MATH-101 Calculus and Analytical Geometry – 3-0 CHs

By

Assoc Prof Dr Safia Akram

Lec # 1

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 MATH-101 Calculus and Analytical Geometry – 3-0 CHs

Vector Analysis

Vector in two-dimensions

Basic Definitions

1) SCALAR
A quantity which is completely specified by its magnitude is
called a “ SCALAR ’’ Scalar
Example Magnitude
Speed 35 m/s

Number value Distance 25 meters

with units Age 16 years

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 MATH-101 Calculus and Analytical Geometry – 3-0 CHs

2) VECTOR

A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction is

called a “ VECTOR ’’

Vector Magnitude and

Example Direction
Velocity 35 m/s, North

Acceleration 10 m/s2, South

Displacement 20 m, East

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 MATH-101 Calculus and Analytical Geometry – 3-0 CHs

3) REPRESENTATION OF A VECTOR
A vector is represented by directed line segment

For Example: 𝐴𝐵 represents a vector whose magnitude

denote by 𝐴𝐵 is the length 𝐴𝐵 and its direction is from A to B

Terminal
point

An arrow over a letter 𝐴Ԧ A

or a letter in bold face A Initial point

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4) COMPONENTS OF VECTORS

If 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑎𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝐽መ , the vectors 𝑎𝑖Ƹ and 𝑏𝐽መ are the vectors
components of 𝑣Ԧ in the direction of 𝑖Ƹ and 𝐽.መ

The number 𝑎 and 𝑏 are the scalar components of 𝑣Ԧ

in the direction of 𝑖Ƹ and 𝐽.መ

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5) EQUAL VECTORS / EQUALITY OF VECTORS

Two Vectors are equal if they have same magnitude and have
the same or parallel directions.
Algebraic Definition

If 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑎𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝐽መ and (a, b)

𝑣Ԧ𝟏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝟏 𝐽መ then

𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣Ԧ𝟏
𝑎𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝐽መ = 𝒂𝟏 𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝟏 𝐽መ
⇔
𝑎 = 𝒂𝟏 and 𝑏 = 𝒃𝟏

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 REMARK
A Vector may be translated from one location to
another, provided neither the magnitude nor the
direction is changed.

6) SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF 𝑣Ԧ
If c is a Scalar and 𝑣Ԧ is a vector, then 𝑐 𝑣Ԧ is defined as.

“A vector whose magnitude is |C| times the magnitude of 𝑣Ԧ

and whose direction is either the same as that of 𝑣Ԧ (if C > 0)
or opposite that of 𝑣Ԧ (if C < 0) ”
𝑣Ԧ
2𝑣Ԧ
Illustrations are given in
Figures. We refer to 𝑐 𝑣Ԧ as a
½ 𝑣Ԧ
scalar multiple of 𝑣Ԧ .
-3/2 𝑣Ԧ
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 SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
Scalar multiplication can be accomplished component
by components
If C is a scalar and 𝑣Ԧ = 𝒂𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝐽መ is a vector, then
𝒄𝑣Ԧ = 𝐜 𝒂𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝐽መ = 𝒄𝒂 𝑖Ƹ + (𝒄𝒃) 𝐽መ
REMARK
The length of 𝒄𝑣Ԧ is |c| times the length of 𝑣Ԧ

| 𝒄𝑣Ԧ | = | 𝒄𝒂 𝑖Ƹ + (𝒄𝒃) 𝐽መ | = 𝒄2 𝑎2 + 𝒄2 𝑏 2

= 𝒄2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) = 𝒄2 (𝑎2 +𝑏 2 ) = | 𝒄 | | 𝑣Ԧ |
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 For Example

