COURSE TITLE: NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

COURSE CODE: MEC402G

ASIF HASSAN
ROLLNO: EE-20-26
IUST0120013649
 -

Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) Power Generation

MHD generator :
MHD generators are devices in
accessing to magneto which ,
the

hyblodynamic laws conversion

,
of the energy If working fluid
a

energy takes place MHD'provides way of

into electrical · a

generating electricity from fast moving stream of imised

a

gases without the need for any moving mechanical parts

no turbine and
sofatly generators The psimple of opeat-
no .

of MHD Generators as well asConventional electrical

ion

generators is based on
Falhay's Induction law
.

MHD
System :- The MHD generators needs a high tempeltule
gas source ,
which could be the Coolant from a nucleas

factor or move
likely high temperature Combustion gases
Gondated by burning fasil feels Including Coal ,
in a Comb-

-ushion chamber
. The
Liaglam below shows possible System
Components .

(MHD) Generation
Electricity t

Fuel combustion
Expansion Noble
MHD
Generator
Exhaust
Chamber gas es
=

Air
feat air
templess of
exchanges
The the gas Pressure and Consequently
expansion naggle Reduces
increases the Plasma Speck (Bemouli's law) through the Generator
dust to Increase the power output at the same time ,
the
pressure hap Cause the plasma temperature to fall
Chay-Lussac's) must be found
↳ Types of MHD
System
①
open Cycle MHD
System :- In this
system ,
feel used
may
be oilthough an tank oil as
gasified Coal through
Coal
a
gasification plant The fuel is
.
buent in the Combustion
Chamber The hot
gases from Combuster
.

is then seeded
With Small
a amount of Ionized
an albali metal ,
to
electrical ,
gas hot
Increase the Conductivity of the The

Pressurized working fluid leaving the Combustor flows through

Livergent nozzle Similar to locket
aConvergent
a

. For effect on practical belization

nozzle MHD an

following
have features :

heat the
Air
Super heating allangement to the
·

①
gas
to alound 2500c (The intet
temp of MAD is
about 2500) So that electrical
the gas is
Incased
Conductivity of
② The Combustion Chamber must have low heat lasses
.

③
Arrangement to abl a low potential Seek material
Conization
its
to the
gas to increase
contructivityboth
.

environmental
④ Seek
Recovely appattus -

necessaly for
and economic leasons .

② Clasek-Cyde (Seeded west gas) MHD

System
CycleSystem
In a closed the a
Callies Gas (algon/helime
ton
operates on of Bray Cycle The gas is
Compressed
the Source at essentially constant
and heat is
supplied by ,

pressure the Compressed gas then

expands
in MHD
generator
and its
temperature fall ,
After leaving the
Generator heat ,

from Cooler this the heat

removed
is the gas by a ,
is

bejection stags of the Cycle ,

finally the
gas
is
·
emplsseh
Returned for closed cycle The
and
& scheating using MAD
↑

Labe
gabes working
al fluid is
Leveloped and its the
the heat
planing System amoung Generally
·

most
o

all ,

Source used is gas Cooled clear leactor A closed yes .

Conversion at
System can
plovise more
useful power
lower selture (around 1900° to 2500)
for
terycycle Compared
as

open System .
 >
-

Diaglam's of open sclosed MHD System

open Cycle MHD

system Electrone-
↓
Inverter Ac power

? heates
magnet

I
Stock >
-

Sembrstog Nozzle Air Pre-

-wel d
↑
Hotas
spec covery
mak
up speek
Removel of
N285

↳ Closed Cycle MHD System :

Contens of
magnet
-
Pump -
-
MHD Feed water
Generator
Y
Separatos -
& heat exchanges
>
s
ST Potassium
Steam liquid
Generatos
Pump <
-
↳ Advantages and
disadvantages of MIT
System
Advantages :
Com be about
① The Conversion
Efficiencyof
an MHD
Systemthe most
a

to 40 % for
50 %
Compared
as than efficient
steam plants
Still .

higher thermal
efficiencies (60-65 %) are

expected future.in

② large amount of power is

generated
.

③ ↳t has Reliable
moving parts
no Bo more -

④ The closed
System produces power free of Pollution .

⑤ It has the toleach the full power level as

ability Soon
as -
possible
⑧ These systems Pelmit better fuel utilization . The Reduced

fuel Consumpstion would offer additional economical 8

Special
benefits and would also lead to Conservation
energy
besources
↳ Disadvantages :-
advancement
① Numerous
technological requires prior to
its Commercialisation .

