Scribd
Upload
32 views48 pages

Angular

The document discusses different instruments used to measure angles including vernier bevel protractors, sine bars, sine centers, angle gauges, auto collimators, spirit levels, and clinometers. It provides details on how each instrument works and its applications, advantages, and limitations.

Uploaded by

lakhman93134
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views48 pages

Angular

The document discusses different instruments used to measure angles including vernier bevel protractors, sine bars, sine centers, angle gauges, auto collimators, spirit levels, and clinometers. It provides details on how each instrument works and its applications, advantages, and limitations.

Uploaded by

lakhman93134
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 48

CHAPTER

Angular Measurement
Introduction
• The angle is defined as the opening between two
lines which meet at a point.
• Circle is divided into 360 parts, each part is called a
degree ( º).
• Each degree is divided in 60 minutes ( ') and each
minute into 60 Seconds ( “)
• Unit of angle derived from theoretical
considerations is the radian, defined as the angle
subtended at the centre of a circle by an are length
equal to radius of circle.

The general formula for converting from degrees to radians is to simply multiply the number
of degree by Π /180°.
The general formula for converting from radians to degrees to simply multiply the number
of degree by 180°/(Π)
Angle Measurement Instrument

 Line Standard Angular Measuring Devices


• Protractors
• Universal Bevel Protractors
 Face Standard Angular Measuring Devices
• Sine bar
• Sine Center
 Measurement of Inclines
• Spirit Level
• Clinometer
 Angle Comparators
• Autocollimators
Vernier Bevel protractor
• The simplest instrument for measuring the angle
between two faces of component.
• Main scale on the protractor is divided into
degrees from 0 to 90 each way.
Vernier Bevel protractor
Vernier Bevel protractor
Measuring AcuteAngles

Measuring Obtuse Angles


Vernier Bevel protractor

• As shown in the main scale is


graduated in degrees of arc.
• The Vernier scale has 12 Divisions
each side of the centre zero.
• These are marked 0-60 minutes of arc, so that each division equals 1/12 of
60, that is 5 minutes of arc.
• These 12 divisions occupy the same space as 23 degrees on the main scale.
Therefore, each division of the Vernier is equal to
Vernier Bevel protractor
Vernier Bevel protractor
Vernier Bevel protractor
Optical bevel protractor
• A circle divided at 1.0 minutes intervals throughout the
circle is fitted inside the body.
• Small microscope is fitted through which the circle
graduations can be viewed.
• Adjustable blade is clamped to a rotating member which
carries its microscope.
Combination Set
Combination Set
Combination Set
Sine bars
• A precision angle measuring instrument
used along with slip gauges
Sine bars
Sine bars

The sine bars inherently become increasingly impractical and inaccurate as the angle
exceeds 45° because of following reasons :
—The sine bar is physically clumsy to hold in position.
—The body of the sine bar obstructs the gauge block stack, even if relieved.
—Slight errors of the sine bar cause large angular errors.
—Long gauge stacks are not nearly as accurate as shorter gauge blocks.
—A difference in deformation occurs at the point of roller contact to the support surface and
to the gauge blocks, because at higher angles, the weight load is shifted more toward the
fulcrum roller.
—The size of gauges, instruments or parts that a sine bar can inspect is limited, since it is
not designed to support large or heavy objects.
Sine bars Sine bars

• Height over the rollers can be measured by a vernier height gauge; using a dial
test gauge mounted on the anvil of height gauge to ensure constant measuring
pressure.
• This is achieved by adjusting the height gauge until the dial gauge shows the same
zero reading each time
Fiducial dial indicator
Sine bars
• Advantages of sine bar
1. It is precise and accurate angle measuring device.
2. It is simple in design and construction.
3. It is easily available
• Disadvantages
1. It is fairly reliable at angles less than 15 but become
increasingly inaccurate as the angle increases. It is
impractical to use sine bar for angle above 45 .
2. It is difficult to handle and position the slip gauges.
3. The sine bar is physically clumsy to hold in position.
4. The application is limited for a fixed center distance
between two rollers.
5. Slight errors of the sine bar cause larger angular errors.
Sine Centre
• Sine center is basically a sine bar with block holding centers which
can be adjusted and rigidly clamped in any position. used for the
testing of conical work, centered at each end as shown.
• Extremely useful since the alignment accuracy of the centers
ensures that the correct line of measurement is made along the
workpiece.
• The centers can also be adjusted depending on the length of the
conical work piece, to be hold between centers.
Sine Centre
Angle Gauge
• Angle gauges are made of hardened steel and seasoned
carefully to ensure permanence of angular accuracy, and the
measuring faces are lapped and polished to a high degree of
accuracy and flatness like slip gauges.
Angle Gauge
• Like linear gauge blocks, angle gauge blocks can also be
wrung together to build up a desired angle.
• In addition, they can also be subtracted to form a smaller angle
as a difference of two larger angles as shown in Figure.
• The plus and minus ends of each block are marked.
Angle Gauge
Angle Gauge
Angle Gauge
1.Select the size of angle gauges required to
required to build A) 37˚9’18” and show the
combination.
Angle Gauge

2.Give combination of angle gauges required to


obtain 57˚34’9” angle.
Angle Gauge
3.Give systematic way of building angle gauges
to set an angle of 33˚16’42” using set of 10
pieces. Also sketch the combination of angle.
Auto Collimator
Spirit Level

low viscosity fluids


the vial is graduated in linear units
Clinometers
Clinometers
Clinometers  The clinometers is a special
case of the application of the
spirit level. It is an
instrument used for
measuring angle relative to
the horizontal plane.
• It consists of a spirit level mounted on a rotary
member carried in a housing.
• One face of the housing forms the base of the
instrument.
• A circular scale is provided on the housing. A
circular scale is used to measure the angle of
inclination of the rotary member relative to the
base.
• The scale may cover the whole circle or only part
of it.
• The base of the instrument is placed on the surface
and rotary member is adjusted till zero reading of
the bubble is obtained as shown in Fig.
• The angle of rotation is then noted on the circular
scale against an index.
Clinometers
Clinometers
Clinometers • Micrometer clinometers is shown
in Fig. In this type, one end of
spirit level is attached at end of
the barrel of a micrometer

• The other end of the spirit level is


hinged on the base. The base is
placed on the surface whose
inclination is to be measured.

• The micrometer is adjusted till


the level is horizontal. This type of
clinometers is suitable for
measuring small angles.

• The most commonly used clinometers is of the Hilger and Walts type in
which circular, scale is totally enclosed and is divided from 0 to 360 at l0'
interval. For observation of 10‘-subdivision optical micrometer is
provided..
Clinometers
Clinometers
Thanks You

You might also like