If 𝑐 = −2 and 𝑣Ԧ = −3𝑖Ƹ + 4𝐽መ then

| 𝑣Ԧ | = (−3)2 +(𝟒)2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5

𝒄𝑣Ԧ = −𝟐 −3𝑖Ƹ + 4𝐽መ = 𝟔 𝑖Ƹ − (𝟖) 𝐽መ

| 𝐜𝑣Ԧ | = (6)2 +(−𝟖)2 = 36 + 64 = 100 = 10

| 𝐜 | = | −𝟐 | = 𝟐
| 𝒄𝑣Ԧ | = | 𝒄 | | 𝑣Ԧ |
10 = 2(5) = 10

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REMARK

Non-zero vectors 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 and 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 have

1. the same direction if 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 = 𝒄𝑣Ԧ𝟏 for some scalar
𝒄 > 𝟎.
2. the opposite direction if 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 = 𝒄𝑣Ԧ𝟏 for some
scalar 𝒄 < 𝟎.

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 7) ADDITION OF VECTORS
Algebraic Addition
Vectors may be added algebraically by adding their
corresponding Scalar components.

If 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝟏 𝐽መ and 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝟐 𝐽መthen

𝑣Ԧ𝟏 + 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 = (𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 ) 𝑖Ƹ +(𝒃𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 )𝐽መ

For example: Let 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 = 𝟐𝑖Ƹ − 𝟒𝐽መ and 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 = 𝟓𝑖Ƹ + 𝟑𝐽መthen

𝑣Ԧ𝟏 + 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 = ( 𝟐+ 𝟓) 𝑖Ƹ +(−𝟒+ 𝟑)𝐽መ

= 7 𝑖Ƹ − 𝐽መ
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 Graphical Addition
(1st method)

Two non-zero vectors 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 and 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 can be added

geometrically by placing the initial point of the 2nd
vector on the terminal point of the 1st vector and then
drawing the line segment from the initial point of the
1st vector to the terminal point of the 2nd vector.

𝑣Ԧ𝟐

𝑣Ԧ𝟏 12
 (2nd method)

If we construct parallelogram RPQS, then Since

𝑃𝑅 = 𝑄𝑆 , it follows that 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑆 . If 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑃𝑅
are two forces acting at P, then 𝑃𝑆 is the resultant forces
that is, the single force that produces the same effect as
the two combined forces.
𝑆

𝑅 𝑄

𝑃 13
 8) SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS
Algebraic Subtraction
Vectors subtraction follows the algebraic law which says that
corresponding scalar components are subtracted.

If 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝟏 𝐽መ and 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝟐 𝐽መthen

𝑣Ԧ𝟏 − 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 =(𝒂𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐 ) 𝑖Ƹ +(𝒃𝟏 − 𝒃𝟐 )𝐽መ

Geometric Subtraction

The negative of a vectors 𝑣Ԧ is the vector −𝑣Ԧ = (−𝟏)𝑣Ԧ . It has the

same length as 𝑣Ԧ but points in the opposite directions.

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 Geometric Subtraction

To subtract a vector 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 from a vector 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 we add −𝑣Ԧ𝟐

to 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 . This can be done geometrically.

1st way: Draw as 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 +(−𝑣Ԧ𝟐 )

Now drawing −𝑣Ԧ𝟐 from the tip of 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 and then

drawing the vector from the initial point of 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 to the
tip of −𝑣Ԧ𝟐 as shown in Fig.
𝑣Ԧ𝟏
−𝑣Ԧ𝟐

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 2nd way: Draw as the vector from the tip of 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 to
the tip of 𝑣Ԧ𝟏

To Draw 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 −𝑣Ԧ𝟐 is to draw 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 and 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 with a

common initial point and then draw 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 −𝑣Ԧ𝟐 vector
from the tip of 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 to the tip of 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 . This is illustrated
in Fig.

