Introduction to Internet of Things

Week 5

Presented By: Riya Tapwal

Under the supervision of

Prof. Sudip Misra

Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Feb,2024 1

Current Challenges in IoT

Large Scale of Co-Operation:

 The cooperation and coordination of millions of distributed devices are required on Internet

Global Heterogeneity:
 Heterogeneous IoT devices and their subnets

Unknown IoT Device Configuration:

 The different configuration modes for IoT devices which come from unknown owners

Semantic Conflicts:
 Different processing logics applied to same IoT networked devices or applications.

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Solution: Interoperability

Interoperability is a characteristic of a product or system, whose interfaces are completely understood, to work with other
products or systems, present or future, in either implementation or access, without any restrictions.

 Communicate meaningfully
 Exchange data or services

Need:
To fulfill the IoT objectives
 Physical objects can interact with any other physical objects and can share their information
 Any device can communicate with other devices anytime from anywhere
 Machine to Machine communication(M2M), Device to Device Communication (D2D), Device to Machine Communication
(D2M)
 Seamless device integration with IoT network

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Solution: Interoperability
Heterogeneity
 Different wireless communication protocols such as ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4), Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1), GPRS, 6LowPAN,
and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)
 Different wired communication protocols like Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) and Higher Layer LAN Protocols (IEEE 802.1)
 Different programming languages used in computing systems and websites such as JavaScript, JAVA, C, C++, Visual Basic,
PHP, and Python
 Different hardware platforms such as Crossbow, NI, etc.
 Different operating systems

 As an example for sensor node: TinyOS, SOS, Mantis OS, RETOS, and mostly vendor specific OS
 As an example for personal computer: Windows, Mac, Unix, and Ubuntu

 Different databases: DB2, MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, SQLite, SQL Server, and Sybase
 Different data representations
 Different control models
 Syntactic or semantic interpretations

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Types of Interoperability

User Interoperability
 Interoperability problem between a user and a device

Device Interoperability
 Interoperability problem between two different devices

 Using IoT, both A and B provide a real-time security service

 A is placed at Delhi, India, while B is placed at Tokyo, Japan
 A, B, U use Hindi, Japanese, and English language, respectively
 User U wants real-time service of CCTV camera from the device A and B

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Problems

Problems are listed below

 The user does not know the devices A and B
 Devices A and B are different in terms of syntactic and semantic notions
 Therefore, it is difficult to find CCTV device
 User U can’t understand the service provided by A and B
 Similarly, A and B do not mutually understand each other

User Interoperability
The following problems need to be solved
 Device identification and categorization for discovery
 Syntactic interoperability for device interaction
 Semantic interoperability for device interaction

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Device Identification and Categorization for Discovery

There are different solutions for generating unique address

 Electronic Product Codes (EPC)

 Universal Product Code (UPC)
 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
 IP Addresses
IPv6
There are different device classification solutions:
United Nations Standard Products and Services Code (UNSPSC)
 an open, global, multi-sector standard for efficient, accurate, flexible
classification of products and services.

eCl@ss **
 The standard is for classification and clear description of
cross-industry products

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 Syntactic Interoperability for Device Interaction

✔ The interoperability between devices and device user in term of message formats

✔ The message format from a device to a user is understandable for the user’s computer

✔ On the other hand, the message format from the user to the device is executable by the device

Some popular approaches are

 Service-oriented Computing (SOC)-based architecture
 Web services
 RESTful web services
 Open standard protocols such as IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.15.1, and WirelessHART*
 Closed protocols such as Z-Wave*
*But these standards are incompatible with each other

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Syntactic Interoperability for Device Interaction

 Middleware technology
 Software middleware bridge
 Dynamically map physical devices with different domains
 Based on the map, the devices can be discovered and controlled, remotely

 Cross-context syntactic interoperability

 Collaborative concept exchange
 Using XML syntax

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Semantic Interoperability for Device Interaction
▪ The interoperability between devices and device user in term of message’s meaning

▪ The device can understand the meaning of user’s instruction that is sent from the user to the device.

▪ Semantic conflict refers to different processing logics applied to same IoT networked devices or applications.

▪ Similarly, the user can understand the meaning of device’s response sent from the device.

▪ Some popular approaches

Ontology
 Device ontology
 Physical domain ontology
 Estimation ontology

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Collaborative Conceptualization Theory
Collaborative conceptualization theory

 Object is defined based on the collaborative concept, which is called cosign

 The representation of a collaborative sign is defined as follows:
 cosign of a object = (A, B, C, D ), where A is a cosign internal identifier, B is a natural language, C is the context of A, and D is a
definition of the object
 As an example of CCTV, cosign = (1234, English, CCTV, “Camera Type:

Bullet, Communication: Network/IP, Horizontal Resolution: 2048 TVL”)

This solution approach is applicable for different domains/contexts

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Device Interoperability
▪ Solution approach for device interoperability
Universal Middleware Bridge (UMB)
 Solves seamless interoperability problems caused by the
heterogeneity of several kinds of home network middleware
 UMB creates virtual maps among the physical devices of all
middleware home networks, such as HAVI, Jini, LonWorks, and
UPnP
 Creates a compatibility among these middleware home
networks

▪ UMB consists
 UMB Core (UMB-C) : routing the universal metadata
message to the destination
 UMB Adaptor (UMB-A): UMB Adaptors translate the local
middleware’s message into global metadata’s message The Architecture of Universal Middleware Bridge

