Chapter 6 Linear Transform

Dr. Md Kutubuddin Sardar

Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics
Sister Nivedita University
Email: [email protected]

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 Chapter 6 Linear Transform

6.1 Linear mappings

Definition 6.1
Let V and W be vector spaces over the same field F . A mapping T : V → W is said to be a
linear mapping (or a linear transformation) if it satisfies the following conditions
(i) T (α + β) = T (α) + T (β) for all α, β in V
(ii) T (cα) = cT (α) for all c in F and all α in V .
♣

These two conditions can be replaced by the single condition

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T (aα + bβ) = aT (α) + bT (β)

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for all a, b in F and all α, β in V .

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Note

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1. A linear mapping T : V → W is also a homomorphism of V to W.

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2. Generally, a linear mapping T is a transformation from one vector space V to another vector

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space W , both over the same field of scalars. But the co-domain space W may be the space V

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itself. In this case T is said to be a linear mapping on V .
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There is another important case when the co-domain space is F , regarded as a vector space over
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itself. In this case T : V → F is said to be a linear functional.

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Example 6.1
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1. The identity mapping. The mapping T : V → V defined by T (α) = α for all α in V , is a linear
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mapping. This is called the identity mapping on V and is denoted by IV .

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2. The zero mapping. The mapping T : V → W defined by T (α) = θ′ for each α in V, θ′ being
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the null vector in W , is a linear mapping. This is called the zero mapping and is denoted by 0 .
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3. The mapping T : R3 → R3 defined by T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 , x2 , 0), (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 is linear.

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Let α = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) and β = (y1 , y2 , y3 ) ∈ R3 . Then α + β = (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 , x3 + y3 ).

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We have:
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T (α + β) = (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 , 0)
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= (x1 , x2 , 0) + (y1 , y2 , 0)
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d

= T (α) + T (β).
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For c ∈ R, cα = (cx1 , cx2 , cx3 ). Then:

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T (cα) = (cx1 , cx2 , 0)

= c (x1 , x2 , 0)
= cT (α).
Therefore, T is a linear mapping.
4. Let P be the vector space of all real polynomials. The mapping D : P → P defined by
d
Dp(x) = dx p(x), p(x) ∈ P is a linear mapping.
5. Let V be the vector space of all real valued functions continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
Rb
and let T : V → R be defined by T (f ) = a f (t)dt, f ∈ V . Then T is a linear functional.
6. The mapping T : R3 → R3 defined by T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 + 1, x2 + 1, x3 + 1) , (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈

188
 6.1 Linear mappings

R3 is not a linear mapping. Let α = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) , β = (y1 , y2 , y3 ) ∈ R3 . Then α + β =

(x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 , x3 + y3 ).
T (α + β) = (x1 + y1 + 1, x2 + y2 + 1, x3 + y3 + 1)
= (x1 , x2 , x3 ) + (y1 , y2 , y3 ) + (1, 1, 1)
̸= T (α) + T (β).
This shows that T is not a linear mapping.

6.1.1 Kernel of a linear mapping

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Definition 6.2

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Let V and W be vector spaces over a field F . Let T : V → W be a linear mapping. The set of

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all vectors α ∈ V such that T (α) = θ′ , θ′ being the null vector in W , is said to be the kernel of

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T and is denoted by Ker T .

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Ker T = {α ∈ V : T (α) = θ′ } .
♣

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Theorem 6.1 t.
Let V and W be vector spaces over a field F . Let T : V → W be a linear mapping. Then
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Ker T is a subspace of V .
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♡
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Note Ker T is also called the null space of T and is denoted by N (T ).
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6.1.2 Worked Examples

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Example 6.2 A mapping T : R3 → R3 is defined by

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T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 + x2 + x3 , 2x1 + x2 + 2x3 , x1 + 2x2 + x3 ), (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 .

ar

Show that T is a linear mapping. Find Ker T and the dimension of Ker T .
rd
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Solution Let α = (a1 , a2 , a3 ) ∈ R3 , β = (b1 , b2 , b3 ) ∈ R3 .

