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XI - Computer - Sample - Project Report

The document is a student project on web technology that includes source code and documentation for a basic website on Nepal. It includes HTML code for homepage, about Nepal, history, geography, and biodiversity pages. It also includes CSS code for styling. The project was submitted by a grade 11 student as part of their computer science coursework.

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Ismiika Shrestha
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
80 views

XI - Computer - Sample - Project Report

The document is a student project on web technology that includes source code and documentation for a basic website on Nepal. It includes HTML code for homepage, about Nepal, history, geography, and biodiversity pages. It also includes CSS code for styling. The project was submitted by a grade 11 student as part of their computer science coursework.

Uploaded by

Ismiika Shrestha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRINITY INTERNATIONAL SS & COLLEGE

PROJECT WORK on web technology

(COMPUTER SCIENCE)

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:


NAME:
GRADE: XI ' ' (Your subject teacher name goes here)
ID CARD NUMBER:
REGISTRATION NUMBER:

KATHMANDU, NEPAL
2021
A project on

WEB TECHNOLOGY

A Report about the partial fulfillment of the requirements of the internal evaluation
of Grade XI under NEB in
Computer science

of

Name :

Section :

ID card number :

Registration number:

TRINITY INTERNATIONAL SS AND COLLEGE


DILLIBAZAR HEIGHT, KTM
NEPAL
TRINITY INTERNATIONAL SS & COLLEGE
Dillibazar Height, Kathmandu, Nepal

Date:

Letter of Declaration
I hereby declare that the work presented in this project report has been done by
myself under the supervision of ……………………………………, and has not
been submitted elsewhere for any examination.

All sources of information have been specifically acknowledged by references to


authors or institutions.

Date: ……………….. Name & signature of the


student
Registration number:
TRINITY INTERNATIONAL SS & COLLEGE
Dillibazar Height, Kathmandu, Nepal

LETTER OF APPROVAL

The project work submitted to Trinity International SS, by


…………………………., entitled
“………………………………………………………….….”
has been approved as the partial fulfillment of the requirements of the internal
evaluation.

Date: …………………………. Name & signature of


Supervisor
Table of Contents`

Source Code ............................................................................................. 2

HTML Theory ........................................................................................ 3


CSS Theory ............................................................................................. 4
Homepage Code...................................................................................... 5
About Nepal Code .................................................................................. 7
History Code ......................................................................................... 12
Geography Code ................................................................................... 19
Biodiversity Code ................................................................................. 24
Gallery Code ......................................................................................... 29
CSS Code.............................................................................................. 37

Conclusion……………………………………………….46

References………………………………………………..47
Theory (HTML and CSS):-
HTML

HTML is Hypertext Markup Language. HTML is a markup language that is easy for users to understand.
HTML can facilitate novice users or developers in formatting, compiling, and organizing documents online
using the Microsoft Word program.
HTML functions to make it easier for users when managing or managing data in the form of documents on
a website. So as to produce documents that are interesting and easy to read by all internet users around the
world. HTML has the advantage of the language used. The markup language for HTML has many sources
and is broad and consistent.
HTML can be run naturally on every website. HTML also has an easier learning curve and open source that
can be run for free. In addition, HTML also has official website standards by the World Wide Web
Consortium on maintaining. And easy to integrate with PHP, Node.js, and even the backend language.
HTML has features that cannot be used logically. So that web pages must be separated even though they
have the same elements. When executing, the browser can also sometimes be unpredictable. So, the browser
cannot render newer. However, you can still use HTML as needed.
HTML was created by a physicist with the Berners Lee team at the CERN research institute in Switzerland.
The team has an idea about a hypertext system that uses an internet base. Tim Berners Lee released the first
HTML version in 1991. In that version, there were 18 HTML tags. Hypertext refers to text that has
references or links for other text so that it can be accessed by users.
Since 1991, every HTML released the latest version, always equipped with the latest attributes and tags.
There are currently 140 HTML tags based on the HTML Element Reference owned by the Mozilla
Developer Network. Because of the popularity and advancement in technology, HTML continues to grow
and increase. HTML is considered a standard website that is already official.
HTML was developed by W3C with a major upgrade in 2014. The result is an introduction to HTML 5
with new semantics so that it can tell the meaning of its own HTML content. The existence of a web browser
aims to facilitate users when opening HTML-formatted documents.
CSS

