MODULE IV Development is visible and useful, not

necessarily immediately, and includes an

PEOPLE-CENTERED DEVELOPMENT
aspect of quality change and the creation
MANAGEMENT AND EMPOWERMENT
of conditions for a continuation of that
In a community undertaking, both the change.
motivation and to take action and unity in
Development means “improvement in
people’s effort depend very much on
country’s economic and social
having clear and common goals and
conditions”. More specially, it refers to
values. It is truly important to involve the
improvements in way of managing an
participants in planning and formulating
area’s natural and human resources. In
the purpose and course of action of the
order to create wealth and improve
group.
people’s lives. Dudley Seers while
Formal education has delivered many elaborating on the meaning of
people but made them detached from development suggests that while there
the real day-to-day experience of poverty. can be value judgments on what is
Their interventions as development workers development and what is not, it should be
can sometimes be quite inappropriate as a universally acceptable aim of
these might be considered as cultural development to make for conditions that
intrusions. (Lee CWTS II -LTS II p.44) lead to a realization of the potentials of
human personality.

Development is dynamic with respect to

A. People-centered Development
changes and transformation of people’s
Management
attitudes, behavior and organizational
Nature of Development structures. It involves mobilization of people
and resources. It is people-oriented and
Development - is a process that creates
participatory in development programs
growth, progress, positive change or the
that bring about the empowerment of
addition of physical, economic,
people.
environmental, social and demographic
components. The identification of these Development can mean many things to
traps enables relating to political – many people. At UNDP, we believe
economic – social conditions in a country ‘human development’ is about expanding
in an attempt to advance development. the choices available to people in order to
(https://sidisrael.org/en/what -is- live valuable lives. Economic growth is
development/) important, but it is truly only a means for
enlarging those choices. A fundamental
The purpose of development is a rise in the
part of expanding those choices is building
level and quality of life of the population,
human capabilities, the range of things
and the creation or expansion of local
that people can achieve in their life. We
regional income and employment
believe strongly that people’s well-being
opportunities, without damaging the
and their quality of life is the most
resources of the environment.
important measure of whether
‘development’ is successful. Thus, people 2. 2. Self-esteem is the person’s sense of
must be at the center of human self-worth and self-respect especially
development, both as beneficiaries and as the confidence of not being used by
drivers, as individuals and in groups. People others for their own needs.
must be empowered with the tools and 3. Freedom from servitude is the ability
knowledge to build their own communities, to choose. It refers to the
states and nations. fundamental sense of freedom or
emancipation from the alienating
People-centered development according
conditions of life. It is also the
to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia is an
freedom from the social servitude of
approach to international development
man to nature, ignorance, other
that focuses on improving local
men, misery, institutions, and the
communities' self-reliance, social justice,
dogmatic beliefs.
and participatory decision-making. It
recognizes that economic growth does not Development Management
inherently contribute to human
Development management is a
development [1][2] and calls for changes
commitment to promote the application of
in social, political, and environmental
science and the art of management to the
values and practices.
process of nation-building for dynamic
Five Core Concepts of Development (UN development.
Development Institute, 1997)
1. It is an integrative and complex field
1. Man as the end of development of study that examines t he structure,
2. Delineation of man in the sense that processes and the behavioral
he feels at home with the process of patterns involved in managing
development, he as subject, not as development interventions at the
object. project, program and policy levels.
3. Development of collective 2. There is a need to enrich social
personality of man in which he finds groups and network as supplements
his richest expressions to hierarchies and as source of social
4. Participat ion as the true form of support, innovation and social
democracy action.
5. Self-reliance as the expression of 3. It must respond by assuming a more
man’s faith in his abilities protective role of generating techno
managerial capabilities necessary
Three Core Values of Development,
for a sustainable, self-reliant, and
Relating to Fundamental Human Needs
people centered development.
(Todaro, 1978)
4. It focuses on capacity-building in the
1. Life sustenance is the ability to strengthening of community
provide basic necessities, a means organizations and in the
of overcoming the helplessness and enhancement of government and
misery of the people in need. government institutions
Discovery Process of Citizen
Participation
B. Community Empowerment
Kent discovery process (1972) uses the
Empowerment
theory of “informal networks” consisting
of people who support each other in What does “empower” means?
predictable ways and have a shared Empower means control, authority, and
commitment to maintain and to dominion. The prefix “em” means “to
enhance their quality of life. Discovery put on to” or “to cover with.” To
of the formal and informal networks – empower then is to pass an authority
how they function, and the content of and responsibility to somebody. (Wellins
their interaction – helps identify the et al., 1991)
strengths and weaknesses of the
1. Empowerment, therefore, occurs
community and leads to a definition of
when power goes to the project
the issue that disrupt or impinge upon
implementers. It is the process in which
the quality of community life. This
people take action to overcome the
assessment then gives direction to a
obstacles to progress. This action
social action process or change which
involves getting more control over their
incorporates citizen participation by
situation. Most organizations belief that
using the network system. The “process
a commitment to continuous
begins with an abilit y to identify and tie
improvement by all members is a must
issues to specific networks, because
to remain competitive. Empowerment
social action processes must always be
and the energy that comes with
grounded on the concerns of individual
feelings of ownership are necessary
citizens and their constantly changing
prerequisites for continuous
environments.” The figure below
improvement.
illustrates Kent’s view of citizen’s
participation and the discovery 2. Empowerment is facilitated by a
process. combination of factors, including
values, leadership actions, job structure,
training, and reward systems.

