NETWORKING
OSI MODEL
Md. Ashiq Mahmood
Lecturer, KUET
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Networks
A network is two or more computers that are connected
so that data and resources can be shared
Most computers are connected to some kind of network
Each computer has its own network address, which
uniquely identifies it among the others
A file server is a network computer dedicated to storing
programs and data that are shared among network users
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OSI
Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model (OSI
Reference Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description for
layered communications and computer network protocol
design.
It was developed as part of the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) initiative.
In its most basic form, it divides network architecture into
seven layers which, from top to bottom, are the Application,
Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-Link, and
Physical Layers.
It is therefore often referred to as the
OSI Seven Layer Model. 3
OSI Model's 7 Layers
Application to Application
APPLICATION APPLICATION
Application to Application
PRESENTATION PRESENTATION
Application to Application
SESSION SESSION
TRANSPORT Process to Process TRANSPORT
NETWORK Source to Destination NETWORK
Router
Source to Destination
Hop to Hop
DATA LINK Switch DATA LINK
Hop to Hop
Hub and Repeater
PHYSICAL PHYSICAL
Physical Medium
4
Host and Media Layer
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Data, Protocol & Activities
OSI Layers TCP/IP Suit Activities
Application Application To allow access to network resources
Telnet, FTP, SMTP, HTTP, DNS, SNMP, Specific address etc…
To Translate, encrypt, and compress
Presentation Presentation data
Session To establish, manage, and terminate
Session session
Transport To Provide reliable process-to-process
Transport SCTP, TCP, UDP, Sockets and Ports address Message delivery and error recovery
Network To move packets from source to
Network IP, ARP/RARP, ICMP, IGMP, Logical address destination; to provide internetworking
Data Link To organize bits into frames; to provide
Data Link IEEE 802 Standards, TR, FDDI, PPP, Physical address Hop-to-hop delivery
Physical To Transmit bits over a medium; to provide
Physical Medium, Coax, Fiber, 10base, Wireless Mechanical and electrical specifications
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Physical Layer
From data link layer To data link layer
110 10101000000010111 110 10101000000010111 Physical layer
Physical layer
Transmission medium
One of the major function of the physical layer is to move data in the form of electromagnetic signals
across a transmission medium.
Its responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (Node) to next.
Both data and the signals can be either analog or digital.
Transmission media work by conducting energy along a physical path which can be wired or wireless
Concerned:
Physical characteristics of interface and medium (Transmission medium)
Representation of bits (stream of bits (0s or 1s) with no interpretation and encoded into signals)
Data rate (duration of a bit, which is how long it last)
Synchronization of bits (sender and receivers clock must be synchronized)
Line configuration (Point-to-Point, Point-to-Multipoint)
Physical topology
Transmission mode (Simplex, half duplex, full duplex)
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Data Link Layer (Host to Host)
From network layer To network layer
Data link layer H2 Data T2 H2 Data T2 Data link layer
To physical layer From physical layer
Data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (Node) to the next.
Concerned:
Framing (stream of bits into manageable data units)
Physical addressing (MAC Address)
Flow Control (mechanism for overwhelming the receiver)
Error Control (trailer, retransmission)
Access Control (defining master device in the same link)
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Network Layer (Source to Destination)
From transport layer To transport layer
Network layer H3 Data Packet H3 Data Packet Network layer
To data link layer From data link layer
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source
host to the destination host.
Concerned:
Logical addressing (IP Address)
Routing (Source to destination transmission between networks)
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Transport Layer (Process to Process)
From session layer From session layer
Transport layer H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data
Transport layer
Segments Segments
To network layer From network layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to
another
Concerned:
Service-point addressing (Port address)
Segmentation and reassembly (Sequence number)
Connection control (Connectionless or connection oriented)
Flow control (end to end)
Error Control (Process to Process)
1
0
Session Layer (Dialog initiation)
From Presentation layer To Presentation layer
H5 Data Data Data H5 Data Data Data Session layer
Session layer
Syn Syn Syn Syn Syn Syn
To transport layer From transport layer
The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization
Concerned:
Dialog Control (Half Duplex/Full duplex)
Synchronization (Synchronization points, process inline within same page)
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Presentation Layer (dependency)
From application layer To application layer
presentation layer H6 Data
H6 Data presentation layer
To session layer From session layer
The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression and encryption
Concerned:
Translation (interoperability between different encoding system)
Encryption (Privacy schemes)
Compression (data compression)
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Application Layer (user level service)
USER USER
(Human or Program) (Human or Program)
X.500 FTAM X.400
X.500 FTAM X.400
Application layer
Application layer
H7 Data Message H7 Data Message
To presentation layer From presentation layer
The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
Concerned:
Network virtual terminal (Software)
File transfer, access and management
Mail services
Directory services (access to distributed database sources for global information about various objects
and services)
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