EET463: ILLUMINATION

TECHNOLOGY
MODULE 4
Design of Outdoor Lighting

VIKI PRASAD
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF EEE
TKMCE, KOLLAM
 MODULE 4-SYLLABUS
Design of Outdoor Lighting
Street Lighting - Types of street and their level of illumination required, Terms
related to street lighting, Types of fixtures used and their suitable application,
Various arrangements in street lighting, Requirements of good street lighting,
Selection of lamp and luminaire, Calculation of illumination level available on
road.
Tunnel Lighting: Calculation of their wattage and number and their arrangement,
Calculation of space to mounting height ratio.

Flood Lighting: Terms related to flood lighting, Types of fixtures and their
suitable applications, Selection of lamp and projector, recommended method for
aiming of lamp, Calculation of their wattage and number and their arrangement,
Calculation of space to mounting height ratio.
OUTDOOR LIGHTING SCHEME
1. STREET LIGHTING
2. TUNNEL LIGHTUNG
3. FLOOD LIGHTING
Objective of Street Lighting:
The main objective of street lighting are:
(i) To make the traffic and obstructions on the road clearly visible in
order to promote safety and convenience.
(ii) To make the street more attractive.
(iii) To increase the community value of the street.
Street lighting plays an important role in:
ØReducing the risk of night-time accidents
ØAssisting in the protection of buildings/property (discouraging
vandalism)
ØDiscouraging crime.
ØCreating a secure environment for habitation.
GENERAL IDEA ABOUT STREET LIGHTING
• The main purpose of street lighting is to make the traffic obstructions
on the road clearly visible for safety point of view and convenience.

• The principle employed is different from that of interior lighting.

• As the area is open ,illumination required is very low.

• There are no walls and ceiling which reflect or diffuse light, hence
only direct lighting scheme can be employed and hard shadows and
high contrast cannot be avoided.
• Color rendering also has only less importance.
• The objects are seen in bright background, through reflected light .

• Motorist need to see the objects about 30 m away.

• An average number of 8 to 15 lumen per meter square is considered as

sufficient illumination on the street.

• Mercury vapor lamps and sodium discharge lamps are most

economical due to lower power consumption for a given amount of
light.
PRINCIPLES OF STREET LIGHTING
Two general principles are usually employed in the design of street
lighting installations, namely:
(i) The diffusion principle and
(ii) The specular reflection principle.
1. Diffusion Principle
• In this case the lamps fitted with suitable reflectors are used.
• The reflectors are so designed that they may direct the light
downwards and spread as uniformly as possible over the road surface.
• In order to avoid glare the reflectors are made to have a cut-off of
between 30° to 45° so that the filament is not visible except from
underneath it.
• The diffusing nature of the road surface causes the reflection of a
certain proportion of the incident light in the direction of the observer,
and therefore, the road surface appears bright to the observer.
• The illumination at any point on the road surface is calculated by
applying point to point or inverse-square law method.
2. Specular Reflection Principle:
• The specular reflection principle enables a motorist to see an object about
30 m ahead.
• According to the specular reflection principle, the reflectors of the lamps
are turned upwards so that the light is thrown on the road at a very large
angle of incident.

• Through this arrangement in the street lighting, the pedestrian can also
see their objects in their immediate neighborhood.

• Relative to the diffusion method of lighting this method is more

economical but produces unnecessary glares which can cause accidents
during driving.
• This method of lighting is only suitable for straight sections along the
road.
 Illumination Level for Street Lighting and
Mounting Height of Lamps
• The illumination required depends upon the class of street lighting
installations.
• In class A installations, i.e., in important shopping centers and road
junctions, illumination level of 30 lumens/m2 is required where as a in poorly
lighted suburban streets (class H), illumination level of 4 lumen/m 2 is
sufficient.
• An average well-lighted street, will require illumination level between 8 to
15 lumens per square metre.
• Excellent illumination is considered when the distance apart is not more
than 8 times the height of the luminaires; that is, with the luminaires 8 metres
above street level, they should be spaced not more than 64 metres (normal
spacing for standard lamps is 50 metres with a mounting height of 8 metres).
• Lamp posts should always be fixed at the junction of roads and as far as
possible lamps near large trees should be avoided.
Types of Road to Implement Various Street Lighting Design
Schemes

Type A of Street Lighting Design Ty p e B o f S t r e e t L i g h t i n g

ØHeavy and high speed traffic. Design
Ø Heavy and high speed traffic.
ØThe roads are separated with the separators. Ø Separate road for slow traffic
ØNo crossing is allowed. movement or pedestrians.
ØControlled access Ø As the example: Trunk road.
ØAs the example: express ways.
Type C of Street Lighting Design
ØHeavy mixed traffic with moderate speed.
ØRural and urban roads.
ØAs the examples: Ring Road or Radial
Road.
Type D of Street Lighting Design
ØSlow traffic and pedestrian purpose.
ØRoad in the city or shopping center.
ØAs the example: Shopping streets.

