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2024 01 30 - Reference Material II

The document discusses the Data Encryption Standard (DES), a symmetric-key block cipher published by NIST. It describes the structure and algorithm of DES, including initial and final permutations, the Feistel cipher structure, the DES function using a 48-bit key on 32 bits of input, expansion and substitution boxes, and how one bit of ciphertext depends on more than one bit of plaintext.

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Anant Kumar
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14 views22 pages

2024 01 30 - Reference Material II

The document discusses the Data Encryption Standard (DES), a symmetric-key block cipher published by NIST. It describes the structure and algorithm of DES, including initial and final permutations, the Feistel cipher structure, the DES function using a 48-bit key on 32 bits of input, expansion and substitution boxes, and how one bit of ciphertext depends on more than one bit of plaintext.

Uploaded by

Anant Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Encryption

Standard
Introduction
● The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a
symmetric-key block cipher published by the
National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST).
● In 1973, NIST published a request for proposals
for a national symmetric-key cryptosystem. A
proposal from IBM, a modification of a project
called Lucifer, was accepted as DES. DES was
published in the Federal Register in March 1975
as a draft of the Federal Information Processing
Standard (FIPS).
Overview
DES is a block cipher, as shown in Figure 6.1.
Structure of DES
Initial and Final Permutation
Intial and final permutation tables
The initial and final
permutations are straight P-
boxes that are inverses
of each other. They have no
cryptography significance in
DES.
Feistel cipher
DES function
The heart of DES is the DES function. The DES
function applies a 48-bit key to the rightmost 32
bits to produce a 32-bit output.
Expansion P-box
Since RI−1 is a 32-bit input and KI is a 48-bit key, we
first need to expand RI−1 to 48 bits.

Although the relationship between the


input and output can be defined
mathematically, DES uses Table to define
this P-box.
(XOR)
After the expansion permutation, DES uses the
XOR operation on the expanded right section and
the round key. Note that both the right section and
the key are 48-bits in length. Also note that the
round key is used only in this operation.
S-Boxes
S-Box Rule
S-Box 1
Straight Permutation Table
Algorithm for DES
Cipher(plain[64],keys[16,48],cipher[64]){
permute(64,64,plain,inblock,IniPerTab)
split(64,32,inblock,left,right)
for(round =1 to 16)
{
mixer(left,right,keys[i])
if(round!=16) swapper(left,right)
}
combine(32,64,left,right,outblock)
permute(64,64,outblock,cipher,FinPerTab)
}
mixer(left[32],right[32],keys[48]){
Copy(32,right,T1)
function(T1,keys,T2)
XOR(32,left,T2,T3)
Copy(32,T3,right)
}
swapper(left[32],right[32]){
Copy(32,left,T)
Copy(32,right,left)
Copy(32,T,right)
}
function(input[32],key[48],output[32]){
Permute(32,48,input,T1,ExpansionPerTab)
XOR(48, T1, key, T2)
substitute(T2,T3,SubstituteTab)
Permute(32,32,T3,output,StraightPerTab)
}
Completeness Effect
● One bit of cipher text depends upon more
than one bit.
● And in DES the cipher text shows
completeness effect.
References
● Behrouz Forouzan analysis
Thank You
● Find the presentation on:-
www.slideshare.com/anshuljmi

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