Materials for Civil

and Construction
Engineers Michael S. Mamlouk
John R Zaniewski

Third Edition

ALWAYS LEA R N IN G PEARSON

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Table of Contents

1. Materials Engineering Concepts 1

2. Nature of Materials 5:

3. Steel 8/

4. Aluminum 143

5. Aggregates 167

6. Portland Cement, Mixing Water, and Admixtures 215

7. Portland Cement Concrete 253

8. Masonry 323

9. Asphalt Binders and Asphalt Mixtures 337

10. Wood 419

I I . Composites kll
Experiment: Introduction to Measuring Devices 497

Experiment: Tension Test of Steel and Aluminum 501

Experiment: Torsion Test o f Steel and Aluminum 505

Experiment: Impact Test of Steel 509

Experiment: Microscopic Inspection o f Materials 513

Experiment: Sieve Analysis of Aggregates 515

Experiment: Specific Gravity and Absorption o f Coarse Aggregate 521

Experiment: Specific Gravity and Absorption o f Fine Aggregate 525

Experiment: Bulk Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate 529

Experiment: Slump o f Freshly Mixed Portland Cement Concrete 533

Experiment: Unit Weight and Yield o f Freshly Mixed Concrete 537

Experiment: A ir Content o f Freshly Mixed Concrete by Pressure Method 541

Experiment: A ir Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by Volumetric Method 545

Experiment: Making and Curing Concrete Cylinders and Beams 549

Experiment: Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens with

555
Sulfur o r Capping Compound

Experiment: Compressive Strength o f Cylindrical Concrete Specimens 559

Experiment: Flexural Strength o f Concrete 563

Experiment: Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete 567

Experiment: Penetration Resistance o f Hardened Concrete 571

Experiment: Testing of Concrete Masonry Units 575

Experiment: Viscosity of Asphalt Binder by Rotational Viscometer 579

Experiment: Dynamic Shear Rheometer Test of Asphalt Binder 583

Experiment: Penetration Test of Asphalt Cement 587

Experiment: Absolute Viscosity Test of Asphalt 591

Experiment: Preparing and Determining the Density of Hot-M ix Asphalt (HMA)

Specimens by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor 595

Experiment: Preparation of Asphalt Concrete Specimens

Using the Marshall Compactor

Index 603
MATERIALS ENGINEERING
CONCEPTS
Materials engineers are responsible for the selection, specification, and quality control
of materials to be used in a job. These m aterials must meet certain classes of criteria or
m aterials properties (Ashby and )ones 2005). These classes of criteria include

■ eco n o m ic factors
■ m echan ical properties
■ nonm ech anical properties
■ production/construction consid erations
■ aesth etic properties

hi addition to this traditional list of criteria, civil engineers must be concerned

with environm ental quality- In 1997 the ASCE Code o f Ethics vifas m odified to include
"sustainable developm ent” as an ethics issue. Sustainable developm ent basically
recognizes the fact that our designs should be sensitive to the ability of future genera­
tions to meet their needs. There is a strong tie betw een the m aterials selected for design
and sustainable development.
W hen engineers select the m aterial for a sp ecific ap p lication, they must consid er
the various criteria and m ake com prom ises. Both the clien t and the purpose of the
facility or structure dictate, to a certain extent, the em phasis that w ill be placed on
the different criteria.
Civil and construction engineers must be familiar with materials used in the
construction of a wide range of structures. Materials most frequently used include steel,
aggregate, concrete, masonry, asphalt, and wood. Materials used to a lesser extent
inc:lude alum inum , glass, plastics, and fiber-reinforced composites. G eotechnical engi­
neers make a reasonable case for including soil as the most widely used engineering
material, since it provides the basic support for all civil engineering structures. However,
the properties of soils will not be discussed in this text because soil properties are gener­
ally the topic of a separate course in civil and construction engineering curriculums.
Recent advances in the technology o f civ il engineering m aterials have resulted
in the developm ent o f better quality, m ore econom ical, and safer m aterials. T hese

From Chapter 1 of M aterials fo r Civil an d Construction Engineers. Third Edition, Michael S.

