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DBMS for BCA 1st year
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29 viewsDBMS
DBMS for BCA 1st year
Uploaded by
sdsanket07Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 38
‘lata ead Bodhstes ee blab es MES
"DML commands Save used. to\ pertarm- varia -
tal oor the: daka »* ich as + jnserbins Seipidabiing
-dolebiog sands electing data from tables —
+ Hove -civts some eomimonk) used DM commands! 2°
i) SELECT 3 + \ This \command + fhe +etrieve date
[As “Frors ond ar _mo'ye dablerjorardakih ase
Hi) INSERT 2+ The: command 1's used bo ia sev cab me
a. a_tabl aA Ve
Ji) u@ete +. It updates existing lala sith a_teble.
iy) DELETE S- sth delobes all vecovdi\ ov wows ef dale
! fromval table «
|W) ERGE = = UPSERT apenatiee inserbioy up
wi) CALL te éscalls 0 ee
AP SELECT.- “Sy rbax te a Z :
s LECT Ailawnan |, col mn:
WHERE oncli finn:
Ai) INSERT ee en
—— INSERT INTO tabl
name (colurmn |
) Cialuet, value 2 valu 3
— if) URDATE +. 6 Piss
PAE ta He =name SEZ
colton 2, Cols on,
at yee
column tevalue I coltmn 2 = )_ Compare File processing sySbet
Wik file processing sys ber 2 pRMmS ANG»
i stem pre vides the) 06M gives an _abstm
ifs Lee vepreseobalion view of data ..thak hic
vag 0 of aba si + the details. 5
aE dine cnot_offer s dala .\ 2) Thyere is ab
7 xecovery «processes. 5 “yetovery+for dale’ xis" DB
3)!
. | vey iflical So a me'chanisin
Sh thee arechindine ra as
mg file _sigsters ts 3) DBPoS offers good protectin
gueaker . data’ js’ Low's?
7) | Contralpative 5S . us Diakion i. pa
is haxds tor achiove a
__. 8) These sysbevs doesnt offe 3)oDBm op ae
— ncurrency bacilli: *
_ i
Ut clr a
VEAL _— What: ave-inkegvily con Kaink 2 Ee plei
» Tategrity constraints are vules axe caindition
that are -cappli boa database to ‘ensure
= 4 ch Gl —eipplé:
veliaby Lil,
rfoycin
pec Sogdiemedesl vestyichigns en fh, ez
* There ave several lypes of integrity Const rails
that can be enforced in a database » Here
—} are Sm examples: «
{1)_Enkiby Integrity _:- This con beaink ensures bad
each wir a tably is unigue and bas a
uniqut idrobifiev ch as a primavy
te Student table
to _| Name | travks |
1 Robul | os]
pull | Nayoa
3 [tiling si f
| NULL ts rot
| allowe din entity Takegrity
2) Ro ferential Takegrilty 'e “Th's constraint ensures that
the _velakionshins between table ave valid a
that pei key values in one table match
” ua > _anoth -
per tee
eins \ |
3) NOT NUL «te The nok pul) «: vaint en:
| | tb in bro é
y nW ; en ok
|
Lo data 6. s como] ete oe a aonbecd
Ogg 2 A6Nidont \. i NOT NULL
i Tp | Nabbe j
t ‘A WS. ee? sii AV am
- Vi’) BS N[ PR Nule--+> This ih
We [ea ce Det cd nin Nor
\ \ cdofure ni»
Win Ludd i
A \ Kiev 1 eae V4
A Wi (Sy 4 i
4 3
‘ win \ te
{ ale. 1.