K.

Then T (α) = (a1 + a2 + a3 , 2a1 + a2 + 2a3 , a1 + 2a2 + a3 ),

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T (β) = (b1 + b2 + b3 , 2b1 + b2 + 2b3 , b1 + 2b2 + b3 ).

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α + β = (a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 , a3 + b3 ).
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T (α + β) = ((a1 + b1 ) + (a2 + b2 ) + (a3 + b3 ), 2((a1 + b1 ) + (a2 + b2 )) + (2(a3 + b3 )),

(a1 + b1 ) + 2((a2 + b2 ) + (a3 + b3 )))
= T (α) + T (β).
Let c ∈ R. Then cα = (ca1 , ca2 , ca3 ).
T (cα) = (ca1 + ca2 + ca3 , 2ca1 + ca2 + 2ca3 , ca1 + 2ca2 + ca3 )
= c(a1 + a2 + a3 , 2a1 + a2 + 2a3 , a1 + 2a2 + a3 )
= cT (α).
Thus T (α + β) = T (α) + T (β) for all α, β ∈ R3 and T (cα) = cT (α) for all c ∈ R and α ∈ R3 .

189
Chapter 6 Linear Transform

Hence, T is a linear mapping.

Now, Ker T = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 : T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (0, 0, 0)}.
Let (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ Ker T . Then
x1 + x2 + x3 = 0,
2x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 0,
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 0.
From the first two equations, we have x11 = x02 = −1 x3
= k, say. Then x1 = k, x2 = 0, x3 = −k.
The last equation is satisfied. Therefore, (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = k(1, 0, −1), k ∈ R. Let α = (1, 0, −1). Then
Ker T = L{α} and dim Ker T = 1.

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Example 6.3 A linear mapping T : R3 → R4 is defined by

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(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 .

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T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x2 + x3 , x3 + x1 , x1 + x2 , x1 + x2 + x3 ),

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Find Ker T .

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Solution To find Ker T , solve the system of equations:

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
x2 + x3 = 0

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



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

x + x = 0
3 1 t.
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

 x1 + x2 = 0
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

x1 + x2 + x3 = 0

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The solution is x1 = x2 = x3 = 0. Therefore Ker T = {θ}.

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Also, calculate T (ϵ1 ) = (0, 1, 1, 1), T (ϵ2 ) = (1, 0, 1, 1), T (ϵ3 ) = (1, 1, 0, 1).
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To examine the linear independence of the set {T (ϵ1 ), T (ϵ2 ), T (ϵ3 )}, let c1 T (ϵ1 ) + c2 T (ϵ2 ) +
an

c3 T (ϵ3 ) = θ, ci ∈ R.
ist

Then c1 (0, 1, 1, 1) + c2 (1, 0, 1, 1) + c3 (1, 1, 0, 1) = (0, 0, 0, 0). Therefore c2 + c3 = 0, c1 + c3 = 0,

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c1 + c2 = 0, c1 + c2 + c3 = 0. The solution is c1 = c2 = c3 = 0.
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This proves that {T (ϵ1 ), T (ϵ2 ), T (ϵ3 )} is linearly independent in R4 .

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Solution Ker T = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 : T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (0, 0, 0, 0)}. Let (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ ker T .

K.

Example 6.4 Let T : R3 → R3 be the linear operator given by T ((x1 , x2 , x3 )) = (3x1 + x2 , x1 +

d

x3 , x1 − x3 ). Find the matrix for T with respect to the standard basis for R3 .
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      
1 0 0 
r.


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 
3
Solution The standard basis for R is B = e1 = 0 , e2 = 1 , e3 = 0 .
     
 
0 0 1
 
Substituting each standard basis vector into the given formula for T shows that
     
3 1 0
T (e1 ) = 1 , T (e2 ) = 0 , T (e3 ) =  1  .
     

