EXAMPLE: WAGES.

CPP

Write a C++ program that calculates weekly wages for hourly

employees.

 Regular hours 0 - 40 are paid at $10/hours.

 Overtime (> 40 hours per week) is paid at 150%

CONDITIONAL
STATEMENTS

PART 4
SWITCH STATEMENTS
SWITCH STATEMENTS
 The switch statement is convenient for handling multiple
branches based on the the value of one decision variable
 The program looks at the value of the decision variable
 The program jumps directly to the matching case label
 The statements following the case label are executed

 Special features of the switch statement:

 The “break” command at the end of a block of statements
will make the program jump to the end of the switch
 The program executes the statements after the “default”
label if no other cases match the decision variable

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SWITCH STATEMENTS
switch ( decision variable )
{
case value1 :
// Statements to execute if variable equals value1
break;
case value2:
// Statements to execute if variable equals value2
break;
...
default:
// Statements to execute if variable not equal to any value
}

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SWITCH STATEMENT

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SWITCH STATEMENTS
This is how it works:
• The switch expression is evaluated once
• Expression must evaluate to byte, short, char, or int primitive
data type.
• The value of the expression is compared with the values of
each case
• If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed
• The break keyword, breaks out of the switch block.
• The default keyword specifies some code to run if there is no
case match

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SWITCH STATEMENTS
int num = 0;
cin >> num;
switch (num)
{
case 10:
cout << “Number is equal to 10” << endl; break;
case 25:
cout << “Number is equal to 25” << endl;
break;

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SWITCH STATEMENTS
case 37:
cout << “Number is equal to 37” << endl;
break;
case 100:
cout << “Number is equal to 100” << endl;
break;
default:
cout << “Number is not equal to 10, 25, 37 or 100”;
}

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SWITCH STATEMENTS
 The main advantage of switch statement over a sequence
of if-else statements is that it is much faster
 Jumping to blocks of code is based on a lookup table
instead of a sequence of variable comparisons

 The main disadvantage of switch statements is that the

decision variable must be an integer (or a character)
 We can not use a switch with a float or string decision
variable or with complex logical expressions

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MENU EXAMPLE
 How can we create a user interface for banking?
 Assume user selects commands from a menu
 We need to see read and process user commands

 We can use a switch statements to handle menu

 Ask user for numerical code for user command
 Jump to the code to process that banking operation
 Repeat until the user quits the application

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MENU EXAMPLE
// Simulate bank deposits and withdrawals
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
// Local variable declarations For the first version
// Print command prompt of program we just
write comments in
// Read user input the main program to
// Handle banking command explain our approach
return 0;
}

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MENU EXAMPLE
…
// Local variable declarations
int Command = 0;
For the next version
// Print command prompt
of program we add
cout << “Enter command number:\n”; the code to read the
// Read user input user command

cin >> Command;

…

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MENU EXAMPLE
// Handle banking command
switch (Command)
{
case 0: // Quit code
break;
case 1: // Deposit code Then we add the
break; skeleton of the switch
statement to handle
case 2: // Withdraw code the user command
break;
case 3: // Print balance code
break;
}

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MENU EXAMPLE
// Simulate bank deposits and withdrawals
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
// Local variable declarations
int command = 0;
int amount = 0;
int balance = 100;
// Print command prompt In the final version
cout << “Enter command number:\n” add bank account
<< “ 0 - quit\n” variables and add
<< “ 1 - deposit money\n”
code to perform
<< “ 2 - withdraw money\n”
banking operations
<< “ 3 - print balance\n”;

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MENU EXAMPLE
// Read and handle banking commands
cin >> command;
switch (command)
{
case 0: // Quit code
cout << “See you later!” << endl;
break;
case 1: // Deposit code
cout << “Enter deposit amount: “;
cin >> amount;
balance = balance + amount;
break;

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MENU EXAMPLE
case 2: // Withdraw code
cout << “Enter withdraw amount: “;
cin >> amount;
balance = balance - amount;
break;
case 3: // Print balance code
cout << “Current balance = “ << balance << endl;
break;
default: // Handle other values
cout << “Ooops try again” << endl;
break;
}
// Print final balance
cout << “Final balance = “ << balance << endl;
}

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MENU EXAMPLE
 How should we test this program?
 Test the code by entering all valid menu commands
 What happens if we enter an invalid menu command?
 What happens if we enter an invalid deposit or withdraw
amount (e.g. negative input values)?

 What is wrong with this program?

 We might end up with a negative account balance
 There is only one bank account and zero security

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SOFTWARE
ENGINEERING TIPS
 There are many ways to write conditional code
 Your task is to find the simplest correct code for the task

 Make your code easy to read and understand

 Indent your program to reflect the nesting of blocks of code

 Develop your program incrementally

 Compile and run your code frequently

 Anticipate potential user input errors

 Check for normal and abnormal input values

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SOFTWARE
ENGINEERING TIPS
 Common programming mistakes
 Missing or unmatched ( ) brackets in logical expressions
 Missing or unmatched { } brackets in conditional statement
 Missing break statement at bottom of switch cases
 Never use & instead of && in logical expressions
 Never use | instead of || in logical expressions
 Never use = instead of == in logical expressions
 Never use “;” directly after logical expression

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SUMMARY
 In this section we have studied the syntax and use of the
C++ switch statement
 We also showed an example where a switch statement
was used to create a menu-based banking program
 Finally, have discussed several software engineering tips
for creating and debugging conditional programs

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