𝐂𝐁 = 𝐂𝐀 + 𝐀𝐁 𝐶 𝐵
= −𝑣Ԧ𝟐 + 𝑣Ԧ𝟏
= 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 −𝑣Ԧ𝟐 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 𝑣Ԧ𝟏

𝐴
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3rd way: Draw as −𝑣Ԧ𝟐 + 𝑣Ԧ𝟏

To Draw −𝑣Ԧ𝟐 + 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 is to draw 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 from the tip of −𝑣Ԧ𝟐

−𝑣Ԧ𝟐

𝑣Ԧ𝟏

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9) POSITION VECTOR
To find the components of the vector from a point 𝑷𝟏 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
to a point 𝑷𝟐 𝑥𝟐 , 𝑦𝟐 by subtracting the components of
𝑶𝑷𝟏 = 𝒙𝟏 𝑖Ƹ + 𝒚𝟏 𝐽መ from the components of 𝑶𝑷𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 𝑖Ƹ + 𝒚𝟐 𝐽መ
(as shown in fig) 𝑦 𝑷𝟐 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝑖Ƹ + (𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏 )𝐽መ

𝑥
𝑂

𝑷𝟏 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

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 The vector from 𝑷𝟏 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 to 𝑷𝟐 𝑥𝟐 , 𝑦𝟐 is
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝑖Ƹ + (𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏 )𝐽መ

EXAMPLE : The vector from 𝑷𝟏 3,4 to 𝑷𝟐 5,1 is

𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 = 5 − 3 𝑖Ƹ + 1 − 4 𝐽መ
= 2𝑖Ƹ − 3𝐽መ

EXAMPLE : 𝐆iven the point𝑠 𝑃 −2, 3 and 𝑄 4,5

a) Sketch 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑄𝑃
b) Find vectors 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 and 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 that corresponds to 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑄𝑃
(Also sketch)
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 SOLUTION
(a) The Vectors 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑄𝑃 are sketch in Figure

𝑄 4,5

𝐴
𝑃 −2, 3 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 6, 2
𝑄 4,5

𝑂
𝑃 −2, 3

𝑣Ԧ𝟐
𝐴
−6, −2
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 (b)

𝑃𝑄 = 𝑣Ԧ𝟏 = 4 − (−2) 𝑖Ƹ + 5 − 3 𝐽መ = 6𝑖Ƹ + 2𝐽መ = 6, 2

𝑄𝑃 = 𝑣Ԧ𝟐 = −2, −4 𝑖Ƹ + 3 − 5 𝐽መ = −6𝑖Ƹ − 2𝐽መ = (−6, −2)

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 10) MAGNITUDE OF VECTOR
The magnitude or length of 𝑣Ԧ = 𝒂𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝐽መ is

𝑣Ԧ = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

The bars in 𝑣Ԧ (read “the magnitude of 𝑣Ԧ or the length

of 𝑣)
Ԧ are the same bars we use for absolute value.

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10) UNIT VECTORS
Any vector whose length is 1 is a unit vector.
The vectors 𝑖Ƹ and 𝐽መ are unit vectors.
𝑖Ƹ = 𝟏 𝑖Ƹ + 𝟎 𝐽መ = 𝟏2 + 𝟎2 = 𝟏

𝐽መ = 𝟎𝑖Ƹ + 𝟏 𝐽መ = 𝟎2 + 𝟏2 = 𝟏

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 Unit Vectors in Plane
If 𝒖 is the unit vector obtained by rotating the 𝑖Ƹ through
an angle 𝜃 in the positive direction , then 𝒖 has a
horizontal component cos 𝜃 and 𝑦vertical component
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜃 (see fig). So that
(𝑶, 𝟏)
𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝑱෠ 𝑃

𝑱෠

𝑥
As 𝜃 varies from 0 to 2𝜋, the 𝑂 𝒊Ƹ (𝑶, 𝟏)

point P in Fig traces the circle

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, counter clock wise.
This takes in all possible
directions, so Eq. 1 gives every
unit vector in plane.
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 10) LENGTH vs DIRECTION
If 𝑣Ԧ ≠ 0, then is
𝐯
1. is a unit vector in the direction of 𝑣.
Ԧ
𝐯
𝐯
2. The equation 𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣Ԧ ( ) express 𝑣Ԧ in terms of
𝐯
its length and direction