Community Empowerment and Program

Sustainability

Community empowerment (CE) means

giving community people the freedom
to think on their own and to reflect on
the improvement of their situation.

CE is freeing individuals from instructions

and controls and allowing then to take
decisions by themselves. It is clearly
linked to quality development
management which explores the more than that. Volunteers are people
individuals’ best ability to manage the who are willing to take action to build
pressures of change. the kind of community they want t o live.
Volunteers are exactly what our society
Three Main Objectives of Empowerment
needs right now.
(Thompson, 1997)1.
Seven Tips for Youth Volunteers
1. To make organizations more
responsive to external pressure. 1. Choose a job that interest you
2. Be realistic about your time
2. To ‘de-layer’ organizations in order to
3. Consider transportation
make more effective
4. Explore your opinions
3. To create networks featuring 5. Call some organizations
teamwork, collaboration, and horizontal 6. Check things out first
communication. 7. Make decisions

As empowerment is increased, it is
important that community people are
What do You Want from Volunteering?
properly informed and made
(Schwarz et. Al., 1997)
knowledgeable, that they are
motivated to exercise power, and that You may not realize it, but you are
they are rewarded for successful going to get something out of
outcomes. volunteering – new friends, emotional
satisfaction, new skills or something also
Here Basic Empowerment Options
important to you.
(Thompson, 1997)
Eight of the Things People Frequently
1. Community people can be
say They Hope to Get from Volunteering
encouraged to contribute ideas
1. A chance to “make a difference”
2. Community people work in teams
2. A chance to use a skill or talent
which share and manage their own
3. A chance to gain professional
work, within clearly defined policies and
experience or contacts
limits.
4. A chance to express one’s
3. There can be more extensive religious faith
decentralization where individuals are 5. A chance to meet people
much freer to change certain 6. A chance to develop personal
parameters and strategies. Evaluating growth and self-esteem
outcomes is an important control 7. A more balanced life
mechanism. 8. A chance to “give something
back”
Building the Community We Want
through Commitment by Volunteerism Making it Work
Everyone knows that volunteering is a Ten things that will help your volunteer
“good thing to do”. But it is also much experience a good one:
 1. Make it a commitment The Concept of Social Mobilization
2. Get a job description
The concept of social mobilization
3. Ask for feedback
emerged from the recognition that a
4. Be aware of your own boundaries
genuine participatory approach to
5. Crete a support system
development is essential for success and
6. Expect an adjustment
sustainability. Civil society participation in
7. Be realistic
development efforts is, therefore,
8. Pace yourself
increasingly recognized by development
9. If it doesn’t work out…
agencies and government as essential for
10. Recognize when it is time to
promoting good governance -
move on
Improving responsiveness of national
policies to citizen’s needs.

