Biodiversity at global, National and local levels

Threats to biodiversity
• Habitat destruction - Important to protect habitat in order to protect biodiversity
within it.
• Huge pressure from the World’s rapidly increasing population.
• Global climate change - Change in a biotic elements of ecosystems leading to
biotic change.
• Habitat fragmentation - From human activity. Reduces ability of habitat to
support species.
• Pollution - Introduction of pollutants such as nutrient overloading with nitrate
fertilizer as well as more immediately harmful chemicals.
• Over-exploitation - This includes the illegal wildlife trade as well as overfishing,
logging of tropical hardwoods etc.
• Alien species - Introduced by humans to regions where there are no natural
predators.
• Disease - Reduction in habitat causing high population densities, encourages spread
of diseases.
 HABITAT LOSS
• Habitat loss can be described when an animal losses their
home. Every animal in the animal kingdom has a role, a
their in their animal community and without their habitat
they no longer have role. Habitat destruction is currently
ranked as the primary causes of species extinction world
wide.
• Reason of habitat loss by humans:
• -agriculture, farming
• - harvesting natural resources for personal use
• For industrial and urbanization development
SOME NATURAL CAUSES OF HABITAT LOSS:-
• Habitat destruction through natural processes such as volcanism,
fire and climate change.
• One study shows that fragmentation of tropical rainforest in europ
3000 million years ago lead to a great loss of diversity.
SOME RELEVENT SOLUTIONS
• Protecting remaining intact section of natural habitat.
• Reduce human population and expansion and expansion of
urbanisation and industries.
• Educating the pubic about the importance of natural habitat and
bio- diversity.
• Solution to habitat loss can include planting trees, planting home
gardens so as to reduce need for men to need large lands for
agricultural farms which leads to habitat loss.
 POACHING
Poaching is the hunting and harvesting of certain animals and
plants for economical benefits.
They are done through – hunting, harvesting, fishing or trapping.

History
- Started in the stone age
- Followed by the tribal natives
- Late middle ages – poaching become punishable offence.
 Why poaching is done?
• Poaching is done for large profits gained by the illegal
sale or trade of animal parts, meat and pelts.
• Exists because there is a demand for these products,
caused by a lack of education or disregard for the law
amongst the buyers.
• Many cultures believe that certain animal parts have
medicinal value.
 Poaching is not just limited to animals .. Plants are
also affected by poaching
GINSENG
• The root of a ginseng plant is loved for its
health benefits.
• It may help diabetics control blood sugar
levels and it is also thought to aid in
relieving cramps, shortening the common
cold , and even improving the mood.
• The Great Smokey Mountains National Park
used to be home to large amounts of ginseng.
Unfortunately, with a value of about 800
dollars per pounds, ginseng poaching has
become rampant in this area.
VENUS FLYTRAPS
• The venus flytrap is only found in a 74 square
mile area around Wilmington, North Carolina.
CYCADS
• Unlike ginseng, the trees aren’t used as medicine or food. Instead,
the market for these trees is primarily collectors.
 How does poaching affect the
environment?
• Poaching or illegal hunting causes animals
endangered of being extinct. If more animals
becomes extinct there's a disruption in the food chain,
and that will cause major problems in our ecosystem,
resulting eventually in new adaptations of animals,
and or species beyond human control.
• Poaching results in animals being hunted too soon for
them to have time to reproduce and repopulate.
 HUMAN/MAN- WILDLIFE CONFLICTS
• Human–wildlife conflict refers to the interaction between wild animals
and people and the resultant negative impact on people or their resources,
or wild animals or their habitat.
• It occurs when growing human populations overlap with established
wildlife territory, creating reduction of resources or life to some people
and/or wild animals.
• Increase in man wildlife conflict is due to resource limitation lik
e : 1. Space 2. Food 3. Shelter
• In India, wild elephants kill far more people than tiger, leopard or lion.
• D a m a g e t o a g r i c u l t u r a l c r o p s a n d p r o p e r t y, k i l l i n g o f
livestock and human beings are some of the worst forms of man-
animal conflict.
• Farmers sometimes poison and shoot wild animals as
they damage their crops, but this can be prevented
by taking certain measures.
 Outcomes of conflict
Human–wildlife conflict occurs with various negative results. The major
outcomes of human-wildlife conflict are:
• Injury and loss of life of humans and wildlife.
• Crop damage, livestock depredation, predation of managed wildlife stock.
• Damage to human property.
• Trophic cascades.
• Destruction of habitat.
• Collapse of wildlife populations and reduction of geographic ranges
• Statistics released this week by India's Environment Ministry count a total of
1 , 1 4 4 p e o p l e k i l l e d b e t w e e n A p r i l 2 0 1 4 a n d M a y o f t h i s y e a r.
Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2017-08-human-wildlife-conflict-india-
human-day.html#jCp
ELEPHANT ATTACK
MONKEY ATTACK
 Ways to reduce conflicts
• Governments is working on improvement of habitat to augment food
and water availability and to reduce movement of animals from the
forests to the habitations.
• Training forest staff and police to tackle these situations and
creating awareness among the people about the Do’s and Don’ts to
minimize conflicts .
• construction of boundary walls and solar fences around the sensitive
areas to prevent the wild animal attacks.
• Some devices of Information Technology, viz., radio collars with Very
High Frequency, Global Positioning System and Satellite uplink
facilities can be used to track the movements of wild animals .
 ENDANGERED AND EXTINCT
SPECIES
• Due to the serious human activities some of the
animals have totally vanished, which are called the
extinct species
• DODO, passenger pigeon, cheetah(in India)
• Some of the species are present in so low in
numbers which can become extinct are called
endangered species.
• Asian Elephant, Gharial, Peacock.
 CONSERVATION OF
BIODIVERSITY
• Restoration of Biodiversity
• Imparting Environmental Education
• Enacting, strengthening and enforcing Environmental
Legislation
• Population Control
• Reviewing the agriculture practice
• Controlling Urbanization
• Conservation through Biotechnology
 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

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