EXAMPLE;
Express 𝑣Ԧ = 𝟑𝑖Ƹ − 𝟒𝐽መ as a product of its length and
direction

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Solution;

Length of 𝑣Ԧ

𝑣Ԧ = 𝟑 𝑖Ƹ − 𝟒 𝐽መ = 𝟑2 + (−𝟒)2 = 𝟗 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟐𝟓
=𝟓
Direction of 𝑣Ԧ

𝐯 𝟑 𝑖Ƹ −𝟒 𝐽መ 𝟑 𝟒
= = 𝑖Ƹ − 𝐽መ
𝐯 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

𝟑 𝟒
መ
so 𝑣Ԧ = 𝟑𝑖Ƹ − 𝟒𝐽 = 5 ( 𝑖Ƹ − መ
𝐽)
𝟓 𝟓

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 SLOPES ,TANGENTS AND NORMALS
A vector is parallel to a line if the segments that represent
the vector are parallel to the line. The slope of a vector that
is not vertical is the slope shared by the lines parallel to the
vector. Thus if 𝒂 ≠ 0, the vector 𝑣Ԧ = 𝒂𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝐽መ has a well-
defined slope, which can be calculated from the
components of 𝑣Ԧ as the number 𝑏Τ𝑎.
Thus if 𝒂 ≠ 0, the vector 𝑣Ԧ = 𝒂𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝐽መ
has slope 𝑏Τ𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
A vector is tangent or normal to a curve at
a point if it is parallel or normal to the line 𝒃𝐽መ
that is tangent to the curve at the point.
The next example shows how to find such
vectors. 𝒂 𝑖Ƹ
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 EXAMPLE;
Find unit vectors tangent and normal to the curve
𝑥3 1
𝑦= + at the point 1,1
2 2
Solution:
We find the unit vector that are parallel and normal to the curves
tangent line at 1,1 .
The slope of line tangent to the curve at 1,1 is
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 3
= อ =
dx 2 2
𝑥=1
We look for a unit vector with this slope.
3
መ
The vector 𝑣Ԧ = 2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝐽 has slope , as does every non-zero multiple
2
of 𝑣.
Ԧ To find a multiple of 𝑣Ԧ that is a unit vector, we divide 𝑣Ԧ by 𝑣Ԧ

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 𝑣Ԧ = 𝟐2 + 𝟑2 = 𝟒 + 𝟗 = 𝟏𝟑
Obtaining
𝑣 2 3
𝑢ො = 𝑢 = = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐽መ
𝑣 13 13
The vector 𝑢 is tangent to the curve at (1,1) b/c it has the same
direction as 𝑣.
Ԧ
Of course
𝑣 2 3
−𝑢ො = −𝑢 = = − 𝑖Ƹ − 𝐽መ
𝑣 13 13
which points in the opposite direction, is also tangent to the
curve at (1,1)

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To find unit vectors normal to the curve at (1,1), we look
for unit vectors whose slope are the negative reciprocal of
the slope of 𝑢. This is done by interchanging the scalar
components of 𝑢 (or 𝑢ො ) and changing the sign of one of
them . We obtain
𝑣 𝟑 𝟐
ෝ=𝒏=
𝒏 =− 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐽መ
𝑣 13 13
and
𝑣 𝟑 𝟐
−ෝ
𝒏 = −𝒏 = = 𝑖Ƹ − 𝐽መ
𝑣 13 13

The vectors have opposite directions, but both are normal

to the curve at (1, 1)

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REMARK:
መ then p = −b𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝐽መ and q = 𝑏𝑖Ƹ − 𝑎𝐽መ
If 𝑣Ԧ = 𝒂𝑖Ƹ + 𝒃𝐽,
are perpendicular to 𝑣Ԧ because their slopes are both
− 𝑎Τ𝑏 , the negative reciprocal of 𝑣,
Ԧ slope.

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EXERCISE

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