MODULE V
1. Social mobilization, as an approach in
SOCIAL MOBILIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITY the implementation of NSTP-CWTS/LTS,
requires working hand-in-hand with
SOCIAL MOBILIZATION
individuals (students), school, and
What is Social Mobilization? community organizations, policy-makers,
and communities who can forge a
• Mobilization - a Military terminology collective identity to achieve common
• To Mobilize = prepare forces for goals. This approached involves planned
action actions and processes to reach, influence,
and involve all relevant segments of
Social Mobilization
society across all sectors from the national
• A process of motivating communities to community levels in order to effect
to organize in a cohesive group for positive behavioral and social change.
an active participation towards their
own development
• An integrative process where 2. Effective social mobilization involves
stakeholders are stimulated to community organizations, harnessing the
become active participants in social potential and efforts of government, non-
change, using diverse strategies to government sectors and citizens to work
meet shared goals towards sustainable social, economic, and
political development.
• A comprehensive planning
approach that emphasizes - Political
coalition building
Mobilization starts with the
- Community act ion (UNICEF, 1993; recognition of problems or felt needs of
Wallack, 1989) people. People are primarily interested in
their felt needs. However, often times,
the people’s consciousness has to be 2. Community organizing - social
raised to motivate them to solve collective mobilization provides the arena for people
problems. Moreover, it is not only those to interact and work together in seeking
who are primarily affected by the problem solutions to their problems. It begins with
who should come to recognize these understanding the community problems
concerns but also those who can do within the context of the socio-cultural,
something about the problem: health care economic and political factors.
providers, politicians, NGOs, GOs, and Pos. Community organizing would also mean
organizing the different sectors to
Social mobilization moves the
orchestrate t he various efforts contributed.
community to assume responsibilities in
solving problems. Recognition of collective 3. Information, Education and
problems will bring the community to a Communication (IEC) - it keeps those
certain level of openness: willingness to involved in social mobilization fully aware
discuss ways to solve problems, bringing of the problems and its corresponding
forth their ideas in choosing tactics and solutions. It provides the fabric for
approaches while listening to other’s ideas synchronization of the various components
and volunteering their own resources in the of social mobilization.
implementation of the solution. Thus, in the
4. Training - it is developing
process, members of the community
competencies, enhancing capabilities and
commit themselves to certain
discovering potentials in advocacy,
responsibilities which they themselves have
communication planning, community
recognized.
organizing, monitoring and evaluation. It
The goals of social mobilization facilitates the integration of new
cannot be attained overnight, there techniques and approaches in resolving
should be a continuous generation of problems
awareness, cooperation, and
5. Monitoring and Evaluation - it
commitment.
provides information on the ongoing
activities, the effectiveness of techniques
and approaches and the program’s
Five (5) Components of Social Mobilization
impact on the problem. It provides the
(Ang pgs. 24-25)
implementers the opportunities to decide
whether to change, modify or sustain the
program operation.
1. Advocacy - it provides the
generation of support. It prepares a
responsive environment for the attainment
Characteristic Features of Social
of specific goals and objectives.
Mobilization (Lee pgs. 82-83)
Advocacy provides a framework of
involvement in every phase of the
development process
1. It is a broad-scale movement.
2. It is a planned process

3. It entails accountability Tips on Community Mobilization

4. It includes problem recognition a. Know your community well, and

understand their problems and their needs.
5. It is a problem-solving advocacy
b. Be aware of existing health beliefs
6. It includes decision-making
and practices that exist in the community.
7. It fosters acceptance/commitment
c. Always listen to community members
8. It avails of all communication resources carefully.