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UMB Adaptor
 UMB-A converts physical devices into virtually
abstracted one, as described by Universal Device
Template(UDT)

 UDT consists of a Global Device ID, Global Function ID,

Global Action ID, Global Event ID, and Global Parameters

 UMB Adaptors translate the local middleware’s

message into global metadata’s message

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UMB Core

The major role of the UMB Core is routing

the universal metadata message to the
destination or any other UMB Adaptors
by the Middleware Routing Table (MRT)

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Device Interoperability

Flow when a new device is plugged in

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Device Interoperability

Flow when a device is controlled and monitored

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Introduction to Arduino

 Open source based electronic programmable board

(micro controller)and software(IDE) Feature Value
Operating Voltage 5V

 Accepts analog and digital signals as input and Clock Speed 16MHz
gives desired output
Digital I/O 14
Analog Input 6
 No extra hardware required to load a program into
the controller board PWM 6
UART 1
Interface USB via ATMega16U2

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Types of Arduino Board
 Arduino boards based on ATMEGA328 microcontroller

 Arduino boards based on ATMEGA32u4 microcontroller

 Arduino boards based on ATMEGA2560 microcontroller

 Arduino boards based on AT91SAM3X8E microcontroller

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Board Details

 Power Supply: USB or power barrel jack

 Voltage Regulator
 LED Power Indicator
 Tx-Rx LED Indicator
 Output power, Ground
 Analog Input Pins
 Digital I/O Pins

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Arduino IDE
 Arduino IDE is an open source software that is used to
program the Arduino controller board
 Based on variations of the C and C++ programming
language

Set Up
 Power the board by connecting it to a PC via USB cable
 Launch the Arduino IDE
 Set the board type and the port for the board
 TOOLS -> BOARD -> select your board
 TOOLS -> PORT -> select your port

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Sketch
Program coded in Arduino IDE
is called a SKETCH
 To create a new sketch
 File -> New
 To open an existing sketch
 File -> open ->
 There are some basic ready-to-use
sketches available in the EXAMPLES
section
 File -> Examples -> select any program
 Verify: Checks the code for
compilation errors
 Upload: Uploads the final code to
the controller board
 New: Creates a new blank sketch
with basic structure
 Open: Opens an existing sketch
 Save: Saves the current sketch

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Sketch Structure
 A sketch can be divided into two parts:
 Setup ()
 Loop()
 The function setup() is the point where the code starts, just
like the main() function in C and C++
 I/O Variables, pin modes are initialized in the Setup() function
 Loop() function, as the name suggests, iterates the specified
task in the program

Void Long
Int Char
Boolean Unsigned char
Byte Unsigned int
Word Unsigned long
Float Double
Array String-char array
Void Long
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Arduino Function Libraries
Input/Output Functions:
 The arduino pins can be configured to act as input or output pins using the pinMode() function

Void setup ()
{
pinMode (pin , mode);
}  digitalWrite() : Writes a HIGH or LOW value to a digital pin

Pin- pin number on the Arduino board  analogRead() : Reads from the analog input pin i.e., voltage
Mode- INPUT/OUTPUT applied across the pin

 Character functions such as isdigit(), isalpha(), isalnum(),

isxdigit(), islower(), isupper(), isspace() return 1(true) or 0(false)

 Delay() function is one of the most common time

manipulation function used to provide a delay of specified time.
It accepts integer value (time in miliseconds)

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Example
Requirement:
 Arduino controller board, USB connector,
Bread board, LED, 1.4Kohm resistor,
connecting wires, Arduino IDE

 Connect the LED to the Arduino using the

Bread board and the connecting wires
 Connect the Arduino board to the PC using
the USB connector
 Select the board type and port
 Write the sketch in the editor, verify and upload.
▪ Connect the positive terminal of the
LED to digital pin 12 and the negative
terminal to the ground pin (GND) of
Arduino Board

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Example

▪ Connect the positive terminal of the

LED to digital pin 12 and the negative
terminal to the ground pin (GND) of
Arduino Board

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Example

▪ Set the pin mode as output which is

connected to the led, pin 12 in this
case.

▪ Use digitalWrite() function to set the

output as HIGH and LOW

▪ Delay() function is used to specify

the delay between HIGH-LOW
transition of the output

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 Example

 Connect he board to the PC

 Set the port and board type

 Verify the code and upload, notice the TX – RX led in the

board starts flashing as the code is uploaded.

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Operators and Control Statements
 Arithmetic Operators: =, +, -, *, /, %
 Comparison Operator: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >= If…….Elseif…..Else
 Boolean Operator: &&, ||, !  if (condition1){
 Bitwise Operator: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, Statements if the
 Compound Operator: ++, --, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, |=, &= condition1 is true;
}
 If statement else if (condition2){
if(condition){ Statements if the
Statements if the If…Else statement condition1 is false
condition is true ;  if(condition ){ and condition2 is true;
} Statements if the }
condition is true; else{
} Statements if both the
else{ conditions are false;
Statements if the }
condition is false;
}

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Control Statement
 Switch Case  For loop

 Switch(choice)  for(initialization; condition; increment){

Statement till the condition is true;
{ }
case opt1: statement_1;break;
case opt2: statement_2;break;  While loop
case opt3: statement_3;break;
...
 while(condition){
case default: statement_default; break;
Statement till the condition is true;
}
}

 Conditional Operator.  Do… While loop

 Val=(condition)?(Statement1): (Statement2)
 do{
Statement till the condition is true;
}while(condition);

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Arrays
 Collection of elements having homogenous datatype that are stored in adjacent memory location.
 The conventional starting index is 0.
 Declaration of array:

<Datatype> array_name[size];
Ex: int arre[5];

 Alternative Declaration:

int arre[]={0,1,2,3,4};
int arre[5]={0,1,2};

 Multi-dimentional array Declaration:

<Datatype> array_name[n1] [n2][n3]….;

Ex: int arre[row][col][height];

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Strings

 Array of characters with NULL as termination is termed as a String.