\ a i
fade
i | 7 Enviles Qolako ; :
| Ae visuittl xépre ‘entero Sue ee thet: dekines the
ie | -yo)a tionship between ieee ae fies jn a
ada ba base ss YW :
ia) Rola fion ships
). Entities (= Ba entity a concept ov ‘objec
thal vepvesents ad vedi words ibe _ Each ontil,
vepreseoted by a reclungle and the name
£ the entiky 19 wriffen Lside- the vecldngl:
Pp a
[Student F Study [cciteye]
ot aa ontikios: ia student
4 ii) albibubes |= Atbyibutes ave the” properties 0y
z Tie halitto vis ble of an entity such as person
age. Each atkribuke ts writhen represen led by din
vols aod: the vane at the abtribube Vy sul
nd. college axe jb
‘¥ SO.
Aye) Ge ot Wikies Vo ow Aly
Abo )sOno" tp ‘On Va Ao is hy aitt
ti) Doe fo Man sl
Honship = - Relationsh
peers entities . Fach elation
sh 0 wand
lamood
‘Vela liao ship dss wrilleo ‘loside
A yu
Types of vel, Live ship in ER model leds
id) Many bo one .
jw) Many bo Many . : pee issa sokfwave appli ation sthat manages
of datajn a database
; ‘applida Nob
re Van odificali
leeping sedaaa of oe inked “band ng bain Pe;
a departure hime vi
st the La ARENT ise ee :
pamé zi tho -‘book , dubhoy and availabiliky: of the book,
= Toemaintain. all the \ ctry homey actouols
| esa records DBMS js used, »
Fie) tessa andcleges to The universities and
leges_ave: maintainiog ‘D6Mms boustoxe “shudents —
tytn details jive ols Courses. val Lb,
SW .
|
ry
eta a Si = fan Suse’ s Sign ap. dail on
| ja __puebsi bask, Le slapam—
j
| pl the inforaation * vilaled. to thet data ave
gs stored sind. pula with the ie ee .
il Manu fekivin se Manulackuring co opaniess'mak
, * products apd - them son a Li y basta
| to kee p those: ze Ans Define normalisaliea- Explain the concept — [om \
of normalisation with [he -help 2 example mt
19) Write in shov£ INF 2NE 3NE
5) Diseribe_Novinalizalion
| 2's Normalisation “is the process-0f organi ie
sok an 0 lation Tabata ¢_ninirel el la leas ;
doperdency » ee fa isoa
——_1* Tb involves. divi dala inbo- sma a
and. defining. 1 DO oleae theta Yai Chiu
SE aihailt)
on
—_Aoodg
i
aa a
TA ETE requires tha all none k a
= A table ave fully dependent on: the
= meaning that each ‘non-ke: abbribus e
os tb diveclly »welale d tothe’ aa hoy ew a 2
Si ache any de. “non-key -abribubess :
BPRS chery ujndepandan Lf pack other me,
s\that each. ple, -of:jnlormglieay. \ictove diva
= land thal dala: comviskeney\ bss maintained. sk -
= Nii) thivd: norwal foym (ANE) te
Mostly commonly used nova. fox ta 2h al
FirsB normal’ form (INE): 3 Pe IB:
Tis requ yes that each: lable ko o_prima
ba a a ds A. as a
smeanjo-y: al each: lath contains only {et
\ alues o: wart : ,
D)_ Sedondsipo rma le foie (owe): au. gilt va yialbolie
Sb xequlyes “that al) ne ncke olbibale
nd non-key alktibute scan ‘he derived,
plher _non-ke Yribules + :
02& cod! naymal foyn (ole) t [Shade ol Detail ened Ou,
Pu DD. I itubawe Laie
a
igs oa
|
“Balin any thyee numeric functions ae
ae
.