CSS is one of three cornerstone technologies used on the web (the other two are HTML and
JavaScript). CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets – the clues are really in the words ‘cascading’
and ‘style’ with cascading describing the way that one style can cascade from one to another.
One of the many benefits of CSS is that more than one style can be used within one HTML
document.
CSS is used as a way of defining how HTML code is going to look on a website. Whereas HTML
(Hypertext Markup Language) is used to create content, including written text, CSS alters the way
a web page will look.
So, depending on the data they want to display, a developer might choose to have a page with tabs
running across the top of the page, or along the side.
Or, another developer might choose to use headings and sub heading styles to ensure that the words
leap off the page or, change or revamp an existing webpage entirely.
Perhaps the best way of describing what CSS does is to explain what a page would like if it didn’t
use CSS.
Without CSS web pages are plain and far from inspirational. Words scroll across the whole page
and are difficult to read. But, before CSS that’s exactly what web pages looked like.
The introduction of CSS is partly responsible for how the web looks and feels today. And, far from
being created and therefore finished, it is a continually evolving language.
Firstly, using CSS ensures that your web pages are consistent. Imagine a website with 100s of
pages, now imagine having to input the code to define heading sizes, layout and other display data
and mix that all in with the content each time you wanted to produce a new page. Also, imagine
having a site with 100s of pages and being able to change just one of them while keeping all the
rest the same – CSS also makes that a possibility. Using CSS delivers consistency where it is
needed but is flexible enough to enable you to make changes to individual pages or sections.
According to Wikipedia, the birth of CSS is largely credited to Norwegian Håkon Wium Lie, who
back in 1994 sought to create a universal standardized style sheet for the World Wide Web.
The first site that Lie trialed CSS on was the Arena web browser. From its first creation, Lie went
on to co-create CSS1, CSS2 and RFC 2318 versions with Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Caillou. In
its first decade of existence (1994 – 2004) CSS, in all its specifications, became an established web
standard greatly influencing the look and accessibility of the world wide web as we know it today.
CSS3 was issued in 1999.
Software and hardware requirements:-
Operating system :-Windows 007/2010
Editor :-Sublime/notepad ++/VS
Hardware :-i3 processor, RAM 2/4GB,Hard disk of 32 GB.
Browser :-IE/chrome/safari
Source code:-
Homepage

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Nepal</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/styles.css">
<link href="http://fonts.cdnfonts.com/css/samarkan" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Ubuntu:regular,bold&subset=Latin">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="../computer assignment/images/apple-
touch-icon.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../computer
assignment/images/favicon-32x32.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../computer
assignment/images/favicon-16x16.png">
</head>
<body>
<div class="banner" >
<div class="navbar">
<a href="index.html"><img src="../computer assignment/images/Nepal_text-removebg-
preview.png" class="logo"></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="AboutNepal.html">About Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="history.html">History</a></li>
<li><a class="navl" href="Food.html">Geography</a></li>
<li><a class="navl" href="bio.html">Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="gallery.html">Gallery</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="content">
<h1>NEPAL</h1>
<p>The chaotic beauty in the lap of the Everest</p>
<div class="ind_btn">
<a href="AboutNepal.html"><button type="button"><span></span>Learn
More</button></a>
<a href="gallery.html"><button type="button"><span></span>Photos</button></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

About Nepal

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>AboutNepal</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/styles.css">
<link href="http://fonts.cdnfonts.com/css/samarkan" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Ubuntu:regular,bold&subset=Latin">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="../computer assignment/images/apple-
touch-icon.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../computer
assignment/images/favicon-32x32.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../computer
assignment/images/favicon-16x16.png">
<link rel="manifest" href="../computer assignment/images/site.webmanifest">
</head>
<body>
<div class="banner glbnr">
<div class="navbar navbar_2">
<a href="index.html"><img src="../computer assignment/images/Nepal_text-removebg-
preview.png" class="logo"></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="AboutNepal.html">About Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="history.html">History</a></li>
<li><a class="navl" href="Food.html">Geography</a></li>
<li><a class="navl" href="bio.html">Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="gallery.html">Gallery</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="CNT">
<h1>ABOUT NEPAL</h1>
</div>
<div class='abtcontainer'>
<div>
<img class="abim glaimg aim1" src="../computer assignment/images/abt1.jpg">
<img class="abim glaimg aim2" src="../computer assignment/images/abt2.jpg">
</div>

<p class="abtp">Nepal (English: /nɪˈpɔːl/;[20] Nepali: नेपाल [nepal]) is a landlocked