 Declaration using Array:
 char str[]=“ABCD”;
 char str[4];
 str[0]=‘A’;
 str[0]=‘B’;
 str[0]=‘C’;
 str[0]=0;
 Declaration using String Object: Functions of String Object:
 String str=“ABC”;  str.ToUpperCase(): change all the characters of str to upper
case
 str.replace(str1,str2): is str1 is the sub string of str then it will
be
replaced by str2
 str.length(): returns the length of the string without
considering null

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Random Numbers

 randomSeed(int v): reset the pseudo-random number generator with seed value v

 random(maxi)=gives a random number within the range [0,maxi]

 random(mini,maxi)=gives a random number within the range [mini,maxi]

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Integration of Sensors with Arduino
 Digital Humidity and Temperature Sensor (DHT)
 PIN 1, 2, 3, 4 (from left to right)
 PIN 1- 3.3V-5V Power supply
 PIN 2- Data
 PIN 3- Null
 PIN 4- Ground

DHT Sensor Library

 Arduino supports a special library for the
DHT11 and DHT22
sensors
 Provides function to read the temperature and
humidity
values from the data pin
dht.readHumidity()
dht.readTemperature()

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Integration of Actuators with Arduino

 Mechanical/Electro-mechanical device
 Converts energy into motion
 Mainly used to provide controlled motion to other components

Servo Motor
 High precision motor
 Provides rotary motion 0 to 180 degree
 3 wires in the Servo motor
 Black or the darkest one is Ground
 Red is for power supply
 Yellow for signal pin
 Arduino provides different library- SERVO
to operate the servo motor
 Create an instance of servo to use it in the
sketch
Servo myservo;

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Question No: 1

Does 6LoWPAN allow interoperability between IEEE802.15.4-based wireless devices, as well as other IP-based devices?

a. Yes
b. No
c. Not Applicable

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Question No: 1

Does 6LoWPAN allow interoperability between IEEE802.15.4-based wireless devices, as well as other IP-based devices?

a. Yes
b. No
c. Not Applicable

6LoWPAN allows interoperability between IEEE802.15.4-based wireless devices, as well as other IP-based
devices.

6LoWPAN simply uses a bridge to enable communication between other devices.

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Question No: 2

• Servo motor works on the principle of ________________.

a. Electro-magnetism
b. PWM
c. Magnetism
d. None of these

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Question No: 2

• Servo motor works on the principle of ________________.

a. Electro-magnetism
b. PWM
c. Magnetism
d. None of these

Servo motor works on PWM (Pulse width modulation) principle, means its angle of rotation is controlled by the
duration of applied pulse to its Control PIN.

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Question No: 3

• Which of the following is NOT a commonly available Arduino boards in the market?

a. Arduino Uno
b. Arduino Mega
c. Arduino Nano
d. Arduino Dyu

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Question No: 3

• Which of the following is NOT a commonly available Arduino boards in the market?

a. Arduino Uno
b. Arduino Mega
c. Arduino Nano
d. Arduino Dyu

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Question No: 4

• Different processing logics applied to same IoT networked devices or applications is classified as _______________.

a. Semantic conflict
b. Configuration conflict
c. Processing conflict
d. Heterogeneity conflict

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Question No: 4

• Different processing logics applied to same IoT networked devices or applications is classified as _______________.

a. Semantic conflict
b. Configuration conflict
c. Processing conflict
d. Heterogeneity conflict

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Question No: 5

• Which of the following is TRUE for collaborative conceptualization theory?

a. overcomes the limitation of ontology

b. enables cross-context semantic interoperability for any objects
c. Both overcomes the limitation of ontology and enables cross-context semantic interoperability for any objects
d. represents things as symbols of semiotics.

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Question No: 5

• Collaborative conceptualization theory

Collaborative conceptualization theory

 Object is defined based on the collaborative concept, which is called cosign
 The representation of a collaborative sign is defined as follows:
 cosign of a object = (A, B, C, D ), where A is a cosign internal identifier, B is a natural language, C is the context of A,
and D is a definition of the object
 As an example of CCTV, cosign = (1234, English, CCTV, “Camera Type:
Bullet, Communication: Network/IP, Horizontal Resolution: 2048 TVL”)

 This solution approach is applicable for different domains/contexts

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Question No: 5

• Which of the following is TRUE for collaborative conceptualization theory?

a. overcomes the limitation of ontology

b. enables cross-context semantic interoperability for any objects
c. Both overcomes the limitation of ontology and enables cross-context semantic interoperability for any objects
d. represents things as symbols of semiotics.

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Question No: 6

• Which of the following is TRUE for the following command?

