Frequency Response

• linear network can be represented by the block diagram shown in Fig

Transfer Function
 Solution

1
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑖 𝑅 +
𝑗𝜔𝑐

1
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑖
𝑗𝜔𝑐

1
𝑉𝑜 𝑗𝜔𝑐 1
𝐻 𝜔 = = =
𝑉𝑠 𝑅 + 1 1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶
𝑗𝜔𝑐
 𝑉𝑜 1
𝐻 𝜔 = =
𝑉𝑠 1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶

1
𝐻 =
2
𝜑 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝜔𝑅𝐶
1 + 𝜔𝑅𝐶
Resonance
• At resonance, the impedance is minimum, and the current is maximum.
• The highest power dissipated occurs at resonance.
• At certain frequencies 𝜔1 and 𝜔2 , the power dissipated is half the maximum value.
• The difference between the two half power frequencies is called “Bandwidth”.
• The ratio between the maximum energy stored and the energy dissipated in the
circuit is called “Quality Factor”
Series RLC circuit
1
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗 𝜔𝐿 −
𝜔𝑐

2
1
𝑍 = 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 −
𝜔𝑐

1 𝜔0
𝜔0 = 𝛽=
𝐿𝐶 𝑄

𝑉𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝐶 𝛽
𝑄= 𝜔1,2 = ± + 𝜔0
𝑉𝑆 2
For the series RLC circuit shown, determine:
𝑅 = 5Ω 𝐶 = 20 𝜇𝐹
1- Resonance frequency.
2- Quality factor.
3- Bandwidth.
4- Half power frequencies. ±
𝐿 = 50 𝑚𝐻
𝑉𝑠 = 10 cos 𝜔𝑡
Solution
1- Resonance frequency.
1
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗 𝜔𝐿 −
1 𝜔𝑐
𝜔0 =
𝐿𝐶 Imaginary=0
1
𝜔𝑜 𝐿 =
1 𝜔𝑜 𝐶
𝜔𝑜 = = 1000 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐿𝐶 1
𝜔0 =
𝐿𝐶
2- Quality factor.
𝑅 = 5Ω 𝐶 = 20 𝜇𝐹
𝑉𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝐶
𝑄=
𝑉𝑆
𝑉𝑠
𝐼 = =2𝐴 ±
𝑅 𝐿 = 50 𝑚𝐻
𝑉𝑠 = 10 cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼 𝜔0 𝐿

𝑉𝐿 = 2 ∗ 1000 ∗ 50 ∗ 10−3

𝑉𝐿 = 100 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡

𝑉𝐿 100
𝑄0 = = = 10
𝑉𝑠 10
3- Bandwidth.
𝑅 = 5Ω 𝐶 = 20 𝜇𝐹
𝜔0
𝛽=
𝑄

1000
𝛽= = 100 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 ±
10 𝐿 = 50 𝑚𝐻
𝑉𝑠 = 10 cos 𝜔𝑡
4- Half power frequencies.
𝛽
𝜔1,2 = ± + 𝜔0
2
100
𝜔1,2 = ± + 1000
2
𝜔1 = 1050 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔2 = 950 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
Parallel RLC circuit

1 1
𝑌 = + 𝑗 𝜔𝐶 −
𝑅 𝜔𝐿

1 𝜔0
𝜔0 = 𝛽=
𝐿𝐶 𝑄

𝐼𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝐶 𝛽
𝑄= 𝜔1,2 = ± + 𝜔0
𝐼𝑆 2
 Solution
1- Resonance frequency. 2- Quality factor.
1 𝐼𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝐶
𝜔0 = 𝑄=
𝐿𝐶 𝐼𝑆
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠
𝐼𝑠 = =
𝜔0 = 100 𝑘𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑅 100 000
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠
𝐼𝐿 = =
𝜔0 𝐿 5000

𝑄 = 20
3- Bandwidth.
𝜔0
𝛽=
𝑄
100 000
𝛽=
20

𝛽 = 5000 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

4- Half power frequencies.

𝛽
𝜔1,2 = ± + 𝜔0
2
5000
𝜔1,2 = ± + 100 000
2
𝜔1 = 102500 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜔2 = 97500 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
1. High-Pass Filter
𝐶
𝑉𝑜 𝑅
𝐻 𝜔 = =
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑍
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅 𝑉𝑜
𝐻 𝜔 = ± 𝑅
1
𝑅+
𝑗𝜔𝐶
𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑅
𝐻 𝜔 =
1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑅
𝜔 𝐻(𝜔) ∅
𝜔𝐶 𝑅
𝐻 𝜔 = 0 0 90
1 + 𝜔𝐶 𝑅 2

1 1
∅ = 90 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝜔𝐶 𝑅) 45
𝑅𝐶 2
∞ 1 0
High-Pass Filter
𝑅
𝑉𝑜 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝐻 𝜔 = =
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑍
𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝐻 𝜔 = 𝑉𝑜
𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 ± 𝐿
𝜔𝐿
𝐻 𝜔 =
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 2

𝜔𝐿
∅ = 90 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅
𝜔 𝐻(𝜔) ∅

0 0 90
1 1
45
𝑅𝐶 2
∞ 1 0
Band-Pass Filter 𝐶 𝐿
𝑉𝑜 𝑅
𝐻 𝜔 = =
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑍
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅 𝑉𝑜
𝐻 𝜔 =
1
± 𝑅
𝑅 + 𝑗 𝜔𝐿 −
𝜔𝐶
𝑅
𝐻 𝜔 =
2
1
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 −
𝜔𝐶
𝜔 𝐻(𝜔) ∅
1
𝜔𝐿 −
∅ = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝜔𝐶 0 0 -90
𝑅
1
1 0
𝐿𝐶

∞ 0 -90
 Design a band-pass filter with a lower cutoff frequency of 20.1 kHz and an upper cutoff
frequency of 20.3 kHz. Take R = 30 kΩ. Calculate L, C, and Q
Solution
𝜔1 = 2𝜋𝑓1 = 2𝜋 ∗ 20.1 = 126.292 𝑘𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑉𝐿 𝜔0 𝐿
𝑄= =
𝑉𝑆 𝑅
𝜔2 = 2𝜋𝑓2 = 2𝜋 ∗ 20.3 = 127.549 𝑘𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝛽 = 𝜔2 − 𝜔1 = 1256.66 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐿 = 23.873 𝐻

𝛽 1
𝜔1,2 = ± + 𝜔0 𝜔0 =
2 𝐿𝐶
𝜔0 = 126.9203 𝑘𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐶 = 2.6 𝑝𝐹
𝜔0
𝛽=
𝑄
𝑄 = 101
Thank You