1 0 −1
Since the coordinate
 vector of any element (x1 , x2 , x3 ) in R3 with respect to the standard basis
x1
{e1 , e2 , e3 } is x2 , we have
 

x3

190
 6.1 Linear mappings
     
3 1 0
[T (e1 )]B = 1 , [T (e2 )]B = 0 , [T (e3 )]B =  1  .
     

1 0 −1
Thus, the matrix ABB for T with respect to the standard basis is:
 
  3 1 0
ABB = [T (e1 )]B [T (e2 )]B [T (e3 )]B = 1 0 1  .
 

1 0 −1

6.1.3 Image of a linear mapping

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Definition 6.3

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Let V and W be vector spaces over a field F . Let T : V → W be a linear mapping. The images

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of the elements of V under the mapping T form a subset of W . This subset is said to be the

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image of T and is denoted by Im T .

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Im T = {T (α) : α ∈ V }.

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Theorem 6.2
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Let V and W be vector spaces over a field F . Let T : V → W be a linear mapping. Then Im T
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is a subspace of W . ♡
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Note Im T is also called the range of T and is denoted by R(T ).
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Theorem 6.3
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Let V and W be vector spaces over a field F . Let T : V → W be a linear mapping and
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{α1 , α2 , . . . , αn } be a basis of V . Then the vectors T (α1 ) , T (α2 ) , . . . , T (αn ) generate Im T .

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♡
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Example 6.5 Find Im T and the dimension of Im T , where T is the linear mapping
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T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 + x2 + x3 , 2x1 + x2 + 2x3 , x1 + 2x2 + x3 ), (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 .

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Solution If {α1 , α2 , α3 } be a basis of the domain space R3 , Im T is the linear span of the vectors
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T (α1 ), T (α2 ), T (α3 ).

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{ϵ1 = (1, 0, 0), ϵ2 = (0, 1, 0), ϵ3 = (0, 0, 1)} is a basis of R3 .

T (ϵ1 ) = (1, 2, 1), T (ϵ2 ) = (1, 1, 2), T (ϵ3 ) = (0, 0, 0).
Since T (ϵ1 ) = T (ϵ3 ), Im T is the linear span of the vectors (1, 2, 1) and (1, 1, 2). Hence
Im T = L{(1, 2, 1), (1, 1, 2)}.
Since the vectors (1, 2, 1) and (1, 1, 2) are linearly independent, the dimension of Im T is 2.
Alternative method:
Let ξ be an arbitrary vector in Im T .
ξ = (x1 + x2 + x3 , 2x1 + x2 + 2x3 , x1 + 2x2 + x3 )
= x1 (1, 2, 1) + x2 (1, 1, 2) + x3 (1, 2, 1).

191
Chapter 6 Linear Transform

Thus ξ is a linear combination of the vectors (1, 2, 1) and (1, 1, 2). Hence Im T = L{(1, 2, 1), (1, 1, 2)}.
Since the set {(1, 2, 1), (1, 1, 2)} is linearly independent, the dimension of Im T is 2.
Example 6.6 Find Im T and the dimension of Im T , where T is the linear mapping
T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x2 + x3 , x3 + x1 , x1 + x2 , x1 + x2 + x3 ), (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 .
Solution Im T is the linear span of the vectors T (α1 ), T (α2 ), T (α3 ) where {α1 , α2 , α3 } is a basis of
R3 .
{ϵ1 = (1, 0, 0), ϵ2 = (0, 1, 0), ϵ3 = (0, 0, 1)} is a basis of R3 .
T (ϵ1 ) = (0, 1, 1, 1), T (ϵ2 ) = (1, 0, 1, 1), T (ϵ3 ) = (1, 1, 0, 1).
Therefore Im T = L{(0, 1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0, 1)}.

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The set {(0, 1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 0, 1)} is linearly independent. Therefore the dimension of
Im T is 3.