Serial.begin(9600);

a. Arduino exchange messages with the Serial Monitor at a data rate of 9600 bytes per second.
b. 9600 represent binary ones or zeros per second.
c. Both Arduino exchange messages with the Serial Monitor at a data rate of 9600 bytes per second and 9600
represent binary ones or zeros per second.
d. Arduino exchange messages with the Serial Monitor for 9600 simulation time.

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Question No: 6

• Which of the following is TRUE for the following command?

Serial.begin(9600);

a. Arduino exchange messages with the Serial Monitor at a data rate of 9600 bytes per second.
b. 9600 represent binary ones or zeros per second.
c. Both Arduino exchange messages with the Serial Monitor at a data rate of 9600 bytes per second and 9600
represent binary ones or zeros per second.
d. Arduino exchange messages with the Serial Monitor for 9600 simulation time.

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Question No: 7

• Which of the following standards can be utilized as Device Catalogs?

a. ecl@ss
b. UNSPSC
c. Both UNSPSC and ecl@ss
d. None of these

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Question No: 7

• Which of the following standards can be utilized as Device Catalogs?

a. ecl@ss
b. UNSPSC
c. Both UNSPSC and ecl@ss
d. None of these

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Question No: 8

• Which of the following enables interoperability?

a. Cloud computing system

b. Sensor nodes
c. Middleware
d. All of these

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Question No: 8

• Which of the following enables interoperability?

a. Cloud computing system

b. Sensor nodes
c. Middleware
d. All of these

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Question No: 9

• Which of the following is TRUE for the sketch command given below?
delay(1000);

a. Provides a delay of 1000 seconds

b. Provides a delay of 1 second
c. Provides a delay of 1000 simulation time
d. Provides a delay of 1 simulation time

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Question No: 9

• Which of the following is TRUE for the sketch command given below?
delay(1000);

a. Provides a delay of 1000 seconds

b. Provides a delay of 1 second
c. Provides a delay of 1000 simulation time
d. Provides a delay of 1 simulation time

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Question No: 10

• In a sketch, a string can be declared using ____________.

a. Array
b. String object
c. Both array and string object
d. None of these

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Question No: 10

• In a sketch, a string can be declared using ____________.

a. Array
b. String object
c. Both array and string object
d. None of these

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Question No: 11

• In syntactic interoperability between devices and device user, the message format from the user to the device is
_____________ by the device.

a. understandable
b. executable
c. Both understandable and executable
d. None of the above

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Question No: 11

• In syntactic interoperability between devices and device user, the message format from the user to the device is
_____________ by the device.

a. understandable
b. executable
c. Both understandable and executable
d. None of the above

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Question No: 12

• In a sketch, which of the following function initializes I/O variables and pin modes?

a. initialize()
b. loop()
c. init()
d. setup()

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Question No: 12

• In a sketch, which of the following function initializes I/O variables and pin modes?

a. initialize()
b. loop()
c. init()
d. setup()

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Question No: 13

• Which does pin 3 (from left to right, as shown in the figure below) in a digital humidity and temperature sensor
signify?

a. Power supply
b. Data
c. Ground
d. None of these

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Question No: 13

• Which does pin 3 (from left to right, as shown in the figure below) in a digital humidity and temperature sensor
signify?

a. Power supply
b. Data
c. Ground
d. None of these

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Question No: 14

• Which of the following best describes the command given below?

ServoDemo.write(180);

a. Creates an instance of the servo

b. Pin writes 180 to the servo
c. Servo moves 180 degrees
d. All of these

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Question No: 14

• Which of the following best describes the command given below?

ServoDemo.write(180);

a. Creates an instance of the servo

b. Pin writes 180 to the servo
c. Servo moves 180 degrees
d. All of these

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Question No: 15

• Which of the following is an interoperable system commonly used for automation?

a. LonWorks
b. Dropbox
c. ThingSpeak
d. All of these

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Question No: 15

• Which of the following is an interoperable system commonly used for automation?

a. LonWorks
b. Dropbox
c. ThingSpeak
d. All of these

LonWorks® is an open and interoperable system for building automation and is characterized by its flexible topology
and cross-system functions.

Refer to the book: S. Misra, A. Mukherjee, and A. Roy, 2020. Introduction to IoT.
Cambridge University Press.

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Question No: 16

Which of the following UAV topology is self-configuring?

a. Mesh
b. Star
c. Both mesh and star
d. Grid

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Question No: 16

Which of the following UAV topology is self-configuring?

a. Mesh
b. Star
c. Both mesh and star
d. Grid

Star topology is not self-configuring, while mesh topology is self-configuring.

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Question No: 17

UMB consists of __________.

a. UMB-A and UMB-C

b. UMB-A and UMB-B
c. UMB-B and UMB-C
d. UMB-A and UMB-E

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Question No: 17

UMB consists of __________.

a. UMB-A and UMB-C

b. UMB-A and UMB-B
c. UMB-B and UMB-C
d. UMB-A and UMB-E

UMB consists of UMB-Core (UMB-C) and UMB-Adaptor (UMB-A).

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Question No: 18

UMB creates virtual maps among the __________ of all middleware home networks.

a. Virtual devices
b. Physical devices
c. Heterogeneous devices
d. Services

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Question No: 18

UMB creates virtual maps among the __________ of all middleware home networks.

a. Virtual devices
b. Physical devices
c. Heterogeneous devices
d. Services

UMB creates virtual maps among the physical devices of all the home networks such as HAVI, Jini, LonWorks, and
UPnP.

