Chapter 7-8

Lecture - Applied math in economics

–Lecturer: Đặng Thị Tố Như–

University of Economics

Đà Nẵng, 2023

Lecturer: Tố Như (DUE) Đà Nẵng, 2023 1 / 22

 Chapter 7. Differential equation
Definition
An equation with the form F (x, y , y 0 ) = 0 (1) or y 0 = f (x, y ) (2) is
called the first order differential equation, where x is an independent
variable, y is a function of x, y 0 is differential of y with respect to x.
A family of functions y = ϕ(x, c) is called a general solution if it satisfies
the equation identically (1) with any c ∈ R.
When c = c0 , the function y = ϕ(x, c0 ) (c0 is a particular constant) is
called a particular solution of the differential equation (1).
A singular solution is one that satisfies (1) and not a particular solution.

Theorem
Let y 0 = f (x, y )(2) be a first order differential equation. If f (x, y ) is
continuous on a domain D including M0 (x0 , y0 ), then there exists at least one
solution y = ϕ(x) of (2) such that y0 = ϕ(x0 ). If fx0 (x, y ) is continuous at
M0 (x0 , y0 ) then y = ϕ(x) is unique.
Lecturer: Tố Như (DUE) Đà Nẵng, 2023 2 / 22
 First order differential equations

Separable differential equations

Separable differential equations are a special type of differential
equations where the variables involved can be separated to find the
solution of the equation.
Form: f (y )dy = g (x)dx.
Solving method: Integrate both sides and find the value of y, and hence
the general solution of the separable differential equation:
Z Z
f (y )dy = g (x)dx + C ,

C is a constant.

Lecturer: Tố Như (DUE) Đà Nẵng, 2023 3 / 22

 Examples

Example 1
Solve the following differential equations:
a. y 0 = 4x 3 y
b. xydx + (x + 1)dy = 0.

Solution
a. We have dy 3
dx = 4x y . We can see that y = 0 is one solution of the given
equation.
If y 6= 0: dy 3
R dy R 3
y = 4x dx ⇔ y = 4x dx + ln|C |.
4
⇒ ln|y | = x 4 + ln|C | ⇒ y = Ce x
b. If y (x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −1 or y = 0 is a particular solution.
If y (x + 1) 6= 0, we divide both sides of the given equation by y (x + 1):
−x dy 1 dy
x+1 dx = y ⇒ ( x+1 − 1)dx = y ⇒ ln |x + 1| − x + C = ln |y |

Lecturer: Tố Như (DUE) Đà Nẵng, 2023 4 / 22

Some other forms of separable differential equations

dy
y 0 = f (y ).g (x) ⇔ f (y ) = g (x)dx, f (y ) 6= 0
f1 (y ) g2 (x)
f1 (y ).f2 (x)dy = g1 (y ).g2 (x)dx ⇔ g1 (y ) dy = f2 (x) dx, g1 (y ).f2 (x) 6= 0
dy
A first order differential equation dx = f (x, y ) with f (x, y ) is a
homogeneous function with order 0 (i.e., f (tx, ty ) = t 0 f (x, y ) = f (x, y ))
is homogeneous.
Solving method: Let u = y /x ⇒ y 0 = u 0 x + u.
du dx
We get the separable differential equation f (u)−u = x
Equations with the form M(x, y )dx + N(x, y )dy = 0 is homogeneous
when M(x, y ), N(x, y ) are homogeneous with the same order m.
A differential equation with the form dydx = f (ax + by )
Solving method: Let z = ax + by ⇒ dx = a + b dy
dz
dx = a + bf (z). Then
dz
a+bf (z) = dx

Lecturer: Tố Như (DUE) Đà Nẵng, 2023 5 / 22

 Examples

Example 2
Solving the following equation: (x + y )dx + (x − y )dy = 0.