Mamlouk, John P. Zaniewski. Copyright ® 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published by
Pearson Prentice Hall. A ll rights reserved.
2 Materials Engineering Concepts

m aterials are com m only referred to as high -perform ance m aterials. B ecau se m ore is
know n about the m olecu lar stru cture o f m aterials and because o f the co n tin u o u s
research efforts by scien tists and engineers, new m aterials su ch as polym ers, ad h e­
sives, com posites, geotextiles, coatings, cold -form ed m etals, and various sy n th etic
products are com peting w ith traditional civ il en gin eering m aterials. In ad d ition,
im provem ents have been m ade to existing m aterials by changing their m olecu lar
stru ctures or inclu ding additives to im prove quality, econom y, and perform ance. For
exam ple, su perplasticizers have m ade a breakthrough in the co n crete industry,
allow ing the production o f m uch stronger co n crete. Joints m ade o f elastom eric
m aterials have im proved the safety o f high-rise stru ctures in earthquake-active
areas. Lightw eight sy n th etic aggregates have d ecreased the w eight o f co n crete
stru ctures, allow ing sm all cro ss-sectio n al areas o f com p onen ts. Polym ers have been
m ixed w ith asphalt, allow ing pavem ents to last longer under the effect o f v eh icle
loads and environm ental cond ition s.
T h e field o f fiber com posite m aterials has developed rapidly in the last 30 years.
M any recent civil engineering projects have used fiber-reinforced polym er com posites.
These advanced com posites com pete w ith traditional m aterials due to their highiir
strength-to-weight ratio and their ability to overcom e su ch shortcom ings as corrosion.
For exam ple, fiber-reinforced concrete has m uch greater toughness than conventional
Portland cem ent concrete. Com posites can replace reinforcing steel in concrete struc:-
tures. In fact, com posites have allow ed the constru ction of structures that could not
have been built in the past.
T h e nature and b ehavior o f civil engineering m aterials are as co m p licated as
those o f m aterials used in any other field o f engineering, Due to the high quantity of
m aterials used in civ il engineering projects, the civ il en gin eer frequently w orks w ith
locally available m aterials that are not as highly refined as th e m aterials used in
other engineering fields. As a result, civ il engineering m aterials frequently have
highly variable properties and ch aracteristics.
T h is ch ap ter review s the m anner in w h ich the properties of m aterials affect their
se lectio n and perform ance in civ il engineering ap p licatio n s. In ad d ition, the ch apter
review s som e basic d efinitions and co ncep ts of engineering m ech an ics required for
understand ing m aterial behavior. T h e variable natu re o f m aterial properties is also
discu ssed so that the engineer w ill understand the co n cep ts o f p recisio n and a ccu ­
racy, sam pling, quality assurance, and qu ality co ntrol. Finally, instrum ents used for
m easuring m aterial response are described.

1 Economic Factors
T h e eco n o m ics o f the m aterial selection p rocess are affected by m uch m ore than just
the co st o f the m aterial. Factors that sh ou ld be co n sid ered in th e selectio n o f the
m aterial in clu d e