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Question No: 19

Which of the following is the functionality of UMB adaptors?

a. Translate local middleware’s message into global metadata’s message.

b. Translate global middleware’s message into global metadata’s message.
c. Translate local middleware’s message into local metadata’s message.
d. Translate global middleware’s message into local meta-data’s message.

UMB converts physical devices into virtually abstracted one and translates local middleware’s message into global
metadata’s message.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 72

Question No: 19

Which of the following is the functionality of UMB adaptors?

a. Translate local middleware’s message into global metadata’s message.

b. Translate global middleware’s message into global metadata’s message.
c. Translate local middleware’s message into local metadata’s message.
d. Translate global middleware’s message into local meta-data’s message.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 73

Question No: 20

Which of the following is true?

a. Relay is an actuator that uses electromagnetic effect to act as a switch.

b. Relay can open and close circuit when electricity is passed through it.
c. Relay can be used to control the power supply to any other connected device.
d. All of these.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 74

Question No: 20

Which of the following is true?

a. Relay is an actuator that uses electromagnetic effect to act as a switch.

b. Relay can open and close circuit when electricity is passed through it.
c. Relay can be used to control the power supply to any other connected device.
d. All of these.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 75

Question No: 21

What is sketch?

a. Program coded in IoT devices.

b. Program coded in Arduino IDE.
c. Services of Arduino Uno.
d. Services of IoT devices

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 76

Question No: 21

What is sketch?

a. Program coded in IoT devices.

b. Program coded in Arduino IDE.
c. Services of Arduino Uno.
d. Services of IoT devices

Sketch is the program coded in Arduino IDE which mainly consists of two parts setup() and loop.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 77

Question No: 22

What is function setup()?

a. Point where code terminates.

b. Point where code starts.
c. It iterates the task in the program.
d. None of the above.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 78

Question No: 22

What is function setup()?

a. Point where code terminates.

b. Point where code starts.
c. It iterates the task in the program.
d. None of the above.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 79

Question No: 23
Which of the following is true for the given command?
random(10);

a. Gives random number within the range [0, 10]

b. Gives random number within the range [1, 10]
c. Gives random number within the range [0, 9]
d. Reset the pseudo-random number generator with seed value 10

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 80

Question No: 23
Which of the following is true for the given command?
random(10);

a. Gives random number within the range [0, 10]

b. Gives random number within the range [1, 10]
c. Gives random number within the range [0, 9]
d. Reset the pseudo-random number generator with seed value 10

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 81

Question No: 24
Which kind of conflict occur when different processing logics are applied to same IoT networked devices or
applications?

a. Semantic conflict.
b. Syntactic conflict.
c. System conflict.
d. Device conflict.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 82

Question No: 24
Which kind of conflict occur when different processing logics are applied to same IoT networked devices or
applications?

a. Semantic conflict.
b. Syntactic conflict.
c. System conflict.
d. Device conflict.

Semantic conflict occurs when different processing logics are applied to same IoT networked devices or applications.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 83

Question No: 25
Which of the following is TRUE for the sketch command given below?
delay(3000);

a. Provides a delay of 3000 seconds

b. Provides a delay of 3 seconds
c. Provides a delay of 3000 nano seconds
d. Provides a delay of 3000 simulation time

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 84

Question No: 25
Which of the following is TRUE for the sketch command given below?
delay(3000);

a. Provides a delay of 3000 seconds

b. Provides a delay of 3 seconds
c. Provides a delay of 3000 nano seconds
d. Provides a delay of 3000 simulation time

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 85

Question No: 26
Which of the following solutions are not responsible for generating unique address?

a. Election Product Code (EPC)

b. Unique Product Code (UPC)
c. Uniform Resource Identifier (URI))
d. IP Addresses

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 86

Question No: 26
Which of the following solutions are not responsible for generating unique address?

a. Election Product Code (EPC)

b. Unique Product Code (UPC)
c. Uniform Resource Identifier (URI))
d. IP Addresses

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 87

Question No: 27
How many digital I/O pins are there in Arduino Uno.

a. 14
b. 54
c. 11
d. 16

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 88

Question No: 27
How many digital I/O pins are there in Arduino Uno.

a. 14
b. 54
c. 11
d. 16

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 89

Question No: 28
Fill in the blank.
__________ dynamically maps physical devices with different domains.

a. Collaborative concept
b. Middleware technology
c. End devices
d. Cloud

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 90

Question No: 28
Fill in the blank.
__________ dynamically maps physical devices with different domains.

a. Collaborative concept
b. Middleware technology
c. End devices
d. Cloud

Middleware technology dynamically maps physical devices with different domains

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 91

Question No: 29

Which of the following ontology utilize previous data to estimate what is going to happen?

a. Device ontology
b. Physical domain ontology
c. Estimation ontology
d. Virtual domain ontology

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 92

Question No: 29

Which of the following ontology utilize previous data to estimate what is going to happen?

a. Device ontology
b. Physical domain ontology
c. Estimation ontology
d. Virtual domain ontology

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 93

Question No: 30
Which component of UMB converts physical devices into virtually abstracted one, as described by Universal Device
Template (UMB).

a. UMB-A
b. UMB-C
c. UDT mapping
d. UMB-B

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 94

Question No: 30
Which component of UMB converts physical devices into virtually abstracted one, as described by Universal Device
Template (UMB).

a. UMB-A
b. UMB-C
c. UDT mapping
d. UMB-B

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 95

Question No: 31
The interoperability between devices and device user in term of message formats is called _________.

a. Systematic interoperability.
b. Semantic interoperability.
c. Syntactic interoperability.
d. Device interoperability.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 96

Question No: 31
The interoperability between devices and device user in term of message formats is called _________.

a. Systematic interoperability.
b. Semantic interoperability.
c. Syntactic interoperability.
d. Device interoperability.