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6.1.4 Nullity and Rank of a linear mapping

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Definition 6.4
Let V and W be vector spaces over a field F and T : V → W be a linear mapping.
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Then KerT is a subspace of V . The dimension of KerT is called the nullity of T . Im T is a
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subspace of W . The dimension of Im T is called the rank of T .

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♣
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If V be a finite dimensional vector space then KerT , being a subspace of V , is finite dimensional.
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The number of vectors in a basis of V is finite. As Im T is generated by the images of the vectors in a
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basis of V, Im T also is finite dimensional.

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Theorem 6.4
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Lct V and W be vector spaces over a field F and V is finite dimensional. If T : V → W be a

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linear mapping then dim Ker T + dim ImT = dim V . In other words, the nullity of T + rank
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of T = dim V . ♡
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6.1.5 Matrix representation of a linear mapping

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r.

Let V and W be finite-dimensional vector spaces over a field F with dim V = n and dim W = m.
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Let T : V → W be a linear mapping. T is completely determined by its action on a given basis of V .

Let (α1 , α2 , . . . , αn ) be an ordered basis of V and (β1 , β2 , . . . , βm ) be an ordered basis of W .
T is completely determined by the images T (α1 ), T (α2 ), . . . , T (αn ). Each T (αi ) in W is a linear
combination of the vectors β1 , β2 , . . . , βm .
Let
T (α1 ) = a11 β1 + a21 β2 + · · · + am1 βm ,
T (α2 ) = a12 β1 + a22 β2 + · · · + am2 βm ,
..
.
T (αn ) = a1n β1 + a2n β2 + · · · + amn βm ,

192
 6.1 Linear mappings

where aij are unique scalars in F determined by the ordered basis (β1 , β2 , . . . , βm ).

Let ξ = x1 α1 + x2 α2 + · · · + xn αn ∈ V, xi ∈ F. Then
T (ξ) = T (x1 α1 + x2 α2 + · · · + xn αn )
= x1 T (α1 ) + x2 T (α2 ) + · · · + xn T (αn ), since T is linear
= x1 (a11 β1 + a21 β2 + · · · + am1 βm ) + x2 (a12 β1 + a22 β2 + · · · + am2 βm )+
· · · + xn (a1n β1 + a2n β2 + · · · + amn βm )
= (a11 x1 + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn )β1 + (a21 x1 + a22 x2 + · · · + a2n xn )β2 +
· · · + (am1 x1 + am2 x2 + · · · + amn xn )βm .

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Since T (ξ) ∈ W , let

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T (ξ) = y1 β1 + y2 β2 + · · · + ym βm , yi ∈ F.

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Since {β1 , β2 , . . . , βm } is linearly independent,

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y1 = a11 x1 + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn ,

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at
y2 = a21 x1 + a22 x2 + · · · + a2n xn ,

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..
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ym = am1 x1 + am2 x2 + · · · + amn xn ,
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or,     
or

y1 a11 a12 · · · a1n x1

ss

 y2   a21 a22 · · · a2n   x2 

    
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 . = . .. ..  . ,
.. 
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 
 .   .
 .   . . . .   .. 
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· · · amn
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ym am1 am2 xn
a
ist

or, Y = AX, where A = (aij )m×n , X is the coordinate vector of an arbitrary element ξ in V relative
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to the ordered basis (α1 , α2 , . . . , αn ), and Y is the coordinate vector of T (ξ) in W relative to the
A
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ordered basis (β1 , β2 , . . . , βm ).

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ar
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This is the matrix representation of the linear mapping T relative to the chosen ordered bases of
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V and W .
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If ξ = αj , then x1 = 0, x2 = 0, . . . , xj−1 = 0, xj = 1, xj+1 = 0, . . . , xn = 0; and y1 = a1j , y2 =

r.
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a2j , . . . , ym = amj .