Ai
Lealealations on aset of value. oa
L yvboyds and return a ingle vadliLe a.
aes IE
+ Here ave four commonly se, cagg.rt Ha
in DOMS +. AW 2
A) Sut »- This function is used Meo Lied. tb |
us of o seb of Values oy a columh ip. E
a_tablo 4 ¥ 1 i
peeee Sur feolse name} ee [race
Ll B
[Bet Preicks f ~ 6
FORM) skuch™ bles 3 c
potas i [4 ay
Selleck Sut frolumn name? 13, |_¢ Lawl
FROM table name
WHERE condition *
Example! -
ele £ sums Merk sb ‘
Ans *- UM § Marks f = 255
a) AVG 33 Thi. Faniion
Syntax = iC
seleck “Avg colamn name f
Eber table — name
WHERE condition 5 fi
ae: - SAL = 5
meal a p22 Pf nave]
we... ave § Pik 5 mE A. | Plesk
y [ge
if 40
af 20
Nae a,
Wee Ws ut Ohigs ey the _LNude
athens di ew Veal) quai it crn tag
u MAX? \ Thi Munchionw ts) used bs. Lind the
maximums Valuelie Mla Sob of valiies' ey
BB tolunn ina table
B
c
Oo Go
E
E
WS bese die. 1 D| Ne Teal
elect MA calinnin Z ere L A» [ge
EBEROM table name af B Nees
WHERE. Conelif'io sus é | go
\ ys 2
tuzeh
x
select MAX § Mark é Py mats
LFROM student “kabler, 9 \\ vu
And. s\ud Vawheg ton low dyald 5
DIYS *-
Lhe {Maxtsi = 9° of soli \nsise
nt
ahis Leuaclide bss Bed Z La tbe
DP ribimurm welue sina — of Values or a4
2 voni\ fia table sv aac a0
aypal AY
Qxije a Va eo lat puch
| Select MIN § column name? f
LFROM table name
WHERE condition 7 re Se a as a_view is: a —virkuctl
thet based on lhe _vesult set
i bye Biles = fo Bhosle /
7 el lone '
¥ babe The view level con be bh
Lian additional layer of ab: ere BB
iy asits on if. p_of the Physical dal. stow vel
_t layer a
. there aye” 2 ia cally — lew 1 . hele
ina DBMS. als SNE
z 1) Physical level: Lt aga pe
“Th \loiwe L level of “abides Bein sah
Jevel kept biddo
by compiley fya
pxogvamm ey. vet vara
rb 2 AL this Jovel the :veoid.
2b lock of storage (byte
12) Logicat level = ui
Te ft micldle level oe abteadi :
t
Hhois Mase Same
programmer ave works at Hy Jew, ieee
* Data Adminictryalion a level of
to decide what informabis fo. keep.
data ba decd leve] of abstrackion,
describe only specific _parl of Dalebes
I cel ett hase applicalian® mingiats>
hich tare’ access by usew according dala xequir
ervidate mony diflevdn fsa Deut esiddan’ ge
yA\ os unholy auly, ———\brombine data “from tuto palaoon Thom.
join
[id] ata, 2- st ae
Stn 96ms a join operatie
on a relate J column
Differen | typ of jole = G
|i) Toner =joio iM
_ ti) Left join
Lin) Right = join
Ww) Full = join. / Outer joins .
Dems Neat
2 Whig Le anus
td aN iE Null
Ls 4 -DDL_commands cused to create. mowdih, [-
{| delete data, objecks such os lebles, indexes andl
Py wiews. « cdl _ t
. ti CREATE 3 “Thi's comme isiused tp create [
TL new fatabase abject. such asa Loble io Index t
Bl Syntax V-¢ - % Aukees 7
CREATE TAOLE BIB om C ; -
Column I datalype r
BL : luton detelype.)" leicl & [
ov ALTER *= This command fi use. o- modify_an t
: exis bing database objeck bac ‘rig © tee d|
columps. From a ft, At \ \
__ Syn bax *°
ALTER TABLE table name: PID column nance dalaly po
liz) DRop :- This coromand 1; used bo deloke an- existing |
i gp kashas essfthjoeks uch as a table pyiyiew
El sip kax te 4 <\ AAA VA
E DROP TABLE bah pame, st
Liv) TRUNCATE += This command 1s used to delete cl) rows
E fom a table, while preservice ‘othe, strutuye
rT TT
of tho table
~Sivp bax SS 2
Sf incate TAGL table na -
+. This command ss use 9 ¥00a m9 2
I e shes dababase. abject «- =
otax? se.