The interoperability in terms of message formats is called syntactic interoperability.

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 97

Question No: 32

Suppose that an IoT sensor node A works on wireless WiFi and senses pressure as a physical parameter in integer
number, and another IoT node B operates on IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee and senses humidity as a floating point (decimal)
number. In this context, which among the following correctly describes the issues with the deployment.

a. Heterogeneity
b. Interoperability
c. Both heterogeneity and interoperability
d. Neither heterogeneity and interoperability

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 98

Question No: 32

Suppose that an IoT sensor node A works on wireless WiFi and senses pressure as a physical parameter in integer
number, and another IoT node B operates on IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee and senses humidity as a floating point (decimal)
number. In this context, which among the following correctly describes the issues with the deployment.

a. Heterogeneity
b. Interoperability
c. Both heterogeneity and interoperability
d. Neither heterogeneity and interoperability

IIT Kharagpur Introduction to Internet of Things Week 5 99

Question No: 33

RESTful web services are utilized for _________.

a. Syntactic interoperability for device interaction

b. Semantic interoperability for device interaction
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of the above

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Question No: 33

RESTful web services are utilized for _________.

a. Syntactic interoperability for device interaction

b. Semantic interoperability for device interaction
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of the above

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Question No: 34

Which UMB interoperability component is responsible for converting physical devices into virtually
abstracted ones?

a. UMB Adaptor
b. UMB Core
c. UMB Hypervisor
d. UMB Abstractor

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Question No: 34

Which UMB interoperability component is responsible for converting physical devices into virtually
abstracted ones?

a. UMB Adaptor
b. UMB Core
c. UMB Hypervisor
d. UMB Abstractor

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Question No: 35

User interoperability is the interoperability problem between an user and ____________.

a. Another user
b. Device
c. Both user and device
d. None of these

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Question No: 35

User interoperability is the interoperability problem between an user and ____________.

a. Another user
b. Device
c. Both user and device
d. None of these

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Question No: 36
Which of the following is an open, global, multi-sector standard for efficient, accurate, flexible classification of
products and services?

a. eCl@ss
b. UNSPSC
c. EPC
d. Both (b) and (c)

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Question No: 36
Which of the following is an open, global, multi-sector standard for efficient, accurate, flexible classification of
products and services?

a. eCl@ss
b. UNSPSC
c. EPC
d. Both (b) and (c)

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Question No: 37
What does the routing component in UMB-C use for routing the metadata messages?

a. Flow Table
b. Routing Table
c. Middleware Routing Table
d. Middleware Flow Table

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Question No: 37
What does the routing component in UMB-C use for routing the metadata messages?

a. Flow Table
b. Routing Table
c. Middleware Routing Table
d. Middleware Flow Table

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Question No: 38

Which among the following are components of an Arduino UNO Board?

a. LED Power Indicator

b. Digital I/O Pins
c. Analog IN Pins
d. All of these

IIT Kharagpur Week 5 11

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Question No: 38

Which among the following are components of an Arduino UNO Board?

a. LED Power Indicator

b. Digital I/O Pins
c. Analog IN Pins
d. All of these

IIT Kharagpur Week 5 11

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Question No: 39

The tool used to select a particular COM port for connecting Arduino to a serial connector is
called a sketch.

a. True
b. False

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Question No: 39

The tool used to select a particular COM port for connecting Arduino to a serial connector is
called a sketch.

a. True
b. False

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Question No: 40

Which kind of conflict occur when different processing logic are applied to same IoT
networked devices or applications?
a. Semantic conflict.
b. Syntactic conflict.
c. System conflict.
d. Device conflict.

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Question No: 40

Which kind of conflict occur when different processing logic are applied to same IoT
networked devices or applications?
a. Semantic conflict.
b. Syntactic conflict.
c. System conflict.
d. Device conflict.

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Question No: 41
Which of the following is TRUE for the sketch command given below?
delay(3000);

a. Provides a delay of 3000 seconds

b. Provides a delay of 3 seconds
c. Provides a delay of 3000 nano seconds
d. Provides a delay of 3000 simulation time

IIT Kharagpur Week 5 11

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Question No: 41
Which of the following is TRUE for the sketch command given below?
delay(3000);

a. Provides a delay of 3000 seconds

b. Provides a delay of 3 seconds
c. Provides a delay of 3000 nano seconds
d. Provides a delay of 3000 simulation time

IIT Kharagpur Week 5 11

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Question No: 42

How many types of loops will you find in Arduino Programming?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

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Question No: 42

How many types of loops will you find in Arduino Programming?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

IIT Kharagpur Week 5 11

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Question No: 42

How many digital I/O pins are there in Arduino Uno.