Type E of Street Lighting Design

ØMixed Traffic with limited speed.
ØConnector road between residential areas.
ØAs the example: Local street.
NEED FOR GOOD STREET LIGHTING
• Street lighting enables road users to see accurately and easily
the carriageway and the immediate surroundings in darkness.

• Improved visibility at night through artificial lighting reduces

stress on driving and ensures comfort.

• With better lighting, traffic speed generally improves and traffic

flow conditions improve.
• They are especially important at intersections, bridge sites, level
crossings and places where traffic movements are prohibited.
ADVANTAGES OF GOOD STREET LIGHTING
1.Due to proper street lighting, police can do better patrol during
the night and their work becomes easier and more manageable.
2.Increases the business in a city or town, areas during the night
that would otherwise be completely uninhabited.
3.Architects and town planners have considered lighting as a major
source for the beautification of their projects.
4.Due to good street lighting, the accident rate during the night
reduces significantly.
5.Illegal works on the streets and anti-social activities are definitely
discouraged by better lighting techniques.
6.It gives a pleasant atmosphere at night.
Types of street lighting
1.Single side light system
• This system is extremely economical and suitable for narrow pavements for
very light traffic.
2.Staggered light system
• This system is more suitable for wide pavement and light traffic conditions.
3.Central light system
• This system provides very effective lighting at low cost due to savings in
luminaire support and electrical conductors.
• It gives consistently well lighted on the road without interruption, but the
pavement and bicycle path is comparatively dark.
 STREET LIGHT ARRANGEMENT
In One Side Pole Layout, all luminaries are located on one side of the road.
Road Width: For narrower roads.
Pole Height: The installation height of the lamp be equal to or less than the effective
width of the road surface.
Advantage: There are good indelibility and low manufacturing cost.
Disadvantage: The brightness (illuminance) of the road on the side where the lamp is
not placed is lower than the on which side the light pole is placed.

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In the staggered arrangement, the luminaires are placed alternately on each side of the
road in a “zig-zag” or staggered fashion.
Road Width: For Medium Size roads.
Pole Height: The installation height of the lamp is equal or 1.5 time the effective width of
the road.
Advantage: This type of arrangement is better than single side arrangement.
Disadvantage: Their longitudinal luminance uniformity is generally low and creates an
alternating pattern of bright and dark patches. However, during wet weather they cover
the whole road better than single-side arrangements.

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In Both Side Opposite Pole Layout, the luminaries located on both sides of the road
opposite to one another.
Road Width: For Medium Size roads.
Pole Height: The installation height of the lamp will be 2 to 2.5 time the effective width
of the road.
Advantage: Opposite arrangements may provide slightly better lighting under wet
conditions.
Disadvantage: If the arrangement is used for a dual carriageway with a central reserve
of at least one-third the carriageway with, or if the central reserve includes other
significant visual obstructions (such as trees or screens), it effectively becomes two
single-sided arrangements and must be treated as such.

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In Twin central arrangement, the luminaries are mounted on a T-shaped in the middle of the
center island of the road. The central reserve is not too wide, both luminaires can
contribute to the luminance of the road surface on either lane.
Road Width: For Large Size roads.
Pole Height: The installation height of the lamp be equal to the effective width of the road.
Advantage: This arrangement generally more efficient than opposite arrangements.
However, opposite arrangements may provide slightly better lighting under wet
conditions.