9. It is a network for institutional d. Do not rapidly introduce new

sustainability interventions that are different from existing
practices and beliefs.

e. Take gradual steps to introduce such

practices.
Social Mobilization’s Five Key Mobilization
f. Try to analyze community dynamics
Avenues and Goals
and adjust to each situation.
The process is concerned with mobilizing
g. Involve the entire community in the
human and financial resources through
program right from the beginning.
five main approaches:
h. Give respect and importance to
1. Political Mobilization
negative experiences of the community, if
Aims at winning political and policy any, and try to minimize the negative
commitment for a major goal and the feelings verbally and in your actions.
necessary resource allocations to realize
that goal.
3. Government Mobilization
• Primary method - lobbying (An
attempt to influence the Aims at informing and enlisting the
decisions of the politicians cooperation and help of service providers
and other government organizations that
• May lead to “power struggles”
can provide direct or indirect support.
• Favoring one lobby group may
alienate another (opposing) Government Mobilization Local Healt h
lobby group) Board

2. Community Mobilization • RA 7160, Sec 102

Aims at informing and gaining the • Headed by the Local Chief Executive
commitment of community leaders as well
• Other members - Municipal/ City/
as local government agencies,
Provincial Health officer - Municipal/ City/
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs),
Provincial Chairman on health -
women's groups and cooperatives.
Representative from the private sector - beneficiaries should comply with the
DOH representative following conditions:

4. Corporate Mobilization a. Pregnant women must avail pre- and

post -natal care and be attended during
Aims at securing the support of national or
childbirth by a trained health professional;
international companies in promoting
appropriate goals, either through the b. Parents must attend Family
contribution of resources or the carrying of Development Sessions (FDS);
appropriate messages as a part of their
c. 0-5 year old children must receive
advertising or product labelling.
regular preventive health check-ups and
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) vaccines;

• Refers to operating a business in a d. 6-14 years old children must receive

manner that accounts for the social and deworming pills twice a year.
environmental impact created by the
e. All child beneficiaries (0-18 years old)
business. - Commitment to developing
must enroll in school and maintain
policies that integrate responsible
practices into daily business operations - A class attendance of at least 85%
reporting on progress made toward per month.
implementing these pract ices.
Social Mobilization Continuum
5. Beneficiary Mobilization

Aims at informing and motivating the

program beneficiaries through training
programs, the establishment of community
groups and communication

• Example: Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program (4Ps)

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino

Program (4Ps) Patterned after the
conditional cash transfer scheme
implemented in other developing
countries, the Pantawid Pamilya provides
cash grants to beneficiaries provided that
Social in general aims at a
they comply with the set of conditions
continuum of activities in a broad strategic
required by the program.
framework. The process involves dialogue
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino and partnership with a whole spectrum of
Program (4Ps) To avail of the cash grants social elements. It calls for understanding
among partners and results in the
successful transformation of development 4. Community Groups - schools, churches
goals into societal action. and grass-roots groups

1. Political sector - Policy makers Involvement of the communities, schools,

churches, mosque leaders, and grass-roots
The first column of the social mobilization
groups is critical in terms of their
continuum names some policymakers.
participation. Their involvement is much
Advocacy with leaders in this group foster
needed to transform their goals into
the commitment that will pave the way for
action. Nonetheless, these agencies or
action, build consensus with the sound
groups are often not given a voice in
data, and create knowledgeable and
identifying and designing solutions to their
supportive environment for decision-
respective problems.
making. This includes the allocation of
resources 5. Families-Households and Individuals

Individual actions are ultimate pay-off to

the family problems. There is a need to
2. Government Sector - Bureaucratic and
have deliberate action to inform and
Technocrats
educate individuals in the household so as
This sector includes disparate groups, each to affirm their participation in community
with its own agenda, conflicting interest activities.
and concerns. Harmonizing the disparate
Key Elements of Social Mobilization
units is the greatest challenge in
development. Policy-makers have failed to There are four basic elements of social
recognize the difficulty of fostering unity mobilization
among government units - the bureaucrats
- and of factoring the technocrats, and the
service professionals in decision-making 1. Organizational development
and implementing the programs.
2. Capital Formation for Development
3. Non-government Sector through Community Savings

