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Arithmetic Progression - Short Notes

This document provides notes on arithmetic progressions including definitions, common differences, formulas for general terms, sums of terms, and middle terms. Formulas are given for nth terms, sums of first n terms, and selecting specific terms of an arithmetic progression.

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100 views2 pages

Arithmetic Progression - Short Notes

This document provides notes on arithmetic progressions including definitions, common differences, formulas for general terms, sums of terms, and middle terms. Formulas are given for nth terms, sums of first n terms, and selecting specific terms of an arithmetic progression.

Uploaded by

chanmol12024
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class 10th

Mathematics
Short Notes
Chapter 5- Arithmetic Progressions

1. Sequence:-
A sequence is an arrangement of number or objects in definite order.

2. Arithmetic Progression:-
(i) An arithmetic progression is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding a fixed number to the
preceding term except the first term
(ii)A sequence a1, a2, a3,…..,an is called an arithmetic progression, if there exists a constant ‘d’ such that
a2 –a1 = d, a3 –a2 = d, a4 – a3 = d,...…, an+1 – an = d and so on.
The constant ‘d’ is called the common difference.

(iii )If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ the common difference of an AP, then the A.P. is
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d,………..

3. General term of an A.P.:-


The nth term ‘an’ of an A.P. with first term ‘a’ and common difference ‘d’ is given by
an = a + (n – 1) d

4. nth Term of an A.P. from the end:-


(i)Let there be an A.P. with first term ‘a’ and common difference d. If there are m terms in the AP, then
nth term from the end = (m – n + 1)th term from the beginning
= a + (m – n) d
Also,
(ii)
nth term from the end = Last term + (n – 1) (– d)
= l – (n –1) d, where l denotes the last term.

5. Selection of terms in an A.P. :-


Various terms is an A. P. can be chosen is the following manner:
Number of terms Terms Common
difference
3 a – d, a, a, + d d
4 a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a +3d 2d
5 a –2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d d
6 a – 5d,a –3d, a – d, a + d, a +3d, a + 5d 2d

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6. Sum of first n terms of an A.P:-
The sum of n terms of an A.P with first term ‘a’ and common difference ‘d’ is given by
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2 {2𝑎 + (𝑛– 1)𝑑}
𝑛
Also, Sn = 2 {a +l}, where l = last term = a + (n –1) d
7. Middle Term(s) of a finite A.P.:
Let there be a finite A.P. with first term a, common difference d and number of terms n.
𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ 𝑛+1
Case1:If n is odd, then ( 2
) term is the middle term and given by a + (2
– 1)d.
𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑛
Case2: If n is even, then (2 ) and (2 + 1) are middle terms and given by a + (2 – 1)d and a + (2 + 1– 1)d
respectively.
11. Arithmetic mean (AM):-
If a, b, c are in A.P. Then,
 2b = a + c
𝑎+𝑐
 b= 2
𝑎+𝑐
Thus, A.M. between a and c is 2
.
12. Relation between Sn and an :-
If the sum Sn of n terms of a sequence is given, then nth term an of the sequence can be determined by using the
following formula:
an = Sn – Sn–1

13. Sum of some special sequences: -

• Sum of first 'n' natural numbers


n
n(n + 1)
 k = 1 + 2 + 3 + + n = 2
k =1

• Sum of squares of the first 'n' natural numbers


n
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
 k 2 = 12 + 22 + 33 + + n 2 = 6
k =1

• Sum of cubes of first 'n' natural numbers


n  n 2 (n + 1) 2 
 k 3 = 13 + 23 + 33 + + n 3 =  
k =1  4 

• Sum of first 'n' odd natural numbers


n
 (2k − 1) = 1 + 3 + 5 + + (2n − 1) = n 2
k =1

[2]

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