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Design Factors for Street Lighting:

1. Size, colour and brightness of the object:

• The night visibility depends on the size, color, and brightness of
the object.
2. Contrast:
• It is more important that there is sufficient color contrast
between the object and its background so that an object can be
detected on the road, hence visual performance during night
driving depends on a factor called contrast.
3. Drivers eye glare:
• There are certain types of glare that cause serious effects on the driver’s visual
performance, various types of glare as follows:
• Discomfort glare
• Disability glare

4. Lamps:
• It is commonly used for street lighting are
vsodium vapor lamps
v tungsten filament lamps
vmercury vapor lamps
vfluorescent lamps.
5. Lateral placement of lighting poles:
• According to I.R.C(Indian Road Congress), the road poles
should be located with horizontal clearance from the pavement
edge:
• i. For roads with raised kerbs like urban roads, the minimum
horizontal clearance is 0.3 m and it is desirable to have 0.6 m
from the edge of the raised curb.
• ii. For roads without raised kerb as rural roads, the minimum
horizontal clearance is subject to 1.5 meters from the edge of the
carriage and a minimum of 5 meters from the line of the center
of the carriageway.
• 6. Layouts of lighting or arrangement of lamps:
• Street lights can be arranged in a different system or methods as
described below:
• Single Side Light System.
• Staggered light System.
• Central Light System.
• Contrast lighting.
• Combination of central, staggered and contrast lighting systems
• 7. Luminaire distribution of light:
• The luminaire distribution of light must be appropriate to obtain
optimal use of the source of light or luminaire.

• The distribution of light should be such that it covers the pavement

between the kerbs and the luminaire distribution of light should focus
on the pavement and the surrounding area from 3 m to 5 m.

• The distribution of light should be more specific or clear so that traffic

signs and other objects on the road can be easily seen and it should be
uniform, bright and the pavement should occupy more area.
8. Mounting height and overhang:

• The height and overhang of the lamp from the pole is more
important because the distribution of light, shadow, and
brightness effects from street lamps depends on the height of
the lamp and its overhang.
• The height of the lamp varies from 6 meters to 9 meters, the
increasing value of lamps is more preferred to important urban
roads.
• The lamp’s overhang from the pole provides better distribution
of light on the pavement and enables less glare in the eyes of
road users.
Spacing of Lamps for Street Lighting:
ØIt should have closer spacing of lights, so that the road has suitable
brightness and visibility during the night.
ØThe spacing of light depends on the importance of highway or road.
ØBy performing experiments, the normal distance is recommended to be
from 35 m to 55 m for better brightness and visibility during the night for
all types of roads.
ØThe difference between poles on highways can be calculated from the
following expression as follows:
Lamp lumen x coefficient of utilization x maintenance factor
Average flux x width of road.
ØNote that the maintenance factor is assumed to be 0.8 & coefficient of
utilization can be determined from the utilization coefficient charts.
Lighting Factor:
(1) Maintenance Factor (Light Loss Factors) (MF)
• The Maintenance Factor (Light loss factor) is the combination of factors used to denote
the reduction of the illumination for a given area after a period of time compared to the
initial illumination on the same area.
• Luminaire maintenance factors vary according to the intervals between cleaning, the
amount of atmospheric pollution and the IP rating of the luminaire.
• However, it is proposed to consider maintenance factor of not less than 0.5 for LED Road
lighting installations for IP66 rated luminaires.
• The maintenance factor may range from 0.50 to 0.90, with the typical range between 0.65
To 0.75
• These maintenance factor values shall be adopted for the purposes of producing the
lighting simulation design.

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• The maintenance factor is the product of the following factors.
• LLF = LLD x LDD x EF
• Mostly We consider Maintenance factor from 0.8 to 0.9
• We have to choose Maintenance factor carefully by increasing maintenance factor 0.5
the spacing of pole increasing 2 meter to 2.5 meter.
• (A)Lamp Lumen Depreciation Factor (LLD)
• As the lamp progresses through its service life, the lumen output of the lamp decreases.
This is an inherent characteristic of all lamps. The initial lamp lumen value is adjusted
by a lumen depreciation factor to compensate for the anticipated lumen reduction.
• This assures that a minimum level of illumination will be available at the end of the
assumed lamp life, even though lamp lumen depreciation has occurred. This
information should be provided by the manufacturer. For design purposes, a LLD factor
of 0.78 to 0.9 should be used.
• (B) Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD).
• Dirt on the exterior and interior of the luminaries and to some on the lamp reduces the
amount of light reaching the roadway.
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• Various degrees of dirt accumulation may be anticipated depending upon the area
in which the luminaire is located.
• In Industry, exhaust of vehicles, especially large diesel trucks, dust, etc, all
combine to produce the dirt accumulation on the luminaries.
• Higher mounting heights, however, reduce the vehicle-related dirt accumulations.
• LDD factor of 0.87 to 0.95 should be used. This is based on a moderately dirty
environment and three years exposure time.
(C) Equipment Factor (EF).
• Allows for variations inherent conditions in the manufacture and operation of the
equipment (i.e., luminaries, system voltage and voltage drop).
• It is generally assumed to be 95%.