Therefore the coordinate vector of T (αj ) relative to the ordered basis (β1 , β2 , . . . , βm ) is given
by the jth column of A. The matrix
 
a11 a12 . . . a1n
 a
 21 a22 . . . a2n 

A= 
 . . . . . . . . . bmn 
am1 am2 . . . amn
is said to be the matrix associated with the linear mapping T relative to the chosen ordered bases of
V and W . A is also called the matrix of T relative to the chosen ordered bases.

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Chapter 6 Linear Transform

6.1.6 Worked Examples

Example 6.7 A linear mapping T : R3 → R2 is defined by T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (3x1 − 2x2 + x3 , x1 − 3x2 − 2x3 ) ,
(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 . Find the matrix of T relative to the ordered bases
(i) ((1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)) of R3 and ((1, 0), (0, 1)) of R2 ;
(ii) ((0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)) of R3 and ((0, 1), (1, 0)) of R2 ;
(iii) ((0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0)) of R3 and ((1, 0), (0, 1)) of R2 .
Solution
(i)
T (1, 0, 0) = (3, 1) = 3(1, 0) + 1(0, 1);

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T (0, 1, 0) = (−2, −3) = −2(1, 0) − 3(0, 1);

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T (0, 0, 1) = (1, −2) = 1(1, 0) − 2(0, 1).

s,
ic
at
!
3 −2 1

m
Therefore the matrix of T = .

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1 −3 −2

at
(ii)

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T (0, 1, 0) = (−2, −3) = −3(0, 1) − 2(1, 0);
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T (1, 0, 0) = (3, 1) = 1(0, 1) + 3(1, 0);
t.
ep

T (0, 0, 1) = (1, −2) = −2(0, 1) + 1(1, 0).

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r,

!
so

−3 1 −2
Therefore the matrix of T = .
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−2 3 1
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(iii)
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T (0, 1, 1) = (−1, −5) = −1(1, 0) − 5(0, 1);

an

T (1, 0, 1) = (4, −1) = 4(1, 0) − 1(0, 1);

ist
ss

T (1, 1, 0) = (1, −2) = 1(1, 0) − 2(0, 1).

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ar

!
−1 4 1
rd

Therefore the matrix of T = .

−5 −1 −2
Sa

Example 6.8 Let (α1 , α2 , α3 ) , (β1 , β2 ) be ordered bases of the real vector spaces V and W respectively.
K.

A linear mapping T : V → W maps the basis vectors as T (α1 ) = β1 +β2 , T (α2 ) = 3β1 −β2 , T (α3 ) =
d
M

β1 + 3β2 . Find the matrix of T relative to the ordered bases.

r.
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(i) (α1 , α2 , α3 ) of V and (β2 , β1 ) of W ;

(ii) (α1 + α2 , α2 , α3 ) of V and (β1 , β1 + β2 ) of W .
Solution
(i) T (α1 ) = β2 + β1 ; T (α2 ) = −β2 + 3β1 ;! T (α3 ) = 3β2 + β1 .
1 −1 3
Therefore the matrix of T = .
1 3 1
(ii)
T (α1 + α2 ) = T (α1 ) + T (α2 ) = 4β1 = 4β1 + 0 (β1 + β2 ) ;
T (α2 ) = 3β1 − β2 = 4β1 − (β1 + β2 ) ;
T (α3 ) = β1 + 3β2 = −2β1 + 3 (β1 + β2 ) .

194
 6.1 Linear mappings
!
4 4 −2
Therefore the matrix of T = .
0 −1 3
Example 6.9 The matrix of a linear mapping T : R3 → R2 relative to the ordered ! bases
1 2 4
((0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0)) of R3 and ((1, 0), (1, 1)) of R2 is . Find T . Also find the
2 1 0
matrix of T relative to the ordered bases ((1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1)) of R3 and ((1, 1), (0, 1)) of R2 .
Solution
T (0, 1, 1) = 1(1, 0) + 2(1, 1) = (3, 2);
T (1, 0, 1) = 2(1, 0) + 1(1, 1) = (3, 1);
T (1, 1, 0) = 4(1, 0) + 0(1, 1) = (4, 0).