a. 14
b. 54
c. 11
d. 16

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Question No: 42

How many digital I/O pins are there in Arduino Uno.

a. 14
b. 54
c. 11
d. 16

IIT Kharagpur Week 5 12

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Question No: 42

How many digital I/O pins are there in Arduino Uno.

a. 14
b. 54
c. 11
d. 16

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Question No: 43

Servo motors that you connect to Arduino, are an example of

a. Sensors
b. Actuators
c. Gateways
d. Routers

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Question No: 43

Servo motors that you connect to Arduino, are an example of

a. Sensors
b. Actuators
c. Gateways
d. Routers

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Question No: 44

Which of the following functions exist by default in Arduino IDE?

a. main()
b. loop() and main()
c. setup() and loop()
d. setup() and main()

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Question No: 44

Which of the following functions exist by default in Arduino IDE?

a. main()
b. loop() and main()
c. setup() and loop()
d. setup() and main()

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Question No: 45

Choose the right option for if/conditional operator.

a. Val = (condition)?(Statement 1):(Statement 2)

b. Val = (condition)?(Statement 2):(Statement 1)
c. Val = (condition):(Statement 1)?(Statement 2)
d. Val = (condition):(Statement 2)?(Statement 1)

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Question No: 45

Choose the right option for if/conditional operator.

a. Val = (condition)?(Statement 1):(Statement 2)

b. Val = (condition)?(Statement 2):(Statement 1)
c. Val = (condition):(Statement 1)?(Statement 2)
d. Val = (condition):(Statement 2)?(Statement 1)

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Question No: 46

Which of the following is true for the given command?

random(40);

a. Gives random number within the range [0, 40]

b. Gives random number within the range [1, 40]
c. Gives random number within the range [0, 39]
d. Reset the pseudo-random number generator with seed value 40

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Question No: 46

Which of the following is true for the given command?

random(40);

a. Gives random number within the range [0, 40]

b. Gives random number within the range [1, 40]
c. Gives random number within the range [0, 39]
d. Reset the pseudo-random number generator with seed value 40

IIT Kharagpur Week 5 13

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Question No: 46

What is the purpose of the following sketch?

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
Serial.write(80);
}

a. Send a signal to pin 80 on the Arduino board.

b. Send an octal number of 80 through the Serial pins.
c. Send a byte with value 80 through the Serial pins.
d. Send a hexadecimal number of 80 through the Serial pins

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Question No: 46

What is the purpose of the following sketch?

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
Serial.write(80);
}

a. Send a signal to pin 80 on the Arduino board.

b. Send an octal number of 80 through the Serial pins.
c. Send a byte with value 80 through the Serial pins.
d. Send a hexadecimal number of 80 through the Serial pins

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Question No: 47

A programmer is writing a Python code having several functions. S/he needs to use a variable that can be
accessed from any function present in the program. Additionally, the value of that variable may vary. Which of
the following variable types satisfy such criteria.

a. Local variable
b. Constant variable
c. Global variable
d. All of these

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Question No: 47

A programmer is writing a Python code having several functions. S/he needs to use a variable that can be
accessed from any function present in the program. Additionally, the value of that variable may vary. Which of
the following variable types satisfy such criteria.

a. Local variable
b. Constant variable
c. Global variable
d. All of these

IIT Kharagpur Week 5 13

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Question No: 48

What function is useful for generating the same set of random numbers every time a program is run?

a. randomgen()
b. randomint()
c. randomseed()
d. constrandom()

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Question No: 48

What function is useful for generating the same set of random numbers every time a program is run?

a. randomgen()
b. randomint()
c. randomseed()
d. constrandom()

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Question No: 49

Which of the following typically supports data of larger size?

a. Structured data structure

b. Unstructured data structure
c. Neither a nor b
d. None of the above

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Question No: 49

Which of the following typically supports data of larger size?

a. Structured data structure

b. Unstructured data structure
c. Neither a nor b
d. None of the above

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Question No: 50

In Collaborative conceptualization theory of Semantic interoperability, a collaborative sign (cosign) is

represented as:
cosign = (A, B, C, D)
In the above representation, what is “D”?

•Cosign internal identifier

•Natural language
•Interpretant
•Cosign dictionary

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Question No: 50

In Collaborative conceptualization theory of Semantic interoperability, a collaborative sign (cosign) is

represented as:
cosign = (A, B, C, D)
In the above representation, what is “D”?

•Cosign internal identifier

•Natural language
•Interpretant
•Cosign dictionary

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Question No: 51

State whether the following statement is true or false.

Statement: Coverage in WSN is defined as the area-of-interest is covered satisfactorily.

a. True
b. False

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Question No: 51

State whether the following statement is true or false.