This sector covers a multitude of interests. It 3. Training for Human Resource

includes the non-government Development
organizations (NGOs) for special
4. Socio-economic Development
purposes; social institutions/associations
to represent organized support; religious
groups with their ideological bends;
The Benefits of Social Mobilization
commerce and industry that operates on a
profit basis; and professional groups for the 1. Poverty Alleviation
advancement of their respective interest. 2. Promoting Democratic Governance
These are important partners and allies to
mobilize the civil society for various sound 3. Conflict Prevention
objectives. 4. Sustainable Environment
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND COMMITMENT a. Health Services

Social responsibility is defined as a moral, b. Shelter

legal or mental accountability. It relates to
c. Food
interact ion between the individual and the
group taking consideration the welfare of
the human being as a member of society.
COMMUNITY AND ORGANIZATION AND
Man must accept the responsibility for
DEVELOPMENT
himself. There is no meaning to life except
the meaning that man gives to his life by
the unfolding of his powers to live
Objectives:
productively. The true liberation of man is
to serve the people. This is how we commit At the end of the lesson, the students are
ourselves to accept the responsibility to expected to;
strive for spiritual synergy, to experience
• differentiate community organization
unity and oneness in living productively,
from community development;
and to become a leader for
transformation. This is a matter of • enumerate and explain the steps in
commitment as a personal pledge to do organizing the community;
something in the future to help those who • explain the guidelines for community
are in need. workers; and
• Implement strategic planning as well
How is Social Responsibility and
as the steps of planning community
Commitment necessary to implement
development program/projects.
more functional projects, to properly
manage and provide services to the A person is a social being. He/She cannot
community? develop unless he/she is a part of society.
He/She must work together with his/her
1. Proliferation of NGOs increases
fellow human beings for common interests.
opportunities for interaction with
The problems of other men are his/her
government, thus advancing the larger
problems. Together, t hey must search for
and longer-term process of political
solutions. Thus, it is the people of the
development.
community who must organize themselves.
2. Provision of services and goods -
provision of goods and services A. Definition of Terms
complements cash assistance to the poor. Community is a dynamic entity composed
The welfare system must undertake of people living in a given territory who
programs to provide necessities such as share common culture, needs, aspirations,
medical care, food and shelter, as well as resources, lifestyles, and the like bounded
supportive services designed to improve by a feeling of belongingness and
the quality of life of poor people. interacting with one another in
consonance with its structure and
institution to achieve common goals. practices, and the lifestyle of the
(Norman, 1998a) people.

Community organization is a process • Do not regard yourself as superior

forged along people's empowerment and or different from the people in the
the essential formation of a self-reliant community.
organization that will facilitate • Dress simply as possible and act
development in a sustainable manner as naturally as you can as you
(Norman. 1998b). As a process, it invites a enter the community.
series of interrelated activities aimed to • Do not appear as a savior or
unify the people into an organization. It someone who will solve people's
also involves people's participation in all problems.
stages of the organizing process. Lastly, it
• Remember that development
manifests the people's collective will to must be for the people and from
participate, voice out and be heard, and the people.
to decide as a unified group.
Integration with the People
Community development is an intermittent
process of social action of the people of a • Int egrate yourself with the people by
community in organizing themselves for living with them, eating their food,
democrat, planning and action on doing their chores, and slowly
common problems and solving the feIt learning their way of life
needs of the society. • Gradually join their small groups so
B. Community Organizing you can continue to expand your
knowledge about the conditions of
Goal in organizing the Community the community or place
(Norman. 1998b)
• Slowly start working in the
1. People's empowerment community. Begin to realize the
hardships and problem that the
2. Building organization
people are facing. Realizing that
3. Building alliances/coalitions their problems are also your
problems, you have to learn the way
4. Popular democracy
how the people feel about these
5. Social transformation Problem.
6. Leaders in development