country located in South Asia.
It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain,
bordering Tibet of China to the north,
and India in the south, east, and west, while it is narrowly separated from Bangladesh by
the Siliguri Corridor, and from Bhutan by
the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains,
subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world's
ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Nepal is a
multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious and
multi-cultural state, with Nepali as the official language. Kathmandu is the nation's
capital and the largest city.</br></br>
The name "Nepal" is first recorded in texts from the Vedic period of the Indian
subcontinent,
the era in ancient Nepal when Hinduism was founded, the predominant religion of the
country.
In the middle of the first millennium BC, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism,
was born in Lumbini in southern Nepal.
Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet. The centrally located
Kathmandu Valley is intertwined with the
culture of Indo-Aryans, and was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known
as Nepal Mandala. The Himalayan branch of the ancient
Silk Road was dominated by the valley's traders. The cosmopolitan region developed
distinct traditional art and architecture.</br></br>
By the 18th century, the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal. The Shah
dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later
formed an alliance with the British Empire, under its Rana dynasty of premiers. The
country was never colonized but served as a
buffer state between Imperial China and British India. Parliamentary democracy was
introduced in 1951 but was twice suspended by
Nepalese monarchs, in 1960 and 2005. The Nepalese Civil War in the 1990s and early
2000s resulted in the establishment of a secular
republic in 2008, ending the world's last Hindu monarchy.</br>
The Constitution of Nepal, adopted in 2015, affirms Nepal as a secular federal
parliamentary republic divided into seven provinces.
It remains the only multi-party, fully democratic nation in the world currently ruled by
a communist party. Nepal was admitted to the
United Nations in 1955, and friendship treaties were signed with India in 1950 and the
China in 1960. Nepal hosts the permanent secretariat
of the SAARC, of which it is a founding member. Nepal is also a member of the Non-
Aligned Movement and the Bay of Bengal Initiative.
The Nepalese Armed Forces are the fifth-largest in South Asia; and are notable for their
Gurkha history, particularly during the world wars,
and has been a significant contributor to United Nations peacekeeping
operations.</br><br>
</p>
<div>
<br><br>
<img class="abim glaimg aim1" src="../computer assignment/images/abt3.jpg">
<img class="abim glaimg aim2" src="../computer assignment/images/abt4.jpg">
</div>
<p class="abtp">
Before the unification of Nepal, the Kathmandu Valley was known as Nepal. The precise
origin of the term Nepāl is uncertain.
Nepal appears in ancient Indian literary texts dated as far back as the fourth century BC.
However, an absolute chronology can not be established,
as even the oldest texts may contain anonymous contributions dating as late as the early
modern period. Academic attempts to provide a plausible
theory are hindered by the lack of a complete picture of history and insufficient
understanding of linguistics or relevant Indo-European and
Tibeto-Burman languages.</br><br>
According to Hindu mythology, Nepal derives its name from an ancient Hindu sage
called Ne, referred to variously as Ne Muni or Nemi.
According to Pashupati Purāna, as a place protected by Ne, the country in the heart of
the Himalayas came to be known as Nepāl. According to
Nepāl Mahātmya, Nemi was charged with protection of the country by Pashupati.
According to Buddhist mythology, Manjushri Bodhisattva
drained a primordial lake of serpents to create the Nepal valley and proclaimed that Adi-
Buddha Ne would take care of the community that would settle it.
As the cherished of Ne, the valley would be called Nepāl.According to
Gopalarājvamshāvali, the genealogy of ancient Gopala dynasty compiled circa 1380s,
Nepal is named after Nepa the cowherd, the founder of the Nepali scion of the Abhiras.
In this account, the cow that issued milk to the spot, at which Nepa
discovered the Jyotirlinga of Pashupatināth upon investigation, was also named
Ne.</br><br>
Norwegian indologist Christian Lassen had proposed that Nepāla was a compound of
Nipa (foot of a mountain) and -ala (short suffix for alaya meaning abode),
and so Nepāla meant "abode at the foot of the mountain". He considered Ne Muni to be
a fabrication. Indologist Sylvain Levi found Lassen's theory untenable
but had no theories of his own, only suggesting that either Newara is a vulgarism of
sanskritic Nepala, or Nepala is Sanskritization of the local ethnic;
his view has found some support though it does not answer the question of etymology.
It has also been proposed that Nepa is a Tibeto-Burman
stem consisting of Ne (cattle) and Pa (keeper), reflecting the fact that early inhabitants
of the valley were Gopalas (cowherds) and Mahispalas (buffalo-herds).
Suniti Kumar Chatterji believed Nepal originated from Tibeto-Burman roots – Ne, of
uncertain meaning (as multiple possibilities exist), and pala or bal, whose meaning is lost entirely.
</br><br>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
History

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Histoy of Nepal</title>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/styles.css">


<link href="http://fonts.cdnfonts.com/css/samarkan" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Ubuntu:regular,bold&subset=Latin">

<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="../computer assignment/images/apple-


touch-icon.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../computer
assignment/images/favicon-32x32.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../computer
assignment/images/favicon-16x16.png">
<link rel="manifest" href="../computer assignment/images/site.webmanifest">

</head>
<body>

<div class="banner glbnr">


<div class="navbar navbar_2">
<a href="index.html"><img src="../computer assignment/images/Nepal_text-removebg-
preview.png" class="logo"></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="AboutNepal.html">About Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="history.html">History</a></li>
<li><a class="navl" href="Food.html">Geography</a></li>
<li><a class="navl" href="bio.html">Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="gallery.html">Gallery</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="CNT">
<h1>Histoy of Nepal</h1>
</div>
<div class='abtcontainer'>
<div>
<img class="abim glaimg aim1" src="../computer assignment/images/hs1.jpg">
<img class="abim glaimg aim2" src="../computer assignment/images/hs2.jpg">
</div>
<p class="abtp">By 55,000 years ago, the first modern humans had arrived on the Indian
subcontinent from Africa, where they had earlier evolved.
The earliest known modern human remains in South Asia date to about 30,000 years
ago. The oldest discovered archaeological evidence of
human settlements in Nepal dates to around the same time. <br><br>

