Familiarity breeds contempt.

If you know a situation, person, or thing well, you stop respecting them and become careless.

Example: After working so many years in that role, I don’t like it. I guess familiarity breeds
contempt.

66. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.

Fools or inexperienced persons get involved in situations or pursue goals without much thought.
In contrast, wise are thoughtful about such situations or goals.

Example: He sent an angry email without going into the background of the matter – fools rush in
where angels fear to tread.

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67. Fortune favors the brave.

If you carry out your plans boldly, the luck is more likely to favor you.

Example: I know you’re hesitant to accept the overseas position in your Company because the
ground realities there are different from what you’ve faced so far, but remember fortune favors
the brave.

68. Get out while the going (getting) is good.

To leave a place or situation before conditions worsen and it becomes difficult to leave.

Example: With the stock market at an all-time high and further upside looking difficult, we
decided to sell our shares and get out while the going was good.

69. Give them an inch and they’ll take a mile.

If you give someone a small amount of power or freedom to do something, they may try to get a
lot more.

Example: He borrowed my car for a day, but hasn’t returned even after four days. Well, give
them an inch and they’ll take a mile.

70. God helps those who help themselves.

God doesn’t help those who don’t try. You’ve to make effort if you want to succeed.

Example: You’ve to take the bull by horns and try getting a new job. God helps those who help
themselves.

71. Good things come to those who wait.

Patience is often rewarded.

Example: The best investors in the world have made their fortunes by investing for the long
term. Good things come to those who wait.

72. Grief divided is made lighter.

If you share your grief, it’ll get easier to bear.

Example: You shouldn’t hold back the news of financial loss you’ve incurred in your business.
Grief divided is made lighter.

73. Half a loaf is better than none.

Getting less than what one wants is better than not getting anything.

Example: X: Did you get the compensation for damage to your vehicle? Y: I was hoping for
$2,000, but the judge awarded only $800. X: Well, half a loaf is better than none.

74. Honesty is the best policy.

It’s always better to be truthful and honest, even if the opposite may get you the benefits.
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Example: I think you should just explain what happened, rather than trying to cover your tracks.
Honesty is the best policy, after all.

75. Hope for the best, prepare for the worst.

Be optimistic, but be prepared for a scenario where things can go wrong.

Example: We’re hoping to raise capital from investors, but it may not come so soon. Therefore,
it’s imperative to look for alternatives as well. Let’s hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.

76. If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.

If something is working fine, don’t change it unnecessarily.

Example: X: Why do you want to change this component in the machine when everything is
working fine? Y: OK. I agree. If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.

77. If the mountain won’t come to Muhammad, Muhammad must go to the mountain.

If things don’t turn the way you want them to, then adjust your way to suit those things.

Example: I need that book for completing my assignment. If you aren’t coming to the college
tomorrow, I’ll come to your place to take it – if the mountain won’t come to Muhammad,
Muhammad must go to the mountain.

78. If wishes were horses, beggars would ride.

If things were to happen by just wishing them, even the poorest will have everything they want.

Example: X: I want to be in a job that would pay me a million dollars a year. Y: If wishes were
horses, beggars would ride. Stop fooling yourself and work hard towards your goal.

79. If you can’t beat them, join them.

If you can’t beat your opponent, then work alongside them for mutual benefit.

Example: ABC Pvt. Ltd. has struck partnership with its competitor after it failed to gain market
share despite aggressive marketing. If you can’t beat them, join them.

80. If you play with fire, you’ll get burned.

If you do something dangerous or adventurous, you may get harmed.

Example: Enacting the stunts of movie superheroes in real life is playing with fire. You may get
burned.

81. Ignorance is bliss.

If you don’t know about something, you don’t need to bother about it. In other words, if you’re
unaware of something, it won’t cause you stress. This proverb, however, is often used in
negative way – ignorance is not bliss.

