Reinforced Concrete Design
Course Teacher
Syed Salman Mobeen
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NEDUET
Reinforced Concrete Design
Introduction of the Teacher ?
No Need !!.... All of You Know it Very Well !!
Introduction of the Course ?
Yes it is Required…..
“REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN”
Reinforced Concrete Design
What is Concrete ?
Cement Sand Aggregates
Mixture of
All Three
Reinforced Concrete Design
What is Concrete
A mixture (Chemically
Bonded) of Cement, Sand
and Coarse Aggregates.
How it works?
Through Bonding Action of
Cement that BINDS ALL
INGREDIENTS and ACTS
as u UNIT COMPOSITE
MATERIAL
Reinforced Concrete Design
Introduction
What is this Course about ?
See the name of Course:
“ REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN”
Which Means the Course is Mainly about Concrete But it will
also be Reinforced ........... With What ?
Steel Bars
Reinforced Concrete Design
Introduction
But Why the Concrete Requires to be Reinforced ?
When Anything Require Reinforcement ?
Whenever There is any WEAKNESS in Any thing
then It Requires Help in the from of Reinforcements
to Overcome its Weakness.
Similarly Concrete Needs Help from the
Reinforcements to Overcome its Weakness
But What Kind of WEAKNESS Exists in CONCRETE &
How STEEL REINFORCEMENT Helps CONCRETE ?
Reinforced Concrete Design
Actually CONCRETE is Good in Bearing
Compression.
But it is Very Weak in Bearing Tension OR
Technically Speaking “Concrete has very Low
Tensile Strength”
Approximately ZERO
Reinforced Concrete Design
Broken Concrete
Reinforced Concrete Design
The Course Also have the Word “DESIGN” in its Title
Therefore This Course deals with the Design of
Concrete Elements which are Reinforced with Steel
Reinforcements.
What is Meant by the DESIGN ?
Already Told in Your Second Year that in
Engineering, Design Means “To Provide or Come
up with a Reasonable Size of a Particular Structural
Element Using the Selected Material, such that The
Element Can Resist the Applied Load Safely and
Perform Satisfactorily in during its Service Life.”
Reinforced Concrete Design
Can we Stand up on a Plain Cement Concrete Beam ??
May be but Soon a crack will appear in the Tensile
Region of the Beam
Reinforced Concrete Design
In a Real Beam ??
Reinforced Concrete Design
How Can we Make it Work ??
Using Steel In The Tensile Region, It Will Take Care of
Tension.
Reinforced Concrete Design
Main Structural Elements in a Structure
Reinforced Concrete Design
Main Structural Elements in a Structure
Reinforced Concrete Design
Main Intention of the Course
Therefore This Course deals with the Design of
Reinforced Concrete Elements, which include:
o Slab
o Beam
o Column
o Footing
But Design of All the above Elements are Not Included
In RCD-I !!!!
Reinforced Concrete Design
Main Books
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Compressive Strength (American Standard)
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Compressive Strength (British Standard)
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete
Compressive
Strength
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Compressive Strength: Cylindrical / Cube
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Tensile Strength: Split Cylinder Test
American Standard
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Tensile Strength
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Tensile Strength
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Flexural Tensile Strength
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Poisson’s Ratio: Lateral Strain / Longitudinal
Strain
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Shrinkage
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Shrinkage
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Shrinkage
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Creep
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Modulus
of Elasticity
Reinforced Concrete Design
Mechanical Properties of Materials Used in RCC
Concrete Modulus
of Elasticity
Reinforced Concrete Design
Summary of Mechanical Properties of Concrete
Concrete Tensile Strength
Concrete Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete Compressive Strength
Use Cylinder 12” x 6” Dia.
Reinforced Concrete Design
Find How Many 200 lb Weight Persons Can Stand on a
12” x 12” Plain Concrete Beam 20’ Long with Concrete
f’c = 3000 psi
Reinforced Concrete Design
Properties of Reinforcing bars
Reinforced Concrete Design
Properties of Reinforcing bars
Reinforced Concrete Design
Properties of Reinforcing bars
Reinforced Concrete Design
Properties of Reinforcing bars
Reinforced Concrete Design
Advantages of RCC:
Reinforced Concrete Design (Tall Buildings)
Reinforced Concrete Design
World Tallest Building Burj Khalifa, Dubai is Constructed
With Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Concrete Design
Now We Have Learned About the Material
Properties of Concrete and Steel. The Next Step is To
Move Towards the Start of The Design of Reinforced
Concrete Elements.