After 6500 BC, evidence for the domestication of food crops and animals, construction
of permanent structures, and storage of agricultural
surplus appeared in Mehrgarh and other sites in what is now Balochistan. These
gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilization,
the first urban culture in South Asia. Prehistoric sites of palaeolithic, mesolithic and
neolithic origins have been discovered in the
Siwalik hills of Dang district. The earliest inhabitants of modern Nepal and adjoining
areas are believed to be people from the Indus
Valley Civilization. <br><br>

It is possible that the Dravidian people whose history predates the onset of the Bronze
Age in the Indian subcontinent
(around 6300 BC) inhabited the area before the arrival of other ethnic groups like the
Tibeto-Burmans and Indo-Aryans from across the border.
By 4000 BC, the Tibeto-Burmese people had reached Nepal either directly across the
Himalayas from Tibet or via Myanmar and north-east India or both.
Another possibility for the first people to have inhabited Nepal are the Kusunda people.
According to Hogdson (1847), the earliest inhabitants of Nepal were perhaps the Kusunda people,
probably of proto-Australoid origin. Stella Kramrisch (1964) mentions a substratum of
a race of pre-Dravidians and Dravidians, who were in Nepal even before the Newars,
who formed the majority of the ancient inhabitants of the valley of Kathmandu.
<br><br>

By the late Vedic period, Nepal was being mentioned in various Hindu texts, such as the
late Vedic Atharvaveda Pariśiṣṭa and in the post-Vedic Atharvashirsha Upanishad.
The Gopal Bansa was the oldest dynasty to be mentioned in various texts as the earliest
rulers of the central Himalayan kingdom known by the name 'Nepal'.
The Gopalas were followed by Kiratas who ruled for over 16 centuries by some
accounts. According to the Mahabharata, the then Kirata king went to take part in the Battle of
Kurukshetra.
In the south-eastern region, Janakpurdham was the capital of the prosperous kingdom of
Videha or Mithila, that extended down to the Ganges, and home to King Janaka and his daughter,
Sita. <br><br>
Changu Narayan Temple is one of the oldest temples in Nepal. This two-storied pagoda,
rebuilt c. 1700 AD, showcases exquisite woodcraft in every piece of its timber, probably the finest
in Nepal.
In the premises of the Changu Narayan Temple, is a stone inscription dated 464 AD, the
first in Nepal since the Ashoka inscription of Lumbini (c. 250 BC).
Around 600 BC, small kingdoms and confederations of clans arose in the southern
regions of Nepal. From one of these, the Shakya polity, arose a prince who later renounced his
status to lead an ascetic life,
founded Buddhism, and came to be known as Gautama Buddha (traditionally dated 563–
483 BC). Nepal came to be established as a land of spirituality and refuge in the intervening
centuries,
played an important role in transmitting Buddhism to East Asia via Tibet,[48] and helped
preserve Hindu and Buddhist manuscripts. <br>br

The Licchavi dynasty went into decline in the late 8th century and was followed by a
Thakuri rule. Thakuri kings ruled over the country up to the middle of the 11th century AD; not
much is known of this period that is often called the dark period. <br>
</p>

<div>
<br><br>
<img class="abim glaimg aim1" src="../computer assignment/images/hs5.jpg">
<img class="abim glaimg aim2" src="../computer assignment/images/hs6.jpg">
</div>
<p class="abtp">
In the 11th century, a powerful empire of Khas people emerged in western Nepal whose
territory at its highest peak included much of western Nepal as well as parts of western Tibet and
Uttarakhand of India. By the 14th century, the empire had splintered into loosely associated Baise
rajyas, literally 22 states as they were counted. The rich culture and language of the Khas people
spread throughout Nepal and as far as Indo-China in the intervening centuries; their language, later
renamed the Nepali language, became the lingua franca of Nepal as well as much of North-east
India.
<br><br>
In south-eastern Nepal, Simraungarh annexed Mithila around 1100 AD, and the unified
Tirhut stood as a powerful kingdom for more than 200 years, even ruling over Kathmandu for a
time. After another 300 years of Muslim rule, Tirhut came under the control of the Sens of
Makawanpur. In the eastern hills, a confederation of Kirat principalities ruled the area between
Kathmandu and Bengal.
<br><br>
Patan Durbar Square has many buildings, mostly temples, built in the Pagoda style, and
a couple of temples of Shikhara architecture showcasing the pinnacle of Nepali wood-, stone- and
metal-craft.
Patan Durbar Square, one of the three palace squares in the Kathmandu Valley, was built
by the Mallas in the 17th century. The Durbar Squares are a culmination of over a millennium of
development in Nepali art and architecture. <br>
In the Kathmandu valley, the Mallas, who make several appearances in Nepalese history
since ancient times, had established themselves in Kathmandu and Patan by the middle of the 14th
century. The Mallas ruled the valley first under the suzerainty of Tirhut but established
independent reign by late 14th century as Tirhut went into decline. In the late 14th century,
Jayasthiti Malla introduced widespread socio-economic reforms, principal of which was the caste
system. By dividing the indigenous non-Aryan Buddhist population into castes modelled after the
four Varna system of Hinduism, he provided an influential model for the Sanskritization and
Hinduization of the indigenous non-Hindu tribal populations in all principalities throughout Nepal.
By the middle of the 15th century, Kathmandu had become a powerful empire which, according
to Kirkpatrick, extended from Digarchi or Sigatse in Tibet to Tirhut and Gaya in India. In the late
15th century, Malla princes divided their kingdom in four – Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur in
the valley and Banepa to the east. The competition for prestige among these brotherly kingdoms
saw the flourishing of art and architecture in central Nepal, and the building of famous Kathmandu,
Patan and Bhaktapur Durbar Squares; their division and mistrust led to their fall in the late 18th
century, and ultimately, the unification of Nepal into a modern state.
</BR></BR>
</p>