Statement: Coverage in WSN is defined as the area-of-interest is covered satisfactorily.

a. True
b. False

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Question No: 52

When two IoT devices wish to communicate, semantic conflict in such a scenario in IoT
interoperability refers to____________________.

a. Two devices built by the same manufacturer

b. Two devices sensing the same physical parameter
c. Two devices having different deployment location
d. Two devices having different processing and business logic

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Question No: 52

When two IoT devices wish to communicate, semantic conflict in such a scenario in IoT
interoperability refers to____________________.

a. Two devices built by the same manufacturer

b. Two devices sensing the same physical parameter
c. Two devices having different deployment location
d. Two devices having different processing and business logic

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Question No: 53

Which of the following issues needs to be addressed while solving user interoperability?

a. Device characterization and identification

b. Syntactic interoperability
c. Semantic interoperability
d. All of these

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Question No: 53

Which of the following issues needs to be addressed while solving user interoperability?

a. Device characterization and identification

b. Syntactic interoperability
c. Semantic interoperability
d. All of these

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Question No: 54

Which UMB interoperability component is responsible for converting physical devices into virtually
abstracted ones?

a. UMB Adaptor
b. UMB Core
c. UMB Hypervisor
d. UMB Abstractor

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Question No: 54

Which UMB interoperability component is responsible for converting physical devices into virtually
abstracted ones?

a. UMB Adaptor
b. UMB Core
c. UMB Hypervisor
d. UMB Abstractor

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Question No: 55
A Protocol Translation Unit (PTU) acts as a middleware between two IoT devices with different native
protocols to enable them communicate with each other by translating the language of one device to the
other one and vice versa.

a. True
b. False

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Question No: 55
A Protocol Translation Unit (PTU) acts as a middleware between two IoT devices with different native
protocols to enable them communicate with each other by translating the language of one device to the
other one and vice versa.

a. True
b. False

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Question No: 56
Suppose that a smart CCTV camera has been configured using C++ language. With respect to the
device’s cosign identification as per the standard definition (A,B,C,D), which among the following the
information “Configuration Lang:C++” will be most appropriately mapped ?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

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Question No: 56
Suppose that a smart CCTV camera has been configured using C++ language. With respect to the
device’s cosign identification as per the standard definition (A,B,C,D), which among the following the
information “Configuration Lang:C++” will be most appropriately mapped ?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

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Question No: 57
Which among the following are components of an Arduino UNO Board?

a. LED Power Indicator

b. Digital I/O Pins
c. Analog IN Pins
d. All of these

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Question No: 57
Which among the following are components of an Arduino UNO Board?

a. LED Power Indicator

b. Digital I/O Pins
c. Analog IN Pins
d. All of these

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Question No: 58
What is the series of micro controller chips powering Arduino UNO boards?

a. ATM series
b. X86 series
c. ARM 64 series
d. ATMEGA series

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Question No: 58
What is the series of micro controller chips powering Arduino UNO boards?

a. ATM series
b. X86 series
c. ARM 64 series
d. ATMEGA series

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Question No: 59
In Arduino IDE the ‘Verify’ and ‘Upload’ buttons perform the exact same task.

a. False
b. True

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Question No: 59
In Arduino IDE the ‘Verify’ and ‘Upload’ buttons perform the exact same task.

a. False
b. True

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Question No: 60
Suppose that an Arduino UNO board is connected to a pneumatic sensor which sends tyre pressure
as floating point numbers. Which among the functions will you use to read from the sensor?

a. digitalRead()
b. analogWrite()
c. analogRead()
d. None of these

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Question No: 60
Consider the following Arduino sketch.

a. digitalRead()
b. analogWrite()
c. analogRead()
d. None of these

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Question No: 60
Consider the following Arduino sketch. What must be inserted in the place of ‘??’ within the second
pinMode() function in void setup()?

a. INPUT
b. OUTPUT
c. None of these
d. Anyone of these is okay

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Question No: 60
Consider the following Arduino sketch. What must be inserted in the place of ‘??’ within the second
pinMode() function in void setup()?

a. INPUT
b. OUTPUT
c. None of these
d. Anyone of these is okay

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Question No: 61
For integrating different types of sensors (such as DHT) with Arduino, you would need to install
and #include the sensor specific libraries in your sketch.

a. True
b. False

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Question No: 61
For integrating different types of sensors (such as DHT) with Arduino, you would need to install
and #include the sensor specific libraries in your sketch.

a. True
b. False

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Question No: 62
Which of the following best describes the command given below?
ServoDemo.write(180);

a. Creates an instance of the servo

b. Pin writes 180 to the servo
c. Servo moves 180 degrees
d. All of these

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Question No: 62
Which of the following best describes the command given below?
ServoDemo.write(180);

a. Creates an instance of the servo

b. Pin writes 180 to the servo
c. Servo moves 180 degrees
d. All of these

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Question No: 63
In an Arduino sketch, for the default function void setup(), which of the following is true?

a. Point where the code terminates.

b. Point where the code starts.
c. It iterates over the different tasks in the program.
d. None of the above.

IIT Kharagpur Week 5 16

Introduction to Internet of Things
7
Question No: 63
In an Arduino sketch, for the default function void setup(), which of the following is true?

a. Point where the code terminates.

b. Point where the code starts.
c. It iterates over the different tasks in the program.
d. None of the above.

IIT Kharagpur Week 5 16

Introduction to Internet of Things
8
Question No: 64
Which among the following can also be described as a relay, which is an actuator?

a. Pneumatic actuator
b. Motor type actuator
c. Electro-mechanical switch
d. Thermal switch

IIT Kharagpur Week 5 16

Introduction to Internet of Things
9
Question No: 64
Which among the following can also be described as a relay, which is an actuator?

a. Pneumatic actuator
b. Motor type actuator
c. Electro-mechanical switch
d. Thermal switch

IIT Kharagpur Week 5 17

Introduction to Internet of Things
0
 Thank You

IIT Kharagpur Week 5 17

1