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Proper Placement of Pole:

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Setback
• Set back is the horizontal distance between the face of a light pole and the edge of
traveled way.
• Placing luminaries too close to a vertical surface results in hotspots at its base.
• A setback of 3 foot to 4 foot works well for many applications.

Overhang
• Overhang is the horizontal distance between the center of a luminaries mounted on a
bracket (Nadir) and the adjacent edge of a carriage way or traveled way.
• In general, overhang should not exceed one fourth of the mounting height to avoid
reduced visibility of curbs, obstacles, and footpaths.

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Outreach
• Outreach is the horizontal distance between the center of the column and the
center of the luminaries and is usually determined for architectural aesthetic
considerations.

Pole Boom(Arm) Length:

• The use of an arm places the light source closer to the traveled way while
allowing the pole to be located further from the edge of the traveled way.
• Depending on the application, Pole arms may be single and/or double mast
arms.

Boom Tilt Angle (Boom Angle)

• When the angle of tilt is larger, a uniformity ratio is increasing. Otherwise
discomfort glare is increasing because strong light comes into driver’s eyes. So
the angle of tilt shall be kept from 15° to 30°. 37
Pole Height:
• Light poles for conventional highway lighting applications support luminaire
mounting heights ranging from approximately 30 ft to 50 ft (9.1 m to 15.2 m).
• Light towers for high-mast lighting applications generally range from 80 ft to
160 ft (24.4 m to 48.8 m) and are designed in multiple sections.
• Ornamental light Poles used for local streets generally range in height for 8 ft to
15 ft (2.4 m to 4.5 m).

• Nadir: A point directly below an observer or object.

In lighting, the point vertically below a luminaire’s lamp source center with the
luminaire mounted in standard position with zero tilt or roll.
Fixture’s Mounting Height:
• Higher mounting heights used in conjunction with higher wattage luminaries enhances
lighting uniformity and typically reduces the number of light poles needed to produce the
same illumination level.
• In general, higher mounting heights tend to produce a more cost-effective design. For
practical and aesthetic reasons, the mounting height should remain constant throughout
the system.
• The manufacturer’s photometric data is required to determine an appropriate mounting
height.
• Typical mounting heights for highway lighting purposes range from 30 ft to 55 ft (9.1
meter to 16.8 meter).
• Mounting heights for light towers or High mast is typically 80 ft (24 m) or greater.
• The installation height is too low, the glare of the lamp increases.
• As the installation height increase, glare decreases, but the lighting utilization rate
decreases.
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NON CUT OFF
• The non cut off fixtures includes usually globe shaped
lamps that are mounted on top of lamp posts.
• These lamps distribute light in all directions.

DISADVANTAGES:
Produces light pollution and glare as they shoot light
upwards into trees and towards the sky rather than
down towards the ground
Since it blinds the driver ,it is rarely used in street
lighting .
SEMI CUT OFF
• Most of the light can be emitted below 90 degrees,but
5% of light can be emitted above 90 degree and 20% or
less emitted at 80 degree angle of nadir.
ADVANTAGES:
ØDo a very good job of emitting light to ground.
ØOften mounded on tall poles
ØThey are usually reffered to cobra heads.
DISADVANTAGES:
ØLittle control of light at property line. Potential for
increased glare when using high wattage luminaires.
ØDirect more light into the sky than cut off.
CUT OFF
• Less than 2.5% of light can leave the fixture above 90
degree and 10% or less emitted at 80 degree angle of
nadir.
ADVANTAGES
ØThis type of light give more light control than semi
cutoffs.
ØWider spread of light than full cut offs, and generate
less glare than semi cut offs.
ØSmall increase in high angle light allows increased pole
spacing.
DISADVANTAGES
ØSmall overall impact on sky glow.
FULL CUT OFF
• These lights do not allow any of the light to
escape the fixture above 90 degrees
• Zero light emitted above the horizontal plane
drawn through lowest part of luminaries.
• No more than 10% of light emitted at 80 degree
above nadir.
• Also known as fully shielded.
Pole Arrangement Schemes in Street
Lighting Design:

• Single Sided:
• When the width (W) of the
road is nearly equal to the
pole height (H), i.e. W = H
then the poles are arranged in
one side only. Generally pole
height is available of 10 meter.
• The span between two poles
is equal to the road width.
Double Sided

• When the width (W) of the

road is nearly double the pole
height (H), i.e. W = 2H then
the poles are arranged along
both sides in opposite to each
other manner.
• The span between two poles
may not be equal to the road
width.
Staggered Sided or Zigzag Pattern

• When the width (W) of the

road is nearly 1.5 times of the
pole height (H), i.e. W = 1.5 H
then the poles are arranged in
both sides in zigzag manner.
• The span between two poles
may not be equal to the road
width.
Central Verge Position

• When the width (W) of the road

is much greater than the pole
height (H), i.e. W>>H then the
poles are arranged in the central
verge of the road.
• The luminaires are made to face
towards both the road surfaces
from the central verge.
• The span between two poles
may not equal to the road width.
 Selection of Luminaires:
(1) Types of Lighting Source
• High intensity discharge lamps(HID) (mostly Low-pressure sodium (LPS), High-
pressure sodium (HPS) , Metal halide) ,Light emitting diodes (LED).
• LPS is very energy efficient but emits only a narrow spectrum of pumpkin-colored
light that some find to be undesirable.
• LPS is an excellent choice for lighting near astronomical observatories and in some
environmentally sensitive areas.
• HPS is commonly used for street lighting in many cities. Although it still emits an
orange-colored light, its coloring is more “true to life” than that of LPS.
• High-pressure sodium lamps should be used for expressways, main roads,
secondary roads and branch roads.
• Where it’s necessary to use white light, there are metal halide and LEDs.

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• Low-power metal halide lamps should be used in mixed traffic roads for motor
vehicles and pedestrians in residential areas.

• Metal halide lamps can be used for motor vehicle traffic, such as city centers and
commercial centers, which require high color identification.

• Metal halide lamps, CFL lamps are used at Pedestrian streets in industrial areas,
sidewalks in residential areas, and sidewalks on both sides of motorway traffic.
(not widely used)

• LED streetlights are more durable, longer lasting, efficiency, dimmable capacity
and cost effective than traditional lights.
• LED also enhances public safety by delivering superior visible light while
providing the environmental advantage of using less energy.

• Due to lower efficiency, high glare and high recurring cost incandescent lamps are
used only in the streets having less traffic.(not recommended) 50
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(2) Color Rendering Index (CRI):
• CRI Measures the ability of the artificial light to show or reproduce the colors of the
road or objects on the road, relative to a natural light source.
• The natural light source (the sun) has CRI of 100. The higher this index the better
the visibility will be.
• For all types of road CRI ≥ 70 is recommended.
(3) Efficacy
• At the low end LED efficacy starts at 70 lumens per watt (lm/W) and reaches as
high as 150 lm/W.
• While the mean efficacy for outdoor area fixtures is slightly lower than common
indoor fixtures such as troffers and linear lighting about 100 lm/W for area lights
compared to about 110 lm/W for troffers and linear fixtures this difference is not
significant.
• It may be the result of outdoor area lights requiring more precise luminous intensity
distributions and other factors unique to outdoor lighting.
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Requirements of effective Road Lighting:
• Sufficient illumination.
• Good uniformity.
• No Glare.
• Low consumption.
• No Color Temperature abnormalities
• Shielded lighting to ensure light is pointed downwards
• Completely uniform illuminance.
• No requirement for over lighting to obtain sufficient average illumination.
• Absence of glare.
• Absence of low angle radiation that causes sky glow.
• Control of light trespass.
• High redundancy. 54
Main Factors in the Street Lighting Design Scheme
• Luminance Level Should be Proper
ØLuminance always influences the contrast sensitivity of the obstructions with respect to
the back ground.
ØIf the street is brighter, then darker surroundings makes the car driver adapted, unless the
driver will be unable to perceive the objects in the surroundings
Ø. As per CIE, 5m away from the road on both sides will be lit by Illuminance level at
least 50% of that on the road.
• Luminance Uniformity must be achieved
• To provide visual comfort to the viewer’s eyes, enough luminous uniformity is needed

• . Luminous uniformity means the ratio between minimum luminance level to average
luminance level

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• Degree of Glare limitation is always taken into Design Scheme
Glare means visual discomfort due to high luminance.
Ø There are two types of glare created by the street light luminaires, first
type is disability glare and second type is discomfort glare.
ØDisability glare is not a strong factor, rather discomfort glare is a common
factor due to unplanned street lighting scheme.
• Lamp Spectra for Visual Sharpness depends on the Proper Luminaries
It is very much essential to make an object as per its size and dimension.
• Effectiveness of Visual Guidance is also an important factor.
ØIt helps a viewer to guess how far another object is from his position.

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HOW TO CALCULATE AVERAGE ILLUMINANCE
ON ROAD SURFACE?
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 Flood Lighting
• Flooding large surfaces with light from powerful projectors
• A special reflector and housing are employed in flood lighting in order to
concentrate the light emitted from the lamp into a relatively narrow beam,
which is known as flood lighting projector.
PURPOSE OF FLOOD LIGHTING
ØTo enhance the beauty of ancient monuments with light by night.
ØTo illuminate advertisement boards and show cases
ØTo illuminate railway yards sports stadiums car parkings,construction sites
quarries etc.
Ø Frontage lighting of buildings.
ØManufacturing plants.
Terms related to flood lighting
• WASTE LIGHT FACTOR: When a surface is illuminated by a number of
projectors there is certain wastage of light due to overlapping and
falling of light outside the edges .

ØThis effect is taken into account by multiplying the theoretical value

of light by waste light ratio which is 1.2 for rectangular area and 1.5
for irregular objects like statues.

• DEPRECIATION FACTOR :It is defined as ratio of illumination under

normal conditions to illumination under ideal conditions .
• CO-EFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION :It is the ratio of beam lumens to the
lamp lumens .Its value lies between 0.3 to 0.5

• Beam efficiency
ØThe beam efficiency isalso known as light output ratio.
ØIt is defined as the ratio of the beam flux to the lamp flux.
ØLight output ratio for the beam is calculated at 10% and 50% of the
peak intensity.
ØFor flood lighting ,it is necessary to concentrate light from light source
into a narrow beam.

ØThe reflecting surface is made of silvered glass or stainless steel. Metal

reflectors being more robust are usually preferred.

ØThe casing and its mounting are arranged in such a manner that the
beam can be in horizontal and a vertical direction on site.

ØWhen high wattage of lamps are used we should provide ventilations for
cooling.
CLASSIFICATION OF PROJECTORS
• According to beam spread ,projectors are classified as:
1. Narrow Beam Projectors-beam spread is between 12 and 25
degree used for distance more than 70 meters
2. Medium Angle Projectors-beam spread between 25 and 40degree
used for distance between 30 to 70 meters
3. Wide Angle projectors-beam spread between 40 degree and 90
degree and are used for distance below 30 meters.
Economically Wide angle projectors with high wattage lamps and
narrow beam projectors with low wattage lamps are used.
Location and Mounting of Projectors
• In practice, there are two possible locations of projectors for flood
lighting, which are −
• For small buildings, uniform flood lighting is used. Therefore, the
flood lights can be placed on other building or on a suitable point at
distances of not more than about 60 meters. The light should fall on
the building nearly perpendicular to the building.
• For large or tall buildings, non-uniform flood lighting is used. Thus,
the flood lights should be so located that the contours and features of
the building are well defined and they should enhance the beauty of
the building or monument.
• Note – As far as possible, the projectors should not be visible. In some
cases, the projectors may be housed in ornamental stands.
General Area Lighting with Pole Mounted Flood Lights
General lighting applications utilizing pole mounted flood lights
require different considerations during installation. Factors that should
be considered include:
• Mounting Height
• Spacing
• Vertical Aiming
• Horizontal Aiming
Mounting Height
The height of the mounted flood light should be one half the distance
of the area to be lighted.
Mounting Height = ½ Distance To Be Lighted
Example: If the area to be lighted is 40 feet, the mounting height of the
flood light should be at a minimum or 20 feet high.
Pole Spacing

• When more than one pole is being installed in the area, the spacing
and placement of the poles become a factor. Spacing between each
pole should be 4 times the mounting height of the poles.
Pole Spacing = 4 * Mounting Height
• Example: If a flood light is mounted on a 20 foot pole, other poles in
the area should be placed 80 feet away.
Vertical Aiming
• When aiming a single mounted floodlight, the fixture should be
aimed 2/3 the distance of the area to be lighted, and at least 30
degrees below horizontal to avoid any glare.
Vertical Aiming = 2/3 Distance To Be Lighted
• Example: If the area to be lighted is 40 feet, the recommended aiming
point is 27 feet.
Horizontal Aiming
When an additional floodlight is added to a single pole, horizontal
aiming becomes a factor that must be considered. Each flood light
should follow the Vertical Aiming rule. Each flood light should also be
aimed up to 90 degrees apart.
Calculation of Flood Lighting
• Step 1 – Level of Illumination Required
The level of illumination required depends upon the type of building, the
purpose of flood lighting and the amount of conflicting light in the vicinity, etc.
• Step 2 – Type of Projector
This step involves the determination of type of projector for the flood lighting.
The following two considerations enter into the choice of a projector, viz. −
Beam size – It determines the area covered by the beam.
Light output – It determines the illumination provided.
Also, the beam angle of the projector is decided according to the distance of
the projector from the surface.
• Step 3 – Calculate the Number of Projectors
For any desired light intensity over a definite surface, the number of
projectors required is obtained from the following formula −

Where,
• 'A' is the surface area to be illuminated in m2.
• 'E' is the level of illumination required in lumens/m2
 Tunnel Lighting,
• A good tunnel lighting ensures that the driver adapts to the light inside
the tunnel at the entrance of the tunnel. It creates a safe driving
environment by providing adequate lighting throughout the tunnel.
The driver must enter the tunnel without any negative impact, pass
through the tunnel and exit the tunnel.
• Especially daytime illumination in tunnels has more specific
requirements due to adaptation problem. The low levels of
illumination in the tunnel will cause the driver to experience
temporary blindness at the tunnel entrance and inside of the driver
who has been exposed to the high levels of sunlight for a long time.
For this reason, the lighting in the tunnel must be changed gradually to
allow the driver to adapt
• The low levels of illumination in the tunnel will cause the driver to
experience temporary blindness at the tunnel entrance and inside of
the driver who has been exposed to the high levels of sunlight for a
long time. For this reason, the lighting in the tunnel must be changed
gradually to allow the driver to adapt.
• Tunnel lighting is divided into five zones;
• Access zone
• Threshold zone
• Transition zone
• Inner zone
• Exit zone
 ACCESS ZONE
The access zone is not located in the tunnel. This area refers to the area from the
road to the entrance of the tunnel and its length is equal to the safe braking distance.
This is the most important area in tunnel lighting because the driver’s eyes are
adapted to the low levels of illumination within the tunnel. The purpose of
illumination in this area is to ensure that drivers can clearly see the tunnel instead of
facing a black hole.
THRESHOLD ZONE
The threshold zone is the area that is equal to the distance from the brake to the safe
distance, depending on the speed limit, which comes after the access zone. In the
first half of this region, illumination is made equal to the illumination of the outside
environment. When it comes to the end of the region, it should be reduced to 40% of
the first bright values.
 TRANSITION ZONE

The transition zone comes after the access zone. The length is equal to the distance traveled in
20 seconds, depending on the speed limit. The lighting level in this zone is gradually reduced
and at the end of the zone, the illumination level is equal to the interior illumination.

INTERIOR ZONE

The interior is located between the transition zone and the exit zone. It is usually the longest,
most deprived area of the tunnel. In this area, lighting should be determined depending on speed
limit and traffic intensity. In the inner part of the tunnel, the luminance level must be between 1
cd/m2 and 10 cd/m2.
•
EXIT AREA

• The exit area is the area from the end of the inner region to the exit of the tunnel. This zone
prevents drivers from being negatively affected by the low levels of illumination in the tunnel,
allowing them to adapt to the high light outside.
qDifferent lighting requirements occur in tunnels at night. Because in daytime outside of the tunnel
is brighter than the inside of the tunnel and at nights inside of the tunnel is brighter than the outside
of the tunnel. Therefore, daytime illumination in the tunnel cannot be used at night. During the
night lighting, the brightness levels between 2.5 cd/m2 and 5 cd/m2 are required throughout the
tunnel.
qSince tunnels have special lighting requirements, a large number of lighting fixtures are used to
provide these requirements. This leads to high energy consumption costs. Therefore, it is important
to use energy efficient lighting elements in tunnel lighting.
qMaintenance of lighting systems in tunnels is both difficult and costly. For this reason, lighting
fixtures that have long service life and do not require maintenance should be used as possible.
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