PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 6. METHODICAL.

Research is conducted in a
methodical manner without bias using systematic
LESSON 1: NATURE OF INQUIRY AND method and procedures.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 7. REPLICABILITY. The research design and
procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
 INQUIRY researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results
 is a learning process that motivates you to obtain
knowledge or information about people, things, THE RESEARCHER: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
places or events. (Baraceros, 2016) RESEARCHER
 INQUIRY MODEL 1. INTELLECTUAL CURIOSITY. an investigator
 helps you to process how inquiry is related to assumes deep thinking and investigation of the
research. Knowing the ins and outs of inquiry things, situation and problems around him. 
based-learnings leads us to different learning 2. PRUDENCE . the researcher is prudent if he
method and hone our higher order thinking skills conducts his research study carefully, wisely,
(HOTS) that leads to higher level of learning practically at the right time and place efficiently,
which is research effectively and economically. 
3. INTELLECTUAL HONESTY. an intelligent
researcher is honest in gathering data or facts in
order to arrive at honest and valid results. 
4. INTELLECTUAL CREATIVITY. a creative and
intelligent researcher must invent new, unique
and original researches which are patentable to
have return of investment.

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH

1. Determining the Problem
2. Forming Hypothesis
3. Doing the Library Research
4. Designing the Study
5. Developing the instruments for collecting data
6. Collecting the Data
7. Analyzing the Data
8. Determining the implication and conclusions
from findings
9. Making recommendations for future research