<div>
<br><br>
<img class="abim glaimg aim1" src="../computer assignment/images/hs3.jpg">
<img class="abim glaimg aim2" src="../computer assignment/images/hs4.jpg">
</div>
<p class="abtp">
In the mid-18th century, Prithvi Narayan Shah, a Gorkha king, set out to put together
what would become present-day Nepal. He embarked on his mission by securing the neutrality of
the bordering mountain kingdoms. After several bloody battles and sieges, notably the Battle of
Kirtipur, he managed to conquer the Kathmandu Valley in 1769. <br><br>

The Gorkha control reached its height when the Kumaon and Garhwal Kingdoms in the
west to Sikkim in the east came under Nepalese control. A dispute with Tibet over the control of
mountain passes and inner Tingri valleys of Tibet forced the Qing Emperor of China to start the
Sino-Nepali War compelling the Nepali to retreat to their own borders in the north. The rivalry
between the Kingdom of Nepal and the East India Company over the control of states bordering
Nepal eventually led to the Anglo-Nepali War (1815–16). At first, the British underestimated the
Nepali and were soundly defeated until committing more military resources than they had
anticipated needing. Thus began the reputation of Gurkhas as fierce and ruthless soldiers. The war
ended in the Sugauli Treaty, under which Nepal ceded recently captured lands. <br><br>

Factionalism inside the royal family led to a period of instability. In 1846, a plot was
discovered revealing that the reigning queen had planned to overthrow Jung Bahadur Kunwar, a
fast-rising military leader. This led to the Kot massacre; armed clashes between military personnel
and administrators loyal to the queen led to the execution of several hundred princes and chieftains
around the country. Bir Narsingh Kunwar emerged victoriously and founded the Rana dynasty,
and came to be known as Jung Bahadur Rana. The king was made a titular figure, and the post of
Prime Minister was made powerful and hereditary. The Ranas were staunchly pro-British and
assisted them during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (and later in both World Wars). In 1860 some
parts of the western Terai region were gifted to Nepal by the British as a friendly gesture because
of her military help to sustain British control in India during the rebellion (known as Naya Muluk,
new country). In 1923, the United Kingdom and Nepal formally signed an agreement of friendship
that superseded the Sugauli Treaty of 1816. </BR></BR>
</p>

</div>
</div>

</body>

</html>
Geography

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Geography of Nepal</title>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/styles.css">


<link href="http://fonts.cdnfonts.com/css/samarkan" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Ubuntu:regular,bold&subset=Latin">

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assignment/images/favicon-32x32.png">
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assignment/images/favicon-16x16.png">
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</head>
<body>