■ av ailab ility and cost o f raw m aterials

■ m anufacturing costs
 Materials Engineering Concepts

■ transportation
■ placing
■ m aintenance

T he m aterials used for civ il engineering structures have changed over tim e.
Early structures w ere constru cted o f stone and wood. T hese m aterials w ere in ready
supply and could be cut and shaped w ith available tools. Later, cast iron was used,
because m ills were capable o f crudely refining iron ore. As the industrial revolution
took hold, quality steel could be produced in the qu antities required for large stru c­
tures. In addition, portland cem ent, developed in the m id -1800s, provided civ il
engineers w ith a durable in exp en sive m aterial w ith broad applications.
Due to the efficient transportation system in the United States, availability is not
as m uch o f an issue as it once was in the selection o f a m aterial. However, transporta­
tion can significantly add to the cost o f the m aterials at the job site. For exam ple, in
m any locations in the United States, quality aggregates for concrete and asphalt are in
short supply. T he closest aggregate source to Houston, Texas, is 150 km (90 m iles)
from the city. T his haul d istance approxim ately doubles the cost o f the aggregates in
the city, and hence puts concrete at a disadvantage com pared w ith steel.
The type of material selected for a job can greatly affect the ease of construction and
the construction costs and time. For exam ple, the structural m embers of a steel-fram e
building can be fabricated in a shop, transported to the job site, lifted into place with a
crane, and bolted or welded together. In contrast, for a reinforced concrete building, the
forms must be built; reinforcing steel placed; concrete m ixed, placed, and allow ed to
cure; and the forms removed. Constructing the concrete frame building can be more
com plicated and tim e consum ing than constructing steel structures. To overcom e this
shortcom ing, precast concrete im its com m only have been used, especially for bridge
construction.
A ll m aterials deteriorate over tim e and w ith use. T h is deterioration affects both
the m aintenance cost and the useful life o f the structure. T he rate of deterioration
varies among m aterials. T hus, in analyzing the econom ic selection o f a m aterial, the
life cy cle cost should be evaluated in ad dition to the initial costs o f the structure.

2 Mechanical Properties
T he m echanical behavior o f m aterials is the response o f the m aterial to external
loads. All m aterials deform in response to loads; however, the sp ecific response of a
m aterial depends on its properties, the m agnitude and type of load, and the geom etry
o f the elem ent. W hether the m aterial "fa ils " under the load cond itions depends on
the failure criterion. C atastrophic failure of a structural member, resulting in the
collapse of the structure, is an obvious m aterial failure. However, in some cases the
failure is more subtle, but w ith equally severe consequences. For exam ple, pavem ent
may fail due to excessive roughness at the surface, even though the stress levels are
well w ithin the capabilities of the m aterial. A building may have to be closed due to
excessive vibrations by w ind or other live loads, although it could be structurally
sound. These are exam ples o f functional failures.
 Materials Engineering Concepts

2.1 Loading Conditions

One of the consid erations in the design of a project is the type o f loading the structure
w ill be su bjected to during its design life. T h e two basic types of loads are static and
dynam ic. Each type affects the m aterial differently, and frequently the interactions
betw een the load types are im portant. Civil engineers en cou nter both w hen designing
a structure.
Static load in g im p lie s a su stain ed load in g o f the stru ctu re ov er a period
o f tim e. G enerally , sta tic load s are slo w ly ap p lied su ch that no sh o ck or vibration
is generated in the stru ctu re. O n ce ap p lied , the sta tic load m ay rem ain in place
or be rem oved slow ly. Loads that rem ain in p lace for an exten d ed p erio d o f tim e
are ca lle d sustained (dead) loads. In civ il en gin eerin g , m u ch o f the load the
m aterials m ust carry is d ue to the w eight o f the stru ctu re and eq u ip m en t in
th e stru cture.
Loads that generate a sh ock or vibration in the structure are dynam ic loads.
D ynam ic loads can be classified as periodic, random , or transient, as show n in
Figure 1 (Richart et al. 1970). A periodic load, such as a harm onic or sinusoidal load,
repeats its e lf w ith tim e. For exam ple, rotating equipm ent in a build ing can produce
a vibratory load. In a random load, the load pattern never repeats, su ch as that
produced by earthquakes. T ransient load, on the other hand, is an im pu lse load
that is applied over a short tim e interval, after w h ich the vibrations decay until the

A A A
s
VJ u • Time

(a)

■ Time
/V ' FI GURE 1 Types of dynamic loads:
(a) periodic, (b) random, and (c) tran­
(c) sient.