Chapter 2 Solutions (Global Edition)
Prob. 2.1
(a&b) Sketch a vacuum tube device. Graph photocurrent I versus retarding voltage V for
several light intensities.
I
light
intensity
Vo V
Note that V o remains same for all intensities.
(c) Find retarding potential.
Å=0.244
1.24eV
Vo = h 4.09eV 1eV
Prob. 2.2
In a photoelectric effect experiment, the threshold wavelength for the ejection of photoelectrons
from zinc is 310 nm. Calculate the work function for Zinc. Also, calculate the velocity for the
photoelectrons by light of wavelength 2000 Å other than threshold.
A) At threshold, kinetic energy of photo electrons should be zero. Thus,
KE 0 h 0 q
ch 6.62607 *10 34 * 2.99793 *10 8
Or, work function, q 6.4079 *10 19 J
0
3100 *10 10
= 3.99 eV.
1 2 hc
B) At other than threshold, mv q
2
Required velocity,
1/ 2
1/ 2 6.62607 * 10 34 * 2.99793 * 108
2 hc 2
v q
31 2 * 10 7
m 9.10938 * 10
6.93742 * 10 19
= 8.1087*105 m/sec.
Prob. 2.3
(a) Find generic equation for Lyman, Balmer, and Paschen series.
hc mq 4 mq 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
o 1 o 2
hc mq 4 (n 2 2 - n12 ) mq 4 (n 2 2 - n12 )
= 2 2 2 2 2
= 2 2 2 2
o 1 2 o 1 2 h
2
8 on12 n 2 2 h 2 hc 8 o 2 h3 n12 n 2 2
= =
mq 4 (n 2 2 - n12 ) mq 4 n 2 2 - n12
8(8.85 10-12 mF ) 2 (6.63 10 34 J s)3 2.998 108 m
s n12 n 2 2
=
9.11 10-31kg (1.60 10-19 C) 4 n 2 2 - n12
n12 n 2 2 8 n12 n 2 2
= 9.11 10 m = 9.11Å
n 2 2 - n12 n 2 2 - n12
n1 =1 for Lyman, 2 for Balmer, and 3 for Paschen
(b) Plot wavelength versus n for Lyman, Balmer, and Paschen series.
LYMAN SERIES PASCHEN SERIES
n n^2 n^2-1 n^2/(n^2-1) 911*n^2/(n^2-1) n n^2 n^2-9 9*n^2/(n^2-9) 911*9*n^2/(n^2-9)
2 4 3 1.33 1215 4 16 7 20.57 18741
3 9 8 1.13 1025 5 25 16 14.06 12811
4 16 15 1.07 972 6 36 27 12.00 10932
5 25 24 1.04 949 7 49 40 11.03 10044
8 64 55 10.47 9541
LYMAN LIMIT 911 9 81 72 10.13 9224
10 100 91 9.89 9010
BALMER SERIES
n n^2 n^2-4 4n^2/(n^2-4) 911*4*n^2/(n^2-4) PASCHEN LIMIT 8199
3 9 5 7.20 6559
4 16 12 5.33 4859
5 25 21 4.76 4338
6 36 32 4.50 4100
7 49 45 4.36 3968
BALMER LIMIT 3644
Prob. 2.4
Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, estimate the momentum uncertainty of a bound
electron within an atom of diameter 10 fm. Use this calculated momentum uncertainty to find the
minimum binding energy.
The Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle gives the lower bound on momentum uncertainty as,
x p /2
21
Or, p /2 x 5.27 x10 kg.m/sec
2d
Similarly the momentum uncertainty puts a lower bound on the kinetic energy uncertainty k
as,
2 2
p/2
k
2m 32d 2 m
2
So the binding potential must be, U k 3.8 pJ 24 Mev i.e. the energy
32d 2 m
barrier is 24 Mev.
Prob. 2.5
From Balmer’s series calculation, first line in the H spectrum exhibits wavelength of 656.1 nm.
Bohr’s theory supports almost similar kind of radiative transition by transition of electron of H
atom from third to second energy level. From this, find the value of the Rydberg constant.
From Bohr’s theory of wavelength emission in the atomic line spectra,
1 mq 4 1 1 1 1
R , where, R = Rydberg’s constant
8 0 2 h 3 c n2 2 n32 n2 2 n32
1 1
R 0.00152 * 109 /
4 9
R = 109739.3 /cm.
Prob. 2.6
x
( x) 2 xe forx 0
Consider an electron whose normalized wave function is defined as
0 forx 0.
2
A) For what value of x does P ( x) | x | is at peak?