<div class="banner glbnr">


<div class="navbar navbar_2">
<a href="index.html"><img src="../computer assignment/images/Nepal_text-removebg-
preview.png" class="logo"></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="AboutNepal.html">About Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="history.html">History</a></li>
<li><a class="navl" href="Food.html">Geography</a></li>
<li><a class="navl" href="bio.html">Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="gallery.html">Gallery</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="CNT">
<h1>Geography</h1>
</div>
<div class='abtcontainer'>
<div>
<img class="abim glaimg aim1" src="../computer assignment/images/geo1.jpg">
<img class="abim glaimg aim2" src="../computer assignment/images/geo2.jpg">
</div>
<p class="abtp">Nepal is of roughly trapezoidal shape, about 800 kilometres (500 mi) long
and 200 kilometres (120 mi) wide, with an area of 147,516 km2 (56,956 sq mi).
It lies between latitudes 26° and 31°N, and longitudes 80° and 89°E. Nepal's defining
geological processes began 75 million years ago when the Indian plate,
then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a north-eastward drift caused
by seafloor spreading to its south-west, and later, south and south-east.
Simultaneously, the vast Tethyn oceanic crust, to its northeast, began to subduct under
the Eurasian plate. These dual processes, driven by convection in the Earth's mantle,
both created the Indian Ocean and caused the Indian continental crust eventually to
under-thrust Eurasia and to uplift the Himalayas. The rising barriers blocked the paths
of rivers creating large lakes, which only broke through as late as 100,000 years ago,
creating fertile valleys in the middle hills like the Kathmandu Valley. In the western region,
rivers which were too strong to be hampered, cut some of the world's deepest gorges.
<br>
Immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough
that rapidly
filled with river-borne sediment[81] and now constitutes the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Nepal
lies almost completely within this collision zone, occupying the central sector of the Himalayan
arc,
nearly one-third of the 2,400 km (1,500 mi)-long Himalayas, with a small strip of
southernmost Nepal stretching into the Indo-Gangetic plain and two districts in the northwest
stretching up to the Tibetan plateau.</br></br>
Nepal is divided into three principal physiographic belts known as Himal-Pahad-
Terai.[e] Himal is the mountain region containing snow and situated in the Great Himalayan
Range; it makes up the northern part of Nepal.
It contains the highest elevations in the world including 8,848.86 metres (29,032 ft)
height Mount Everest (Sagarmāthā in Nepali) on the border with China.
Seven other of the world's "eight-thousanders" are in Nepal or on its border with Tibet:
Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Kangchenjunga, Dhaulagiri, Annapurna and Manaslu.
Pahad is the mountain region that does not generally contain snow. The mountains vary
from 800 to 4,000 metres (2,600 to 13,100 ft) in altitude,
with progression from subtropical climates below 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) to alpine
climates above 3,600 metres (11,800 ft). The Lower Himalayan Range, reaching 1,500 to 3,000
metres (4,900 to 9,800 ft),
is the southern limit of this region, with subtropical river valleys and "hills" alternating
to the north of this range. Population density is high in valleys but notably less above 2,000 metres
(6,600 ft)
and very low above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft), where snow occasionally falls in winter.
The southern lowland plains or Terai bordering India are part of the northern rim of the Indo-
Gangetic Plain. Terai is the
lowland region containing some hill ranges. <br>
The plains were formed and are fed by three major Himalayan rivers: the Koshi, the
Narayani, and the Karnali as well as smaller rivers rising below the permanent snowline.
This region has a subtropical to tropical climate. The outermost range of the foothills
called Sivalik Hills or Churia Range, cresting at 700 to 1,000 metres (2,300 to 3,280 ft), marks the
limits of the Gangetic Plain;
however broad, low valleys called Inner Terai Valleys (Bhitri Tarai Upatyaka) lie north
of these foothills in several places.</br><br>
</p>

<div>
<br><br>
<img class="abim glaimg aim1" src="../computer assignment/images/geo3.jpg">
<img class="abim glaimg aim2" src="../computer assignment/images/geo4.jpg">
</div>
<p class="abtp">
The Indian plate continues to move north relative to Asia at about 50 mm (2.0 in) per
year. This makes Nepal an earthquake prone-zone, and periodic earthquakes that have devastating
consequences present a significant hurdle to development.
Erosion of the Himalayas is a very important source of sediment, which flows to the
Indian Ocean. Saptakoshi, in particular, carries a huge amount of silt out of Nepal but sees extreme
drop in Gradient in Bihar,
causing severe floods and course changes, and is, therefore, known as the sorrow of
Bihar. Severe flooding and landslides cause deaths and disease, destroy farmlands and cripple the
transport infrastructure of the country, during the monsoon season each year.</br><br>
Nepal has five climatic zones, broadly corresponding to the altitudes. The tropical and
subtropical zones lie below 1,200 metres (3,900 ft), the temperate zone 1,200 to 2,400 metres
(3,900 to 7,900 ft), the cold zone 2,400 to 3,600 metres (7,900 to 11,800 ft), the subarctic zone
3,600 to 4,400 metres (11,800 to 14,400 ft),
and the Arctic zone above 4,400 metres (14,400 ft). Nepal experiences five seasons:
summer, monsoon, autumn, winter and spring. The Himalayas block cold winds from Central Asia
in the winter and form the northern limits of the monsoon wind patterns.</br><br>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</body>

</html>

Biodiversity

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Biodiversity</title>

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touch-icon.png">
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assignment/images/favicon-32x32.png">
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assignment/images/favicon-16x16.png">
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</head>

<body>

<div class="banner glbnr">


<div class="navbar navbar_2">
<a href="index.html"><img src="../computer assignment/images/Nepal_text-removebg-
preview.png" class="logo"></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="AboutNepal.html">About Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="history.html">History</a></li>
<li><a class="navl" href="Food.html">Geography</a></li>
<li><a class="navl" href="bio.html">Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="gallery.html">Gallery</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="CNT">
<h1>Biodiversity</h1>
</div>
<div class='abtcontainer'>
<div>
<img class="abim glaimg aim1" src="../computer assignment/images/nio1.jpg">
<img class="abim glaimg aim2" src="../computer assignment/images/bio2.jpg">
</div>
<p class="abtp">Nepal contains a disproportionately large diversity of plants and animals,
relative to its size.
Nepal, in its entirety, forms the western portion of the eastern Himalayan biodiversity
hotspot, with notable biocultural diversity.
The dramatic differences in elevation found in Nepal (60 m from sea level in the Terai
plains, to 8,848 m Mount Everest)
result in a variety of biomes.[92] The Eastern half of Nepal is richer in biodiversity as it
receives more rain, compared to western parts,
where arctic desert-type conditions are more common at higher elevations. Nepal is a
habitat for 4.0% of all mammal species, 8.9% of bird species,
1.0% of reptile species, 2.5% of amphibian species, 1.9% of fish species, 3.7% of
butterfly species, 0.5% of moth species and 0.4% of spider species.
In its 35 forest-types and 118 ecosystems, Nepal harbours 2% of the flowering plant
species, 3% of pteridophytes and 6% of bryophytes. </br><br>
Nepal's forest cover is 59,624 km2 (23,021 sq mi), 40.36% of the country's total land
area, with an additional 4.38% of scrubland, for a total forested area of 44.74%,
an increase of 5% since the turn of the millennium. The country had a 2019 Forest
Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.23/10, ranking it 45th globally out of 172 countries.
In the southern plains, Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion contains some of
the world's tallest grasses as well as Sal forests, tropical evergreen forests and tropical
riverine deciduous forests.[98] In the lower hills (700 m – 2,000 m), subtropical and
temperate deciduous mixed forests containing mostly Sal (in the lower altitudes), Chilaune and
Katus,
as well as subtropical pine forest dominated by Chir Pine are common. The middle hills
(2,000 m – 3,000 m) are dominated by Oak and Rhododendron. Subalpine coniferous forests cover
the 3,000 m to 3,500 m range,
dominated by Oak (particularly in the west), Eastern Himalayan fir, Himalayan pine
and Himalayan hemlock; Rhododendron is common as well. Above 3,500 m in the west and 4,000
m in the east, coniferous trees
give way to Rhododendron-dominated alpine shrubs and meadows.</br></br>
</p>

<div>
<br><br>
<img class="abim glaimg aim1" src="../computer assignment/images/bio3.png">
<img class="abim glaimg aim2" src="../computer assignment/images/bio4.jpg">
</div>
<p class="abtp">
Among the notable trees, are the astringent Azadirachta indica, or neem, which is widely
used in traditional herbal medicine, and the luxuriant Ficus religiosa, or peepal,[100] which is
displayed on the ancient seals of Mohenjo-daro, and under which Gautam Buddha is recorded in
the Pali canon to have sought enlightenment.
<br>
Most of the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest of the lower Himalayan region is
descended from the Tethyan Tertiary flora. As the Indian Plate collided with Eurasia forming and
raising the Himalayas,
the arid and semi-arid Mediterranean flora was pushed up and adapted to the more alpine
climate over the next 40–50 million years. The Himalayan biodiversity hotspot was the site of
mass exchange and
intermingling of the Indian and Eurasian species in the neogene. One mammal species
(Himalayan field mouse), two each of bird and reptile species, nine amphibia, eight fish and 29
butterfly species are endemic to Nepal. <br></br>
Nepal contains 107 IUCN-designated threatened species, 88 of them animal species, 18
plant species and one species of "fungi or protist" group. These include the endangered Bengal
tiger, the Red panda,
the Asiatic elephant, the Himalayan musk deer, the Wild water buffalo and the South
Asian river dolphin, as well as the critically endangered Gharial, the Bengal florican, and the
White-rumped Vulture,
which has become nearly extinct by having ingested the carrion of diclofenac-treated
cattle. The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has
critically endangered Nepali wildlife. In response, the system of national parks and protected areas,
first established in 1973 with the enactment of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation
Act 1973, was substantially expanded. Vulture restaurants coupled with a ban on veterinary usage
of diclofenac has seen a rise in the number of white-rumped vultures.
The community forestry program which has seen a third of the country's population
directly participate in managing a quarter of the total forested area has helped the local economies
while reducing human-wildlife conflict. The breeding programmes coupled with community-
assisted military patrols,
and a crackdown on poaching and smuggling, has seen poaching of critically
endangered tigers and elephants as well as vulnerable rhinos, among others, go down to effectively
zero, and their numbers have steadily increased. Nepal has ten national parks, three wildlife
reserves, one hunting reserve,
three Conservation Areas and eleven buffer zones, covering a total area of 28,959.67
km2 (11,181.39 sq mi), or 19.67% of the total land area, while ten wetlands are registered under
the Ramsar Convention.</br><br>
</p>
</div>
</div>

</body>

</html>

Gallery

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>Gallery</title>
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touch-icon.png">
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assignment/images/favicon-16x16.png">
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preview.png" class="logo"></a>
<ul>
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<li><a class="navl" href="history.html">History</a></li>
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</ul>
</div>
<div id="glCN" class="CNT glCNT">
<h1>GALLERY</h1>
</div>
<div class="glcontainer">
<div class="glimage">
<h1 class="glh1">Image Name</h1>
<img class="glaimg" src="../computer assignment/images/2.jpg" alt="">
</div>
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</html>