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Let (x, y, z) ∈ R3 and let (x, y, z) = c1 (0, 1, 1) + c2 (1, 0, 1) + c3 (1, 1, 0), where ci are scalars in

s,
R. Then c2 + c3 = x, c1 + c3 = y, c1 + c2 = z. Therefore c1 = 21 (y + z − x), c2 = 12 (z + x − y), c3 =

ic
at
1
(x + y − z).

m
2

he
T (x, y, z) = c1 T (0, 1, 1) + c2 T (1, 0, 1) + c3 T (1, 1, 0)

at
= c1 (3, 2) + c2 (3, 1) + c3 (4, 0)

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= (3c1 + 3c2 + 4c3 , 2c1 + c2 )
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1
t
ep
= (2x + 2y + z, (−x + y + 3z)).
2
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T is given by T (x, y, z) = (2x + 2y + z, 12 (−x + y + 3z)), (x, y, z) ∈ R3 . T (1, 1, 0) =

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(4, 0); T (1, 0, 1) = (3, 1); T (0, 1, 1) = (3, 2).

fe

Let (4, 0) = c1 (1, 1) + c2 (0, 1). Then c1 = 4, c1 + c2 = 0. This gives c1 = 4, c2 = −4.

P ro

Let (3, 1) = c1 (1, 1) + c2 (0, 1). Then c1 = 3, c1 + c2 = 1. This gives c1 = 3, c2 = −2.

nt
a

Let (3, 2) = c1 (1, 1) + c2 (0, 1). Then c1 = 3, c1!+ c2 = 2. This gives c1 = 3, c2 = −1.
ist

4 3 3
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Therefore the matrix of T = .

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195
Chapter 6 Linear Transform

K 6.2.Exercises k

6.2.1 MCQs
1. For all u, v ∈ V (vector space) and c ∈ F . A mapping T : V → W is said to be Linear
Transformation, if it satisfying:
(a) T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v)
(b) T(cu) = cT(u)

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(c) T(u/v) = T(u) − T(v) and T(cu) = cT(u)

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(d) T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v) and T(cu) = cT(u)

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2. The matrix representation of a linear transformation is:

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(a) A square matrix (c) A diagonal matrix

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(b) A non-square matrix (d) An identity matrix

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3. A linear transformation is a function from
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(a) Field to vector space (c) Vector space to Vector space

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(b) Vector space to Field (d) None of these

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4. A linear transformation that is both one-one and onto is called

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(a) Homomorphism (b) Isomorphism (c) Automorphism (d) Epimorphism

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5. A one-to-one linear transformation preserves

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Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)

6. For a linear transformation T : R10 → R6 , the kernel is having dimension 5. Then the dimension
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of the range of T is

(a) Five (b) Six (c) Four (d) Two

6.2.2 SAQs
1. If a mapping T : R3 → R3 is defined by T(x, y, z) = (x + 1, y + 1, z + 1), where (x, y, z) ∈ R3 ,
examine whether T is a linear transformation or not.
2. A mapping T : R3 → R defined by T (x, y, z) = x + y + z, (x, y, z) ∈ R3 . Show that T is a
linear mapping.

196
 6.1 Linear mappings

6.2.3 LAQs
1. Show that there exists a linear transformation T : R2 → R3 such that T (1, 1) = (1, 0, 2) and
T (2, 3) = (1, −1, 4). Find Ker(T ) and using the rank-nullity theorem determine Rank(T ).
2. Let T : R3 → R3 be the linear operator given by
   
x1 3x1 + x2
T x2  =  x1 + x3  .
   

x3 x1 − x3
Find the matrix for T with respect to the standard basis for R3 .
3. Let T : R3 → R3 be defined by

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T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 + x2 + x3 , 2x1 + x2 + 2x3 , x1 + 2x2 + x3 ) .

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Show that T is a linear map. Find Ker T and the dimension of Ker T .

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197