LESSON 2: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

 RESEARCH
 It is the result of a thinking process that involves  QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
students  is a form of research that uses statistical data as
 is defined as a purposive and scientific process the main source of knowledge. Basically, this
of gathering, analyzing, organizing, presenting form of research would like to operationalize
and interpreting data. The word research is reality into numbers that can be easily analyzed.
derived from the old French word, “cerchier” (Francisco et. al., 2016).
which means to “seek or search”. Search  the goal is to determine the relationship between
meaning is to investigate. The prefix “re” means variables within a population. Quantitative
again and signifies of the search. Literally, Research designs can be either descriptive
research means, “to investigate again”. (subjects usually measured once) or
experimental (subjects measured before and
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH after a treatment).
1. EMPIRICAL.Research is based on direct
experience or observation by the researcher. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITAVE RESEARCH (as
2. LOGICAL. Research is based on valid procedures cited in Spalding University, 2020)
and principles. 1. The data is usually gathered using structured
3. CYCLICAL.Research is a cyclical process research instruments.
because it starts with a problem and ends with a 2. The results are based on larger sample sizes that
problem. are representative of the population.
4. ANALYTICAL. Research utilizes proven analytical 3. The research study can usually be replicated or
procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, repeated, given its high reliability.
descriptive, and experimental and case study. 4. Researcher has a clearly defined research
5. CRITICAL. Research exhibits careful and precise question to which objective answers are sought.
judgment.
 5. All aspects of the study are carefully designed punitive behavioral control statements have on a
before data is collected. classroom? What communicative behaviors are
6. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, associated with different stages in romantic relationships?
often arranged in tables, charts, figures, or other non- What communicative behaviors are used to respond to
textual forms. coworkers displaying emotional stress? (Allen, Titsworth,
7. Project can be used to generalize concepts more Hunt, 2009)
widely, predict future results, or investigate causal
relationships. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and SPORTS MEDICINE
8. . Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or Quantitative research is used to analyze how sports may
computer software, to collect numerical data. be used as an alternative way of medicating an illness. An
example is the research done by University of Eastern
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS THE FIELD Finland which investigated the relationship between
mushrooming of fast food chains and obesity, as well as
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH & ACCOUNTING, the intervention needed to prevent children’s obesity from
BUSINESS and MANAGEMENT (ABM) reaching serious proportions. The research focused on the
Researches can help design a new product or service, children’s physical activity and physical inactivity and the
figuring out what is needed and ensure the development concomitant impact on the children’s amount of adipose
of product is highly targeted towards demand. tissue (fat mass) and the endurance fitness. The study is
Businessmen can also utilize research results to used to analyze certain the effect of physical activity in
guarantee sufficient distribution of their products and weight control.
decide where they need to increase their product
distribution. Conducting researches can also help a QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and MEDICAL
business determine whether now is the proper time to EDUCATION
open another branch or whether it needs to apply for a Quantitative research in medical education tends to be
new loan. It may also help a small business decide if a predominantly observational research based on surveys
procedure or strategy should be change to meet the or correlational studies. The designs test interventions like
requirements of the customer base. Research is important curriculum, teaching-learning process, or assessment with
for any organization to remain in the market. The primary an experimental group. Either a comparison or controlled
function of research in ABM is to correctly determine its group learners may allow researchers to overcome validity
customers and their preferences, establish the enterprise concerns and infer potential cause-effect generalizations.
in the most feasible location, deliver quality goods and Researchers are using to cope with the emerging trends in
services, analyze what the competitors are doing and find recent times.
ways on how to continuously satisfy the growing and
varied needs of the clients. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and BEHAVIORAL
SCIENCES
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and ANTHROPOLOGY Relationship Questions in today’s quantitative trend tend
Anthropology is a research method of combining to explore how one behavior exhibited by people is related
qualitative and quantitative research data. It is concerned to other types of behavior. Examples are verbally
with exploring connections simultaneously, amidst cultural aggressive behaviors related to physical aggression – that
differences, alternatives and identity. In the contemporary is, when a person has a level of verbally aggressive
academic, socio-cultural and political climate these behavior, does he or she tend to be physically
concepts have immense symbolic overtones. Quantitative aggressive? Are certain supervisor communication skills
research is use in Anthropology in many aspects. Like, related to the emotional experiences of employees?
true experiments may use in studying people provided that Questions of difference explore how patterns of behavior
you follow certain steps (Bernard, 2004). This is to look or perceptions might differ from one group or type of a
into the Effects of an intervention in ethnic behavior of a person to another: Do people with disabilities experience
group. In here, you need at least two groups, called the emotional labor differently from those without disabilities?
treatment group and the control group. On group gets the Do women perceive talkativeness (or lack of it) differently
intervention and the other group don’t. Next, individuals form men? Do communication styles differ from one
may be randomly assigned, either to the intervention culture to the next? (Alle, Titsworth, Hunt, 2009). When
group or to the control group to ensure that the groups are quantitative researchers explore questions of differences
equivalent. Then, the groups are measured on one or or questions of relationships, they do so in an attempt to
more dependent variables; this is called the pre-test. After uncover certain patterns of behavior. If the researcher
which, the intervention is introduced. Lastly, the discovers that a certain relationship exists in sample that
dependent variables are measured again. This is the post she or he has drawn form the population, she/he is then in
test. a position to draw generalizations about patterns expected
of human behavior.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and COMMUNICATION
Researchers are often interested in how an understanding QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IN EDUCATION
of a particular communication phenomenon might Quasi Experiments are most often used in evaluating
generalize to a larger population. For example, social problems. Suppose a researcher has invented a
researchers can advance questions like “What Effect do technique for improving reading comprehension among
third graders. She/he selects two third grade classes in a or 75% making it quantitative variable, if in letters such as
school district. One of them gets the intervention and the A, A-, B+ the grades are qualitative
other doesn’t. Students are measured before and after the TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
intervention to see whether their reading scores improve. 1. CONTINUOUS VARIABLE – these are variables
This design contains many of the elements of true that can take the form of decimals. Examples: weight,
experiment, but the participants are not assigned length, height, school grades
randomly to the treatment and control groups. 2. DISCRETE OR DISCONTINOUS VARIABLE –
these are variables that can’t take the form of
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and PSYCHOLOGY decimals. Examples: number of students, number of
Mertens (2005) says that the dominant paradigms that houses, size of a family
guided early psychological research were positivism and TYPES OF VARIABLE ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONAL
its successor, post positivism. Positivism is based on RELATIONSHIP
rationalistic, empiricist philosophy that originated with 1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE –It causes things to
Aristotle, Francis Bacon, John Locke, August Comte, and happens. The variable which you can change and
Immanuel Kant. the underlying assumptions of positivism controlled.
include the belief that the social world can be studied in 2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE – It is dependent of
the same way as the natural world, that there is a method independent variable and the variable that changes
for studying the social world that is valuefree, and that because of independent variable. Example: Academic
explanations of a causal nature can be provided. achievement is dependent on IQ. IQ is independent
variable and academic achievement is the dependent
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH & SCIENCE, variable.
TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, and MATHEMATICS According to Russell & Babbie 2013 as cited in
Medical practitioners, for example, conduct researches to Baraceros (2016, p.31),
obtain significant information about diseases trends and There are other types of variables which are as follows:
risk factors, results of various health interventions, 1. CONSTANT – do not undergo any changes during
patterns of care and health care cost and use. The an experiment
different approaches to research provide complementary 2. ATTRIBUTE – characteristics of people:
insights. Researchers help in determining the intelligence, creativity, anxiety, learning styles, etc.
effectiveness and even side effect of drugs and therapies 3. DICHOTOMOUS – has only two possible results:
in different populations and various institutions. It is also one or zero
necessary in evaluating experiences in clinical practice in 4. LATENT – cannot be directly observed like
order to develop mechanisms for best practices and to personality traits
ensure high quality patient care. Researchers in these 5. MANIFEST – can be directly observed to give
fields ultimately aim for man’s longevity. As for engineers, proofs to latent variables
architects, and other builders, research helps in providing 6. CONTROL VARIABLE – a variable controlled by
designs which are creatively beautiful and at the same the researcher in which the effect can be neutralized
time give more convenience and efficiency as they utilize by eliminating or removing the variables
modern technology to adapt to the ever changing society. 7. INTERVENING VARIABLE– this variable intrudes
New materials and procedures may be developed so as to or interferes with the independent variables and
further strengthen the structural materials than can dependent variables
withstand various calamities and disasters. 8. COVARIATE- included in the research study to
create interactions with the independent and
LESSON 3: THE NATURE OF VARIABLES dependent variables.
9. EXOGENOUS- found outside an identified model
 VARIABLE 10. EXTRANEOUS- extra variable that create an
 comes from the word vary which means change. impact on the relationship between independent and
A characteristic that in research is observed or dependent variable.
studied. 11. ENDOGENOUS- found inside;as a part of
TWO MAIN TYPES OF VARIABLE: edentified model.
1. QUALITATIVE VARIABLE – variable with a value
of text and not in amount. It is non-numerical and
categorical. Examples: sex, birthplace or geographic
locations, religious preferences, marital status, eye
color.
2. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE – variable with a
numerical value and can be ordered or rank.
Examples: weight, height, age, test scores, speed,
body temperature
There are times that a variable can be expressed both
qualitative and quantitative. For example, the grades in
the school. It can be expressed in percent such as 90%,
85%