2
B) Calculate x and x .
C) What is the probability of finding the particle between x = 0 and x
dP( x)
A) The peak in P(x) occurs at 0
dx
d ( x 2 .e 2 x
) 1
Or, 2 x(1 x )e 2 x
0 or, x
dx
1/
3 3! 3
B) x dx(4 ) x 3 .e 2 x
0 4 2
1/
4! 3
x2 dx(4 3
) x 4 .e 2 x
3 2
0 8
1/
3
C) Probability is, P dx(4 ) x 2 .e 2 x
0.32
0
Prob. 2.7
A particle is described in 1D by a wavefunction:
= Be-2x for x 0 and Ce+4x for x<0, and B and C are real constants. Calculate B and C to make
A valid wavefunction must be continuous, and normalized.
For (0) = C = B
2
To normalize , dx = 1
-
0
C2 e8x dx + C2 e-4x dx = 1
- 0
2
C 0 1
e8x + C2 e-4x 1
8 4 0
C2 C2 8
+ =1 C=
8 4 3
Prob. 2.8
The electron wave function is Ceikx between x = 2 and 22 cm, and zero everywhere else. What is
the value of C? What is the probability of finding the electron between x = 0 and 4 cm?
= Ceikx
22
* 1 -1
dx = C2 (20) = 1 C= cm
2 20
4 2
2 1 1
Probability = dx = 2 =
0 20 10
Prob. 2.9
Find the probability of finding an electron at x<0. Is the probability of finding an electron at
x>0 zero or non-zero? Is the classical probability of finding an electron at x>6 zero or non?
The energy barrier at x=0 is infinite; so, there is zero probability of finding an electron at
2
x<0 =0). However, it is possible for electrons to tunnel through the barrier at 5<x<6;
so, the probability of finding an electron at x>6 would be quantum mechanically greater
2
than zero >0) and classical mechanically zero.
Prob. 2.10
Discuss the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons present in the carbon (C) atom by
analyzing its electronic shell structure.
Carbon has 6 valence electrons, so its atomic number is = 6.
Mass No. = 12.
No. of electrons = 6
No. of neutrons = 12-6 = 6
No. of protons = 6
Electronic shell structure: 1s2 2s2 2p1 x 2p1 y
Prob. 2.11
Calculate the first 5 energy levels for an electron trapped in an infinite quantum well (QW) of
width 0.59 nm.
n2 2 2
From Bohr’s model the energy levels are estimated as, En
2mL2
12 2 (1.0568 * 10 -34 ) 2
n = 1; E1 1.7379 * 10 19 J = 1.08 eV
31 9 2
2 * (9.11 * 10 ) * (0.59 * 10 )
2 2 2 (1.0568 * 10 -34 ) 2
n = 2; E2 6.951 * 10 19 J = 4.34 eV
31 9 2
2 * (9.11 * 10 ) * (0.59 * 10 )
32 2 (1.0568 * 10 -34 ) 2
n = 3; E3 1.5641 * 10 18 J = 9.76 eV
2 * (9.11 * 10 31 ) * (0.59 * 10 9 ) 2
4 2 2 (1.0568 * 10 -34 ) 2
n = 4; E4 2.7806 * 10 18 J = 17.35 eV
31 9 2
2 * (9.11 * 10 ) * (0.59 * 10 )
5 2 2 (1.0568 * 10 -34 ) 2
n = 5; E5 4.3447 * 10 18 J = 27.12 eV
2 * (9.11 * 10 31 ) * (0.59 * 10 9 ) 2
Prob. 2.12
An electron within an atom is described by the following wave function:
iE1t iE 2t
e e
( x, t ) 1
( x) 2
( x)
.
iE1t /
2 e 1
For first energy state with energy E 1 , the probability is, P1 | C1 | | |2
2 2
iE 2t /
2 e 1
For second energy state with energy E 2 , the probability is, P2 | C 2 | | |2
2 2
Because, ( x, t ) is properly normalized the expectation value of the energy becomes,
1 1
E Pn E n E1 E2
n 1 2 2
2 2 1 2 1 2
Similarly, E2 Pn En E1 E2
n 1 2 2
1
Thus energy separation, E E2 E 2
E2 E1
2
Prob. 2.13
Show schematic of atom with 1s22s22p4 and atomic weight 21. Comment on its reactivity.
nucleus with
8 protons and This atom is chemically reactive because
13 neutrons
the outer 2p shell is not full. It will tend
2 electrons in 1s to try to add two electrons to that outer
shell.
2 electrons in 2s
4 electrons in 2p
= proton
= neturon
= electron