ALTER “TABLE fable Kum’ RENAME To new table name;
Ti) Comment = This command is used te add comment
| a databa v_pbjeck, such as fable oy column.
oewney ON TAGLE Lable-rame Is TAs rs e comment.” S
le mode A ‘ak z
la) Ths yecord aucrang.¢ har. —bpe 4 me
ov inverted formal
ie nailed nade av stpmenla
2) Top most _seqment 1s called rook arse a
pareol » “ja “ANS a
| DP seqmen present particular ent Zi
6) high “level yooks's led par
level -vool ts called child.
lay p parent pode hav one py taan
2) A child node can have only.on
i in_beivarchical model. subs o SM
19) heiverchial «model used Pose dneiPy tary 2
velatianghip « ‘ leony 1a
By, ot That, mians me on e\sparehb have mony iii
Child Lhak ype os welabinn ship ae na
heivarchicol moda (a.
|
rg c ee,
tool paciot [shoe il Mu \ oy
©! Coordi
_thildven 4 L ——— : J hoes |
L
Women ')
| aveater thao (>) loss Foon (t), gveter ‘than or equ
“bo (22), gveler than (2)
or equal ta (cz)
less than CZ) , loss thes
FROM orders
+
fe
WHERE botaleamoun £ > Jove +
|
|
i ny tow fi
AN, R_cind NOT.
Ex:-| SELECT *
FRoM_erployees
{WHERE department = ‘HR'PN) salary > Sdo0 > vto join strings 1 and:
: 7
used. for pattoyn matchin
CT Fivst nadine. I fold bats ame
ora Lin Ce SSN Venice i) Primary Key fe\ wage ‘ (euaMi) +
| Apri key js a__unique identifier for
La _particulay record or vow ind table , Tt is
us edsko suniqubly identity) cach ~vecord |b beh
and musk ‘have migue value for each you
se primary key Can consist onb>oy mor
olumns , and jf ('s used fo enforce data jokegrity
and_ensuve that. each» vecovd in the table /s
nique! n bikie \ sll son's
T
it) Foveign key ‘= A-forcign key ‘i's field \o¥.sek
\ of Fields that vefey Fo the primary: k. oh arolbh
| fable» Tt establishes a relationship
_ | twos fables, shore: the mtladio: foiveigh: key in one
gow \-bablex vokevs bo the primary key [nv anothe
table. :
lf) s key t= A super key is aisebvof one
ov = cLhaib bes that uniquely idénitif
a_veard inc table. This a sbyoader concept
than a i ke: as_ths muy con taro tety
| attributes thal cave not strictly necessary foy
fe undue adenbificde im + uaro os aN Ce
[ave Tas other wword'ss as super key: \ is a sek of altri-
supubesa’ tha bk aan. uniquely identity yocord s\/m_a
|
| \ FRoM table |
UNTON
spe SELECT ~*Co lum:
ELECT column |, Column 2, =. -
FRor’ tablet iy yok woqu, Ao-) vad
AENTERSECE ow oli eS dt \ \e
SsSELECT volun 1 Columb 2,
~FRom tel eek os
3). “EXCEPT oy mINUS t= The ‘EXCEPT
Ape \sthe' vous: hat ave presen} inthe pe
: =statemon beit= nak yn athe Staed- SELECH
sis S Gaba fond less ne
SELECT column |, Colurmn Line
Rom table |
EXCEPT
SELEC colur in! , column 2d...
FRom table 2 ;
s ___4) UNTON ALL ‘- The -UNTON ALL opeveiber combine
1 7) results of }wo oy move SELECT stalemenks
Linko a. single vesulls-set, jniludlin g dupticabe vous
Sypkay hai iNew £ oe o iy “
| SELECT column), colar ji = =.
FROM table |
| UNION SAR she AE ot ae Mails ae
SELECT columnil d