Example: I didn’t know that the neighbor next door was involved in criminal activities.
Sometimes, ignorance is bliss.
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82. It’s better to be safe than sorry.

It’s better to be cautious than regret later.

Example: One shouldn’t complain about the inconvenience of security check each time you
enter the building. It’s better to be safe than sorry.

83. It’s easy to be wise after the event.

It is easy to understand what you could have done to prevent something bad from happening
after it has happened.

Example: I would have never bought an apartment if I had known that the land on which it has
been built is disputed. Well, it’s easy to be wise after the event.

84. It’s never too late to mend.

It’s never too late to change your wrong ways or habits.

Example: X: I still miss my best friend, but it’s been a year since our fight and we haven’t
spoken to each other since. Y: Well, it’s never too late to mend; why don’t you call him up and
apologize?

85. It’s not over till it’s over.

Till the event has completely played, you’re still in with a chance to succeed.

Example: Jo-Wilfried Tsonga came back from two sets down at Wimbledon to pull off a
miraculous win. That’s why they say it’s not over till it’s over.

86. It’s no use crying over spilt milk.

There is no point in staying upset over a mistake because you can’t undo what has happened.

Example: X: He is feeling terrible for accidently elbowing the flower pot from the window. Y:
It’s broken now. It’s no use crying over spilt milk.

87. It takes two to make a quarrel.

An argument of quarrel is not one person’s fault.

Example: X: Why are you always so quarrelsome? Y: I’m not the only person involved. It takes
two to make a quarrel.

88. It takes two to tango.

Where two parties are involved in a situation, fault usually lies with both if things go wrong.
Rarely can one party be blamed entirely.

Example: This deal won’t go through unless you too are willing to compromise. It takes two to
tango, after all.

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89. Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.

Speak only when necessary and remain alert and observant at all times.

Example: We’re in a hostile territory. So, to avoid problems, keep your mouth shut and your
eyes open.

90. Laughter is the best medicine.

Thinking positively and laughing will help you to feel better.

Example: I think the best thing for you right now would be to spend some time with people you
can joke around with. Laughter is the best medicine, after all.

91. Learn to walk before you run.

Learn basic skills first before venturing into complex things.

Example: X: I want to submit my first article to Fortune magazine for publication. Y: I think
you should aim for smaller publications to start with. You should learn to walk before you run.

92. Let sleeping dogs lie.

Don’t talk about a bad situation people have forgotten and that could unnecessarily create
problem in the present.

Example: X: Should I ask the professor if he is upset about my late submission of the
assignment? Y: If he hasn’t said anything, then don’t bring forth the topic – let sleeping dogs lie.

93. Life begins at forty.

A person truly starts enjoying life after forty as a result of accumulated skills and wisdom.

Example: X: I’m turning 40 next month. Y: You look glum. You should instead be cheerful,
after all life begins at forty.

94. Lightning never strikes twice in the same place.

Misfortune does not occur twice in the same way to the same person.

Example: X: I don’t want to take this route, because I was robbed the last time I traveled on this
route. Y: Don’t worry, lightning never strikes twice in the same place.

95. Look before you leap.

Consider all consequences before taking an action, especially when you can’t retract.

Example: X: I’m planning to pursue an MBA. Y: It’s an expensive degree and, moreover, you’ll
be out of work for two years. I would say look before you leap.

96. Make hay while the sun shines.

Make the most of favorable conditions till they last.

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Example: I got plenty of referral traffic to my website from Facebook in its initial years. I made
hay while the sun shone. Later on they changed their algorithm, after which the traffic dried.

97. Money doesn’t grow on trees.

Spend money carefully because it’s limited. You can’t grow it on trees and replenish.

Example: I’m surprised that you spent your entire month’s salary on a frivolous gadget. Well,
money doesn’t grow on trees.

98. Money talks.

Money gives one power and influence.

Example: I don’t have access to many people like he has, after all he is a scion of a rich family.
Money talks, you know.