Solution
M(x, y ) = x + y , N(x, y ) = x − y are homogeneous with order 1.
dy 1+ y
We have dx = − 1− yx .
x
Let z = y /x ⇒ dy 0
dx = z x + z
It follows that
dx z−1 z−1
= −1/2 ln |1 + 2z − z 2 |.
R
x = 1+2z−z 2 dz ⇒ ln |x| = 1+2z−z 2
dz

Lecturer: Tố Như (DUE) Đà Nẵng, 2023 6 / 22

 First order linear differential equations

Definition
A first order linear differential equation is one of the form:
y 0 + p(x).y = q(x)(1), p(x), q(x) are continuous on [a,b].
If q(x) = 0 then (1) is called the first order homogeneous linear
differential equation.
If q(x) 6= 0 then (1) is called the first order non-homogeneous linear
differential equation.
If p(x), q(x) are constant then (1) is called the autonomous differential
equation.

Lecturer: Tố Như (DUE) Đà Nẵng, 2023 7 / 22

 First order linear differential equations (cont.)

Solving method
The first order homogeneous linear differential equation:
R
y 0 + p(x).y = 0 has the general solution: y = C .e − p(x)dx , C is a
constant.
For the first order non-homogeneous linear differential equation
y 0 + p(x).y = q(x)(∗):
- Step 1: Find the general solution
R to the corresponding homogeneous
differential equation: y = C .e − p(x)dx

- Step 2: Find a particular solutionZ of (*):

R R
p(x)dx
y ∗ = e− p(x)dx q(x).e dx
- Step 3: The general solution ofR (*): R
y = y + y = ( q(x).e p(x)dx dx + C ).e − p(x)dx
∗
R

Lecturer: Tố Như (DUE) Đà Nẵng, 2023 8 / 22

 Examples

Example 3
Solving the following equation: y 0 − 4xy = −4x 3

Solution
We have:
p(x) = −4x, = −4x 3 . Then the given equation has the general solution:
R q(x) −
R R 2 2
3 4xdx dx + C ].e 4xdx = [ (−4x 3 ).e −2x dx + C ].e 2x
R
y = [ (−4x ).e
Let t = −2x 2 ⇒ dt = −4xdx, x 2 = −t/2. It follows R that
2
I = (−4x 3 ).e −2x dx = − 12 te t dt
R

Let u = t, dv = e t dt ⇒ du = dt, vR= e t , we get

I = − 21 (te t − e t dt) = − 12 (t − 1)e t
2
Replace t = −2x , we have
2
I = 12 (2x 2 + 1).e −2x
It follows that
2
y = 12 (2x 2 + 1) + C .e 2x
Lecturer: Tố Như (DUE) Đà Nẵng, 2023 9 / 22
 Bernoulli differential equations

Definition
A Bernoulli differential equation is one of the form:
y 0 + p(x)y = q(x).y α , α ∈ R, where p(x), q(x) are continuous on [a,b].

solving method
If α = 0 or α = 1 ⇒ we get a first order linear differential equation.
6 0, α 6= 1:
If α =
I y = 0 is a particular equation,
I y 6= 0, we divide both sides by y α . Setting z = y 1−α , we have a first order
linear differential equation:
z 0 + (1 − α).p(x).z = (1 − α)q(x)

Lecturer: Tố Như (DUE) Đà Nẵng, 2023 10 / 22

 Examples

Example 4
Solving the following equation: y 0 + 2xy = 2x 3 y 3

Solution
The given equation is a Bernoulli differential equation with
p(x) = 2x, q(x) = 2x 3 , α = 3.
Setting z = y −2 , we get a first order linear differential equation
z 0 − 4xz = −4x 3
This equation has the general
R solution: R
4xdx 3 ).e − 4xdx dx + C ]
R
z =e [ (−4x
2
R
Setting t = −2x 2 ⇒ (−4x 3 ).e − 2xdx dx = 21 (2x 2 + 1)e −2x
R

Then
1 2
z = (2x 2 + 1) + ce 2x
2

Lecturer: Tố Như (DUE) Đà Nẵng, 2023 11 / 22