CSS

*{
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.banner{
background-color: white;
}
.banner{
width: 100%;
height: 100vh;
background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(0,0,0,0.27),rgba(0,0,0,0.27)), url(../images/nepal-
village.jpg);
background-size: cover;
background-position: center;
}
.CNT{
width: 100%;
position: absolute;
top: 25%;
transform: translateY(-50%);
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Samarkan', sans-serif;
}
.glCNT{
position: relative;
}
#glCN{
font-size: 3rem;
}
.CNT h1{
font-size: 2.625rem;
margin-top: 2rem;
color: white;
}
.glbnr{
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(0,0,0,0.27),rgba(0,0,0,0.27)), url(../images/nepal-
village.jpg);
background-size: cover;
background-position: center;
object-fit: cover;
}
.navbar{
width: 90%;
margin: auto;
padding: 2.188rem 0;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: space-between;
}
.logo{
width: 7.5rem;
cursor: pointer;
margin-top: -1%;
margin-left: -2%;
}
.navbar ul li{
list-style: none;
display: inline-block;
margin: 0 0.938rem;
position: relative;
}
.navbar ul li a{
text-decoration: none;
color: black;
text-transform: uppercase;
font-weight: 500;
font-family: 'Ubuntu', sans-serif;
font-size: px;
}
.navbar ul li::after{
content: '';
height: 0.188rem;
width: 0%;
background: orange;
position: absolute;
left: 0;
bottom: -0.5rem;
transition: 0.5s;
}
.navbar ul li:hover::after{
width: 100%;

}
.content{
width: 100%;
position: absolute;
top: 50%;
transform: translateY(-50%);
text-align: center;
font-family: 'Samarkan', sans-serif;
}
.content h1{
font-size: 5.625rem;
margin-top: 5rem;
color: white;
}
.content p{
margin: 0.625rem auto;
font-size: 1.563rem;
font-weight: 200;
line-height: 1.563rem;
font-style: italic;
color: wheat;
}
button{
width: 12.5rem;
padding: 0.938rem 0;
text-align: center;
margin: 1.25rem 0.625rem;
border-radius: 1.563rem;
font-weight: bold;
font-family: cursive;
border: 0.125rem solid orange;
background: transparent;
color: #fff;
cursor: pointer;
position: relative;
overflow: hidden;
}
span{
background: orange;
height: 100%;
width: 0;
border-radius: 1.563rem;
left: 0;
position: absolute;
top: -0.5px;
transition: 0.5s;
z-index: -1;
}
button:hover span{
width: 100%;
}
button:hover{
border:none;
}
.ind_btn a{
text-decoration: none;
color: #fff;
}
.glcontainer{
position: relative;
column-count:4;
padding: 20px;
top: 55%;
}
.glimage{
display: inline-block;
margin-bottom: 10px;
overflow: hidden;
width: 100%;
transition: 0.25s ease-in-out;
}
.glimage:hover{
transform: scale(1.1);
}
.glh1{
position: absolute;
padding: 5px;
margin: 5px;
font-size: 25px;
background: #5c5c5c;
color: #fff;
border-radius: 5px;
opacity: 0;
z-index: 1;
transition: 0.25 ease-in-out;
}
.glime:hover h1{
opacity: 0.5;
}
.glaimg{
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
object-fit: cover;
}
.abtcontainer{
position: relative;
column-count:1;
padding-left: 70px;
padding-right: 70px;
padding-top: 140px;
padding-bottom: 140px;
}
.abim{
display: inline-block;
margin-bottom: 10px;
overflow: hidden;
width: 650px;
height: 350px;
transition: 0.25s ease-in-out;

}
.aim1{
padding-left: 5px;
padding-right: 35px;
}
.aim2{
padding-left: 28px;
}

.abim:hover{
transform: scale(1.1);
}

.abtp{
background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.27),rgba(0,0,0,0.9);
font-size: 17px;
color: white;
}
@media screen and (max-width:1024px){
.glh1{
font-size: 20px;
}
}
@media screen and (max-width:768px){
.glcontainer{
column-count: 3;
}
}
@media screen and (max-width:425px){
.glcontainer{
column-count: 2;
}
.glh1{
font-size: 12px;
}
}
@media screen and (max-width:375px){
.glcontainer{
column-count: 1;
}
.glh1{
font-size: 15px;
}
}
Screenshot:-
Conclusion

HTML and CSS are two of the many major core interfaces that help build webpages which can be
used by anyone with a simple method to use. Many of the webpages we see today have been
developed with the help of HTML and CSS. They have provided common people with the
opportunity to build their own webpages. Job opportunities have also been created with their help
for people with excellent web designing skills. Thus, they play a huge role in todays technological
society and the internet. Thus learning such skill makes one highly employable.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I'd like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my teacher for providing me with the wonderful
opportunity to work on this amazing project on the topic of HTML & CSS, which also allowed me
to do a lot of research and learn a lot of new things. I'm grateful to have been provided with this
opportunity which enabled me to make simple and useful websites as well as learning the basics
of advance web development attain a lot of information related to HTML & CSS.
References:-

I would like to thank google and my text book for providing me with information about various
topics in this project and my teacher for teaching me about HTML and CSS, I would also like to
thank MDN webdocs, Devdocs.io as well as Stack overflow for giving me indepth knowledge of
various tags and attributes.

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