99. Necessity is the mother of invention.

A need or problem forces people to come up with innovative solutions.

Example: In some parts of the world, farmers use washing machine to clean potatoes in large
volumes. Necessity, after all, is the mother of invention.

100. Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.

Don’t delay doing something if you can do it immediately.

Example: X: I’m done with most of my assignment, but I’ll pick the remaining part on Monday.
Y: Why don’t you complete it now? You’ll be more relieved and in a better state of mind. You
shouldn’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today.

101. Never test the depth of water with both feet.

If you’re in water with both feet down, you risk being swept away by the currents. The message
is: don’t put all your eggs in the same basket. Think twice before placing all your bets and
investments on one thing.

Example: While applying to colleges, don’t limit yourself only to those with high cutoff marks.
Never test the depth of the water with both feet.

102. No gain without pain.

It is necessary to suffer or work hard in order to succeed or make progress.

Example: You’ve to drastically reduce the time you spend on video games and TV if you want
to get admission in a good college. No gain without pain.

103. No news is good news.

If you don’t receive any news about someone or something, it means that everything is fine and
going normally.

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Example: My daughter has been working in Australia for nearly five years now. At first I used
to get worried when I didn’t hear from her, but now I know that no news is good news.

104. Once bitten twice shy.

You say this proverb when someone won’t do something a second time because they had bad
experience the first time.

Example: I won’t try this drink, because last time I had a burning sensation in my throat. Once
bitten twice shy, I guess.

105. One man’s junk is another man’s treasure.

What may seem to be junk to one person maybe valuable to another.

Example: I sold my 6-year-old laptop for little amount, but I’m sure the buyer will make hefty
profit on it by refurbishing and selling it to someone else. One man’s junk is another man’s
treasure, after all.

106. One shouldn’t miss forest for the trees.

Sometimes you get so focused on small details that you may miss the larger context.

Example: The marketers got so bogged down on creating the perfect ad campaign that they
didn’t realize that the medium – Facebook – they wanted to use was no longer a viable option
because of its recent algorithm updates.

107. Out of sight, out of mind.

If someone or something is not seen for a long time, it’ll be forgotten.

Example: Many celebrities find a way to appear in media because they know that out of sight is
out of mind.

108. Pen is mightier than sword.

Thinking and writing have more influence on people and events than use of force.

Example: After the mass killings at the newspaper office, there is a protest which is happening
in the city declaring support to the paper and proving that pen is mightier than sword.

109. People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones at others.

People who have faults should not criticize other people for having the same faults.

Example: The main political party in the opposition has blamed the ruling party for giving
tickets to people with dubious background in the upcoming elections. But the big question is: are
they themselves clean on this count? People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones at
others.

110. Persuasion is better than force.

You can achieve better results through persuasion than through coercion.

25
Example: After many futile attempts by the government, farmers finally agreed to acquisition of
their land on the promise of economic development of the area. That’s why it is said persuasion
is better than force.

111. Practice makes perfect.

Doing something over and over makes one better at it.

Example: You can’t expect to master guitar in two months. You’ve to keep at it for several
months, as practice makes perfect.

112. Practice what you preach.

Behave the way you encourage other people to behave.

Example: You keep telling us to go for a jog in the morning, but I wish you would practice what
you preach.

113. Rome wasn’t built in a day.

Important work takes time to complete.

Example: You can’t expect her to finish such a complex project in a week. Rome wasn’t built in
a day.

114. Silence is half consent.

If you don’t object to what someone says or does, you may be assumed to agree to some extent.

Example: He didn’t say anything to my proposal of going for a picnic on the weekend. I believe
he is not saying ‘no’. Silence is half consent.

115. Slow and steady wins the race.

Slow and consistent work leads to better chance of success than quick work in spurts.

Example: X: I’ve built a strong vocabulary by learning a word a day for the last three years. Y:
Mine has been much less even though I’ve had days when I polished off ten words. I guess slow
and steady wins the race.