Community Study or Situation Analysis

C. Steps in Organizing the Community • You have entered the community
Entry in the Community now you are with the people.
• You are now with the people, not
• Gather basic information about alone by yourself.
the place such as culture,
 • Facilitate people's participation in • They will elect their own leaders
analyzing their situation and through the democratic or
Problems. participatory process of selection or
• Adjust the level of the study or rotation.
analysis to the level of the Strengthening the Organization
community people.
• Do not limit their participation to • Do everything in your capacity to
merely answering the survey strengthen the organization.
questionnaire. • Give a chance for the leaders to
• Raise the awareness and move and work together on their
consciousness of the people in own.
handling national problems. • Let the people learn how to identify
the issues and problems confronting
Identifying and Developing Potential
them.
Community Leaders
• Let them plan the various activities
• As early as possible identify potential they can perform together for the
leaders from among the people who common good.
seem to have a deep understanding • Let them see their financial problems
and concern in solving their and how to solve them by coming
problems. up with income-generating projects.
• Equip them with useful knowledge
D. Community Development
and experiences to develop them
into leaders. Community development is a planned
• Educate and convince them that and organized effort to assist individuals to
they can be potential leaders to acquire the attitudes, skills, knowledge,
represent the group. and general capabilities required in their
democratic participation in the effective
Core Group Formation solution of community problems in an order
of priority determined by increasing level of
• Form a core group consisting of the
competence.
identified potential leaders. These
leaders are expected to meet and The Aims and Objectives of Community
accept the challenge to organize Development
the rest of the community projects.
The aim of community development is
• Each core group is expected to community action. In reality, the primary
represent its organization. object of community development is to a)
Setting Up and Developing the promote. b) sustain, c) support, and d)
Organizational Structure maintain community action.

• At this stage the people are now Major Purposes/Objectives of Community

ready to set up their organization. Development
 • To help people employ the right G. Four General Phases of Basic
methods to organize self-help Community Development/Organization
initiatives Work (Andres, 1994)

• To develop techniques relevant to 1. Issue/problem ident ification and

the situation for socio-economic and information dissemination
cultural progress
• This is the phase where real needs
E. Principles of Development are distinguished from felt needs
1. Development should focus on problems are defined and analyzed;
people's participation. relationships are developed; rapport
2. Development should be attuned to is established, and face-to-face
the demands of the people. interaction with people is made. In
3. Development should be based on a this phase, opinions are elicited and
theory that is tested, validated and information is disseminated.
relevant. 2. Mobilization of people/community
4. Development should be integrated
in approach. • In this phase, people are stimulated
5. Development should lead to the to come together to discuss
empowerment of people. problems. Meetings are called to
6. Development should sustain the identify community problems; to
natural environment as a socio- analyze the problem together with
economic base. the people; to set objectives, and
plan and implement action. In this
phase, potential leaders are
F. Five Elements of Community identified and committee work is
Development stimulated.

1. A focus on the goals and needs of 3. Organization

the community
2. The encouragement of self-help • This is the combination of
3. Technical assistance from constructive forces of men and
governmental or voluntary materials, machinery and money, so
that these may work together in an
organizations which may include
personnel, equipment. supplies, and orderly way, to turn out finished
goods for profit, or render services to
money
4. Integration of various specialties the community.
such as agriculture, animal industry/ 4. Educat ion
husbandry, public health, education,
home economics, and work • This is the phase where the members
5. Felt needs of the people in the of the community are educated to
community assume responsibility for their
organization and to acquire the
organizational skills and techniques
 essential to organization people are intelligent and have much
maintenance. experience. Draw out their strength.
Listen to them.
H. Qualifications of Community
3. Let t he people grow.
Development Worker (Andres, 1994)
Development is building up the people,
1. He/She has demonstrated potentials
so that they can build a future for
for community development work.
themselves. Development is an
2. He/She has demonstrated experience of freedom as people
professional commitment, direction, choose what to do. It is a difficult
motivation and maturity as manifested experience for those who have lived in
in his/her work history. dependence and without hope for a
long time. Deciding and doing
3. He/She is willing to understand and
something bring dignity and self-
respect the values and culture of
respect. Development efforts should,
people.
therefore, start with the people's
4. He/She has the genuine intention of potential, and proceed to their
sharing whatever goods he/she has enhancement and growth.
with his/her fellowmen.
4. Build up t he people's solidarity.
I. Guidelines for Community Workers
Development occurs as liberated
(Norman, 1998c)
people build together with other
1. Work with the poor and oppressed, people, in solidarity. As oppressed
not for t hem. people, moving into freedom and
opportunity can either make them
Help them to understand, analyze, plan,
become selfish and oppressive or place
and carry out their developmental
them into relations of solidarity with
program/project. But do not do it for
others, sharing and caring for one
them. They have the right to reject
another, and marching together
expert advice and to make mistakes.
towards a new society in which their
Development comes from within a
own full humanity is assured.
people’s own understanding of their
needs and rights. So they must decide 6. Build up t he people's organization.
the major issues and the basic needs
People must carry out liberating
and how to tackle them.
activities which keep their local
2. Development is an awakening community free from exploitation.
process.
They must establish links with other
Development is a way in which people groups and with national coordinators
see themselves and waken their right to in order to increase their bargaining
live as human beings. Without this power, and make it possible to
awakening, there is a little that the participate more widely in the struggle
animator can do or should try to do. The for a new society.
Strategic Planning • What conditions? (With what other
All leaders plan and think about what consequences).
the organization should be doing and Seven Steps of Planning
how objectives might be achieved.
Planning contributes to strategic This outline helps a real working group plan
management in several ways practically.
(Thompson. 1997). 1. Diagnosis
1. Planning system represents analytical  What are the problems?
 What are the needs?
strategic creation and can lead to
an intent.
2. Planning system provides a useful 2. What do we want to achieve
framework for managing the (objective) in a particular period?
organization's strategic resource. It This week, this month, this year?
can provide a means of controlling
resource allocation and fostering 3. What are the possible ways of
achieving this objective?
internal linkages.
3. The primary benefit of planning is
that it forces people to think.
Planning is everything. 4. What are the advantages and
4. Planning is one aspect of strategy disadvantages of each proposal?
 How much time, money, and
creation. It is necessary for the
organization to plan. personal effort will be needed
for each proposal?
5. Planning is the process of translating
goals/objectives into specific
5. Which proposal (plan) do we
activities to meet community needs
or solve community problems. It accept?
involves a holistic situational analysis  This may include several
of the community towards suggestions.
identifying community 6. Who will do what, when, where, and
how?
needs/problems, resources, and
responses. Planning basically
7. 7. At what point do we need to
answers the following questions:
evaluate?
• How much? (quality of resources);
 Who should be involved in the
• Of what? (programs, projects, evaluation?
services);
REFERENCE:
• For whom? (target
beneficiaries/clients);
• Why? (to achieve what goals); https://www.slideshare.net › soc-mob-2014-
• For how much? (the social and with-notes
economic costs); and
SOCIAL MOBILIZATION Jeriel Reyes De Silos,
MD, MPM CM3, DLSHSI College of
Medicine Lee, Sergio, et al.; Civic Welfare
Training Service (CWTS) II Literacy Training
Service (LTS) II Resource-Logbook Book;
2nd edit ion, ; C&E Publishing, Inc, 2008

Ang Mary Jean C. et al.; NSTP CWTS 2

National Service Training Program Civic
Welfare Training Service 2; Mutya
Publishing House, Inc; 2013

(https://www.undp.org/content/dam/und
p/library/corporate/UNDP-
inaction/2011/English/UNDP-in-Action-2011-
en.pdf)

(https://www.sociologydiscussion.com/soci
ety/development -meaning-and-concept -
ofdevelopment/688)

(https://sidisrael.org/en/what -is-
development/)

http://deionline.blogspot.com/2011/05/sc
ale rs-series-l-is-for-lobbying.html