In Order To Design ANY STRUCTURAL
ELEMENT ALL Types of Loads That Are Expected
To Act On The Element To Be Designed, Throughout
The Design Life of That Member Should Be Known.
More Importantly Not Only All The Expected Loads
Are Required To Be Known But We Also Need to
Know About Possibility of Existence of More Than
One Load At a Time.
Reinforced Concrete Design
It Means We Require Some Experienced Person to
Guide About The Possibility of Co-Existence of
Different Expected Loads On The Structural Element
To Be Designed.
This Problem Has Been Solved By The Regulatory
Bodies By Developing The Design Standards.
These Design Standards Have Been Developed By
Large Groups of Experienced Engineers,
Researchers, Architects and Lawyers.
Reinforced Concrete Design
These Design Standards Are Present In The Form of
Building Codes and Highway Codes And These Are
Adopted As Legal Binding For Any Designer.
These Design Standards Provides Complete Design
Guide Lines, Including All Expected Loads,
Coexistence of Different Loads Along with Their
Probabilistic As Well As Their Historic Occurrence
Frequency.
These Design Standards Also Provides Some
Minimum Design Loads Even It Does Not Present,
Considering The Safety of The Occupants.
Reinforced Concrete Design
The Design and Construction of Buildings are
Regulated by Municipal Regulations Called Codes.
Most Recognized Codes are:
Uniform Building Code (UBC)
International Building Code (IBC)
The Design Specifications of Reinforced Concrete
Buildings in North America is Regulated by
American Concrete Institute (ACI 318), which
actually authorized by the UBC or IBC.
Reinforced Concrete Design
Reinforced Concrete Design
Building Codes Reference
ACI Code For the Design
Requirements Related to
Concrete Elements
Reinforced Concrete Design
Design Philosophies in Different Codes
Working / Ultimate Stress/
Allowable Stress Limit State
Design Design
Loads Remain Actual Loads are Enhanced
Material Strength is Little Bit
Reduced by FOS (2 -3) Material Strength is
Reduced Little Bit
Reinforced Concrete Design
Design Philosophies in Different Codes
Working / Allowable Stress Design
It Uses Actual Value of Load and Then Reduce the
Material Strength By 2 to 3 Times
Therefore, in a Way a 200 to 300% Margin.
It is MUCH SAFE but Becomes Uneconomical When
Comes to Mega Structures
It Treats All Loads Equally
R ≤ Rn / FOS
(Load Effects) ≤ (Respective Capacity) / FOS
Reinforced Concrete Design
Design Philosophies in Different Codes
Limit State Design / LRFD
LimitState Design Actually Thinks About Two Different
Situations (States) That Can Be Occurred During The
Life of a Structure:
Serviceability Limit State The One Deals With
Normal Situation
Ultimate Limit State The One Deals With
Abnormal Situation Or
Extreme Situation
Reinforced Concrete Design
Design Philosophies in Different Codes
Limit State Design / LRFD
Limit State Design Actually Works On Two Different
But Logical Situations, So It is More Realistic.
Limit State Design Treats The Loads Differently in
The Two States Which Are Called The Two Limit
States.
Reinforced Concrete Design
The Design Philosophy of ACI Code is also Based
upon Two Different Limit States:
Serviceability Limit State
Ultimate Limit State
Reinforced Concrete Design
How The Building Codes Distinguish Between An
Ultimate / Extreme Load And A Service Load:
Service Loads Are The Normal Applied Loads…. Weight
Extreme Or Ultimate Loads Actually Resemble The
Extreme Environmental Loads As Well As
The Ultimate Loads Also Resemble The Expected
Increase In Any Service Load During The Design Life of
The Structure.