116. Still waters run deep.

If a person doesn’t speak much, it doesn’t mean they lack depth or are uninteresting.

Example: She is one of the smartest persons in the organization. She may not talk much, but still
waters run deep.

117. Strike while the iron is hot.

Take advantage of an opportunity as soon as it comes along.

Example: I thought over the job offer I got way too long. Now it has been offered to someone
else. I should have struck while the iron was hot.

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118. The best-laid plans go astray.

Despite best preparations, things may not go your way.

Example: X: I had everything covered for this project, but now I’m told that the project can’t go
ahead because the Company is planning an organizational restructuring. Y: Well, that’s
unfortunate, but sometimes the best-laid plans go astray.

119. The end justifies the means.

A desired result is so important that any method, even a morally bad one, may be used to achieve
it.

Example: He’s campaigning with illegal funds on the theory that if he wins the election the end
will justify the means.

120. The harder you work, the luckier you get.

The harder you work, the more good ideas and chances you may make for yourself.

Example: Many think he got lucky in getting that fat contract, but few know he had been
pursuing dozens of such contracts for several weeks – the harder you work, the luckier you get.

121. The grass is greener on the other side of the fence.

People are never satisfied with their own situation; they always think others have it better.

Example: X: When I see him post all those travel pictures on Instagram, I feel he has the perfect
life. Y: It’s usually not like that in real life. I’m sure he too has his share of problems. I see your
thought as grass being greener on the other side of the fence.

122. The proof of the pudding is in the eating.

You can only judge the quality of something after you have tried, used, or experienced it.

Example: X: Marketers have claimed that this weight loss diet produces strong results in just
two months. Y: Well, I’ll reserve my opinion till I’ve tried it myself. After all, proof of pudding
is in the eating.

123. There are more ways than one to skin a cat.

There is more than one way to reach the same goal.

Example: We can get around that by renting instead of buying the delivery van – there’s more
than one way to skin a cat.

124. There is no time like the present.

The best time to do something is right now. So, act now.

Example: Don’t wait until New Year to change your bad habits. There’s no time like the
present.

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125. There is safety in numbers.

A group offers more protection than when you are on your own.

Example: Her parents won’t allow her to date but do let her go to parties, saying there’s safety in
numbers.

126. The road to hell is paved with good intentions.

Good intentions do not matter if a person’s actions lead to bad outcomes.

Example: X: Well, I was only trying to be helpful by mixing those two acids. Y: But, it
exploded the beaker. Well, the road to hell is paved with good intentions.

127. The show must go on.

A performance, event, etc., must continue even though there are problems.

Example: The chairman died yesterday but the show must go on.

128. The squeaky wheel gets the grease.

People who complain the most are the ones who get attention or what they want.

Example: If you’re not satisfied with the service at the hotel, then you should call up the
manager there. The squeaky wheel gets the grease, after all.

129. Time and tide wait for no man.

You’ve no control over passage of time; it’ll keep slipping. So don’t procrastinate, don’t delay
things.

Example: We need to hurry up or else we’ll miss the flight. Time and tide wait for no man.

130. Too many cooks spoil the broth.

When too many people work together on a project, the result is inferior.

Example: This proposal has received feedback from too many parliamentary committees, and
that’s probably the reason why it lacks clear actionables. I’ve no doubt that too many cooks spoil
the broth.

131. Two heads are better than one.

Two persons have a better chance to solve a problem than one.

Example: More startups have two cofounders than one. That’s because they very well
understand that two heads are better than one.

132. Two wrongs don’t make a right.

You shouldn’t harm a person who has harmed you, even if you think that person deserves it.

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Example: Just because he insulted you doesn’t mean it’s OK for you to start a rumor about him
– two wrongs don’t make a right.

133. Watch the doughnut, and not the hole.

Focus on what you have and not on what you don’t.

Example: X: I’ve to submit the assignment next Monday, but I don’t have a clue on the topic. Y:
Consult your friends. Consult books. Understand the topic. Watch the doughnut, and not the
hole.

134. What goes around comes around.

If someone treats other people badly, he or she will eventually be treated badly by someone else.

Example: He tormented me back in high school, and now he has his own bully. What goes
around comes around.

135. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

When visiting a foreign land, follow the customs of local people.

Example: I don’t love cotton candy, but we are at a carnival. When in Rome, do as the Romans
do, right?

136. When the going gets tough, the tough get going.

When conditions become difficult, strong people take action.

Example: I know you’re not used to climbing at such heights, but come on when the going gets
tough, the tough get going.

137. Where there’s a will, there’s a way.

If you are determined enough, you can find a way to achieve what you want, even if it is
difficult.

Example: He had little resources to start his business, but he eventually did through a small
opening – blog. Where there’s a will, there’s a way.

138. Where there’s smoke there’s fire.

If there are rumors or signs that something is true so it must be at least partly true.

Example: X: Do you believe those rumors about the mayor? Y: Well, you know what they say,
where there’s smoke, there’s fire.

139. Where one door shuts, another opens.

When you lose an opportunity to do one thing, an opportunity to do something else appears.

Example: X: I failed to get into my dream college. Y: Don’t worry, this has happened with
many. I’m sure something better is waiting for you. Where one door shuts, another opens.

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140. While the cat’s away, the mice will play.

Without supervision, people will do as they please, especially in disregarding or breaking rules.

Example: As soon as their parents left, the children invited all their friends over – when the cat’s
away, you know.

141. You can catch more flies with honey than with vinegar.

It’s easier to win people to your side by persuasion and politeness than by confrontation and
threats.

Example: X: The courier service has taken more time to deliver than they had promised. I want
to take the issue up with them and get a refund. Y: I would suggest you deal with them politely.
You can catch more flies with honey than with vinegar.

142. You can lead a horse to water but you can’t make it drink.

You can show people the way to do things, but you can’t force them to act.

Example: X: He has received all the resources one needs to start a business, but even after six
months I don’t see anything happening. Y: Well, you can lead a horse to water but you can’t
make it drink.

143. You can’t always get what you want.

Sometimes you may face disappointments in your pursuits or your wishes may not be fulfilled.

Example: X: I want a bike on my birthday. Y: Sorry, you can’t always get what you want.

144. You can’t fit a round peg in a square hole.

You can’t force someone into a role for which s/he is not suited.

Example: It took me a while, but I eventually understood that I was a round peg in a square hole
in the firm. That’s why I quit for a better-fitting role.

145. You can’t have your cake and eat it too.

To have two things that one desires, but they’re normally impossible to get simultaneously.

Example: If you want more local services, you can’t expect to pay less tax. Well, you can’t have
your cake and eat it.

146. You can’t make an omelette without breaking eggs.

It is hard to achieve something important without causing unpleasant effects.

Example: If I don’t slash people’s salaries, the company is going to go bankrupt. It’s
unfortunate, but you can’t make an omelet without breaking eggs.

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147. You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.

People who have long been used to doing things in a particular way will not abandon their
habits.

Example: I bet you can’t get him to get up at 5 AM and go out for a walk. After all, you can’t
teach an old dog new tricks.

148. You can’t unscramble a scrambled egg.

Some actions are irreversible.

Example: The spilt milk can’t be used. You can’t unscramble a scrambled egg.

149. You can’t win them all.

It is not possible to succeed at everything you do.

Example: I know you’re disappointed to not convert that interview, but you can’t win them all.

150. You show me the man and I’ll show you the rule.

Rules change depending on how influential or powerful the person likely to be affected by the
rules is.

Example: X: He has been treated leniently by the police. Y: That’s why they say – you show me
the man and I’ll show you the rule.

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