②
A
leguises highly Gossasive and ablasive environment .

under extream Condition

MHD channels
apelates of
temperature .
 Geothermal Energy
Geothermal is the thermal which generates and
energy energy
stores inside the cust ealth The Earth's Centle
of the , is

the Sun which is almost

at the same
temperature as
steady
because
of the Constant process of nuclear fusion
. Thus Some
Locks melt because of this high temp 8
plessule and cause
moment .
the mantle
upward of This molten locks which

Roduce in the clust

of the earth bush upward and get taped
in
particular legions which sfer to hot
we as
spots -

Moreover ,
When
underground Water Comes in Contact with the
hotspot steam generates Geothermal energy is
,
.

which genlates one

from the heat within the earth. The hot locks in the Earth's
Care emit the earth's Surface with steam and pressure We use .

this steam for

running and producing electricity
.

↳ Generation : To generate power from geothermal systems

thre elements are needed :

④Heat:Abundantheatfrmtem
n ee
up
Locks Integ
② fluid :
-
to the earths
Sufficient fluik to
Cally heat from the locks

surface -
 Small
④ablity Pathways to fluid through hot
i
: move

locks ,

The
presence of hot locks fluids and Pelmeability unbeglaund
,

creates geothermal systems small underground pathway's

natural ,

Such as flactules Conduct fluids though the hot lock

,
.

In Geothermal
electricity , This
generation fluid Com be
down as
energy
in the fam of heat through well's
to the earth's
surface At the Surface the energy isConverted
.

dives the fullines that

to steam which
produces electricit.y
↳ Applications Geothermal
of Energy
Thek Geothermal
all
many applications of energy langing
from electricity generation to
heating
.

firstly We
generally
two
Install Geothermal plants within a mile labius
of
the geothermal
Reserve ↑

Countries
In
many
Colte ,

they usewaterGeothermal energy

for heating glenhouse heating for issigation
O

or

After that It also has uses in Industries for food

many
,

Gehyblation, mill pasteurio

zing heating gold minning etc .

theg
buildings a
district heating System in which
they Hansbest hotwater through springs
.
 TIDAL ENERGY
Orgin And Nature of Tidal
Energy : The agen of tibal energy
lies in the interactions bw the Earth the Moon and the Sun which
, ,

cleate final forces results in the

Cyclia lise and fall of clean
has been used
water knows as times
. Tikal
energy historically
in Valious such water mills Castel aleas
Way's poweling in
as

The natule
of tital
energy is charactelized by its presitiblity
and
plability Times occur
legularlydliven by the glovational
intractions Celestial bodies final
bu making energy predict-
a
,

Consistent
able and searce
of power .

Tidal
Energy
Can be halnessed through various
technologies
including tital Stream systems and
tital
ballage systems
.

-analysis These
① Tihal Stream
.

-
-
:
Systems use under

Similar to turbines to
water fulbenes Capactule
wind
the RE
of moving water culents. As times flow in a

and out these turbines sotate

generating electricity
.
Barrages are large dams
system isays
② Tidal ballage built
-

studi Capactule Water the

They to
as

tide Comes in and plase it

though turbines generate
tides teaches
electricity as the
,
tital
ballages often (Involve
impounding large amount of water cleating a
P E storage mechanism
.
.
↳ limitations of Tikal Energy :

① Location
Dependence :
energy generation
Tikal is feasible only
in locations with the
significant tital larges Such as
bay's
estuaries straits This bestricts the of Suitable Sites
globally
or
.
no .

tital
and limits the wise
spleak aboptation of energy
.
② Envilemental
impact : t idal
While
energy
is
generally
Considered
environmentally friendly
, of tital the Construction

ballages andfubines still have ecological

Can
Consequences .

③ Maintenance
challenges : Tikal turbines are submerged
in hassh maline environments which can lead to Casasion
.
and
fouling Routine maintenance and
repairs may be challenging
and
Castly reguising
,
specialized equipment and Skillet

personal
④ Social impacts : The Construction of tidal
Culture
and -

Energy products may faceapposition from local Communities

due to Concerns about
changes in tabational livelihoods ,

fishing practices ,
and Culture
helitage associated with the

Castel alas .