Reinforced Concrete Design
Service Limit State Design
In Service Limit State The Structure Is Assumed To Be
Under Normal Daily Basis Loads, So Under Those
Normal Loads, Structure Should Fulfill the Following
Requirements:
The Maximum Deflection Caused By Service
Loads ≤ The Allowable Deflection by The CODE
Maximum Crack Width Caused By Normal Loads
≤ The Allowable Crack Width by The CODE
Reinforced Concrete Design
Different Loads / Types of Loads Defined By Different
Codes:
Dead Loads …… Include Self weight of Structure,
Fixed Equipment, etc.
Live Loads …….. Moving / Movable / Varying
Environmental Loads ……….. Wind Loads, Seismic
Loads, Wave Loads etc.
Some Other as well ……. Earth Pressue…
Reinforced Concrete Design
Design Philosophies in Different Codes
Ultimate Limit State
It Increases Loads and The Load Combinations Based
Upon Real Probability of Occurrence With Each Other
It Also Reduces Material Strength But Not by Half.
It is More Realistic Although SAFE.
It Does Not Treats All Loads Equally
Ru ≤ ФRn
(Enhanced Load Effects) ≤ (Respective Reduced Capacity)
Reinforced Concrete Design
Design for Limit States
Ultimate Limit State Requirements Prevents the
Collapse of the Building.
If a building is designed for the requirements of the
Ultimate Limit State then it has a very less
probability of Collapse
Serviceability Limit State Requirements Address
Day-to-Day Or Daily-Basis Requirements, Like
Excessive Deflections, Vibrations, Crack Control
Reinforced Concrete Design
Ultimate Limit State
In Ultimate Limit State The Structure Should Obey the
Following Requirement:
The Design Strength ≥ Respective Load Effects
For example, In Case of a Beam, the Code Requires
that:
The Beam Bending Strength ≥ Maximum Bending
Moment Caused by Extreme / Worst Loads
Reinforced Concrete Design
Ultimate Limit State
Similarly
The Shear Strength of Beam ≥ Shear Force Caused
by Maximum Expected Worst Loads
The Axial Strength of A Column ≥ Axial Load
Caused by Maximum Expected Loads
Reinforced Concrete Design
Design for Limit States
Therefore, if a Building is Obeying Limit State Design
Philosophy OR is Designed following the
requirements of All Limit States then it will Neither
Deflect Excessively Nor Crack Nor Vibrate
Excessively under Daily Occurring Loads.
At the same time The Same Building Will Not
Collapse (Or Have a Very Less Probability of
Collapse) Under Extreme Loads Situation (Ultimate
Limit States)
Reinforced Concrete Design
Possible Combinations of Different Loads, According to
The ACI Code :
Possible Combinations
of Dead, Live And Wind
Loads.
Reinforced Concrete Design
Load Combinations According to ACI Code
400 lb /ft Wind Load
1000 lb /ft Live Load
300 lb /ft S.Wt +Finishes Load
Reinforced Concrete Design
Load Combinations According to ACI Code
Wu = 1.4 W Dead
Wu = 1.4 x 300 = 420 lb /ft
Wu = 1.2 W Dead + 1. 6 W Live
Wu = 1.2 x 300 + 1.6 x 1000 = 1960 lb/ft
Wu = 1.2 W Dead + 1.0 W Live + 1.0 W Wind
Wu = 1.2 x 300 + 1 x 1000 + 1 x 400 = 1760 lb/ft
1960 lb /ft Ultimate Load
Reinforced Concrete Design
Other Load Combinations
Reinforced Concrete Design
Objective of Structural Design
Any Designed Structure, throughout its intended life
span :
Should be Safe Or Strong Enough Such That It Should
Not Collapse Under Extreme Loading Conditions.
Should Remains Serviceable Under Normal Service
Loads, Which means:
o It Should Not Show Large Deflections
Under Service Loads, Exceeding Some
Allowable Limits.
o It Should Not Vibrate Much, Exceeding
Some Allowable Limits.
Reinforced Concrete Design
Structure Should be:
At All Expected Level of Limit States Or Situations
Reinforced Concrete Design
The Design Process Involves:
Mechanics of Solids -I
Stresses in Beams Due to Bending
Review of MOS-I
Bending Causes Normal Tensile & Compressive
Stresses Simultaneously
Mechanics of Solids -I
Stresses in Beams Due to Bending
Neutral Axis
Reinforced Concrete Design
Flexural Capacity of Beam:
